Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research and Development (JMARD)

Editorial

Songchai Thongpan — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Professional organization as state agencies under the Act on Liability for Wrongful Act of Official B.E 2539

Bhornchanok Chaiyasit — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

A core piece of legislation concerning the liability for wrongful acts committed by state agencies and officials is the Act on Liability for Wrongful Acts of Officials, B.E. 2539, which is intended to apply exclusively to state agencies and their officials. However, the Act allows for the designation of additional entities as state agencies through a Royal Decree. Over time, several such decrees have been issued, extending the definition of a “state agency” under the Act to include various professional organizations, such as the Medical Council, the Dental Council, the Nursing and Midwifery Council, the Council of Engineers, and the Physical Therapy Council. The legislative intent behind the Act is to impose liability on individual officials only when wrongful acts are committed with intent or gross negligence, and to ensure that liability is assigned fairly and individually, thereby protecting public officials from undue personal liability.

In the Thai legal system, professional organizations are established by statute and possess legal personality. Although classified as private entities, they are vested with certain administrative powers. The inclusion of professional organizations under the scope of the Act on Liability for Wrongful Acts of Officials, B.E. 2539 raises critical questions regarding the legislative intent and the coherence of such inclusion with the overall legal framework. A close examination of the Act’s purpose and provisions suggests that it was originally designed to apply strictly to bona fide state agencies. Professional organizations, however, have a distinct legal status, differing fundamentally from that of conventional state agencies, as they are private bodies entrusted with specific administrative functions. This article aims to highlight the legal and conceptual challenges that arise from classifying professional organizations as state agencies under the Act. The analysis focuses on the rationale, necessity, and appropriateness of such classification, as well as the legal consequences that follow. It also compares the scope of legal liability imposed on professional organizations with that of other designated state agencies. The article concludes by proposing legal reforms to clearly distinguish between state agencies and professional organizations, ensuring alignment with the Act’s legislative intent and the actual legal status of professional organizations. Such reforms are essential to guarantee that both professionals and the general public are appropriately protected under the rule of law, as enshrined in the Constitution.

The Legal System Regarding Subsidies Allocation for Local Government in Thailand

Khattiya Pakasapasut — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The objective of this thesis is to study the legal criteria that are the basis of authority in determining the allocation of subsidies to local administrative organizations. Including legal criteria that set the framework for spending subsidies of local government. From the study, there are legal problems are founded: The first problem is conflict with the principles of fiscal independence of local government. And the second problem is the problems with legal criteria regarding the allocation and spending of subsidies to local government organizations to carry out missions that have been improperly transferred from the central government which are unequal and unfair. Each of those issues has sub-problems that must be considered.

Suggestions of those problems above: the author proposes to amend laws: the Act on Decentralization Plans and Procedures for Local Administrative Organizations 1999 which was amended in 2006. The regulations of the Thai Ministry of Home Affairs regarding budgetary methods of local government 2020. In order to establish the legal framework for allocation. To spend subsidies of local government in accordance with the principles of independence of local government. Including to be fair and equal for local government. The framework for subsidy allocation must be more clearly defined. And to take into account the potential and size of local government that differ in their fiscal status. In addition, setting the framework of criteria that gives authority to the Ministry of Interior. The Ministry of Interior must not encroach too much on the fiscal independence of local government.

Paradoxes of Teaching Thailand’s History in Chiang Mai Marginal Schools

Charin Mangkhang, Kittiphat Srathongchun , Pimpa Nuansawan — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This article aims to provide a critical reflection on the teaching of Thai history in marginalized schools in Chiang Mai by examining structural problems in current practices, analyzing curriculum limitations, and proposing context-appropriate learning approaches. The research methodology combines documentary analysis with a field study of history classrooms conducted in three schools (three classrooms) located in the marginalized areas of Chiang Mai. The study also applies Taba’s curriculum framework and posthumanist educational theory to evaluate the suitability of learning processes. The findings reveal that the Thai history curriculum emphasizes a state-centered identity while neglecting the integration of local histories of marginalized groups. This leads to learners’ alienation and lack of diverse perspectives. In addition, rote memorization and standardized testing hinder the development of learners’ analytical thinking. Therefore, this article proposes alternative learning strategies that incorporate modern technology, such as Virtual Reality (VR), local learning resources, and experiential learning to enhance relevance, promote inclusive historical understanding, and reduce educational inequalities.

Teaching Thai Literature in Higher Education: Objectives, Challenges, and Instructional Design for Developing Higher-Order Thinking Skills

Sathaporn poompao, Kanchana Witchayapapakorn, Krittayakan Topithak — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The study of Thai literature is not solely aimed at developing linguistic proficiency and communication skills. It also serves the purpose of cultivating critical thinking processes, thereby enhancing students' higher-order thinking skills, which are essential for 21^st-century learners. The teaching of Thai literature serves three primary purposes: to promote knowledge, to provide entertainment and moral inspiration, and to enable practical application. However, at the higher education level, four critical challenges hinder the effective teaching and learning of Thai literature: instructional design, teacher-related factors, student-related factors, and external contextual factors. Thus, teachers play a crucial role in designing content and facilitating meaningful learning experiences. Based on a synthesis of existing knowledge, theories, and pedagogical approaches, this study proposes six key strategies for promoting higher-order thinking through Thai literature instruction in higher education: (1) active learning, (2) critical theory-based instruction following Habermas’s framework, (3) folklore-based teaching approaches, (4) the “initiate–connect–apply” process, (5) the development of instructional models, and (6) the integration of modern educational technologies. These strategies aim to support teachers in planning and implementing effective instruction that fosters learners’ knowledge, critical thinking skills, and positive attitudes toward the study of Thai literature.

Evaluation of the project to develop a public health service system for prisoners in prisons

Saowathan Phoglad, Nattapon Sang-arun — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to evaluate the development of a public health service system for inmates in prisons/correctional institutions, covering at least 30 target prisons across all regions in phases one and two, as well as other prisons not involved in the project. The study involved random sampling of stakeholders, including administrators, project personnel from the Department of Corrections and the Ministry of Public Health, inmates, and prison volunteers. Data was collected from 666 participants through questionnaires and 180 participants through qualitative interviews and focus group discussions, employing statistical principles and purposive selection.

The evaluation was divided into two parts: (1) a quantitative analysis assessing the opinions and satisfaction levels of operators and inmates on various issues using descriptive statistics. The results showed high levels of satisfaction, with mean scores of 4.25 for inmates and 4.22 for operators; and (2) an evaluation of project implementation results using the CIPP Model. This included both quantitative methods, conducted through descriptive statistics, and qualitative methods, which involved document and content analysis. Overall, the development of the public health service system for inmates was found to be positive and successful in many aspects, achieving mean satisfaction scores of 4.05 for inmates and 4.09 for operators. However, some indicators remained unimplemented in certain areas due to limitations in personnel, budget, and location. A health economic evaluation revealed that the primary benefits of the project lie in quality improvements (Ordinal Approach). A cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) indicated that the total project cost was 335,645,663 baht, resulting in enhanced efficiency across 34 performance indicators related to public health services in prisons, which positively impacted the lives of 108,146 inmates by improving their living standards.

In conclusion, this research study offers three sets of recommendations: (1) for implementing the Good Health, Good Heart Project to enhance public health services for inmates; (2) for the operational development of these services involving three key stakeholders: prisons/correctional institutions, network hospitals, and local agencies; and (3) policy recommendations for future enhancements of public health services for inmates.

Accessible E-learning Platform for the Blind in Low-Cost Platform.

Piya Techateerawat — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

In today’s world, while access to information and media is readily available, visually impaired individuals face limitations that result in a lack of learning and entertainment opportunities. To address this disparity, this project aimed to develop an affordable and accessible e-learning website for the blind. The website was chosen for its ease of access and cost-effectiveness and was developed using open-source technologies while adhering to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.0). The platform offers four main functions: an e-learning system, an audiobook library, an online radio station, and a help center. The resulting website achieved AAA level compliance with WCAG 2.0 criteria, signifying a high level of accessibility for all users. The platform is also designed to be scalable and adaptable for future expansion and content updates without significant financial investment. This project successfully created a platform that promotes equality by providing visually impaired individuals with access to information and media. Future development should focus on enhancing compatibility with a wider array of assistive technologies, expanding the e-learning system with advanced features like collaborative learning tools and personalized learning paths, and developing a mobile application to improve accessibility and convenience for users.

The Changing Landscape of Digital Library Services Research: A Comparative Study of Two Periods (1994–2023)

Pornnisa Wattanasiri, Lan Thi Nguyen, Kanyarat Kwiecien — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research employed a bibliometric analysis to investigate the trends and development of digital library service publications in the Scopus database over two distinct periods time: 1994–2008 and 2009–2023. A total of 415 related articles were analyzed (199 documents in the early period and 216 in the later period). The study was conducted using the Bibliometrix-R package in RStudio to analyze and visualize the data. The research aimed to compare the publication output, citation frequency, research themes, and patterns across the two periods. The results revealed a slight increase in the number of publications in the later period, while the citation frequency significantly declined. The United States remained the most prolific country in this research domain throughout both periods. The International Journal on Digital Libraries and The Electronic Library were the leading publication sources in the respective timeframes. In addition, the study identified patterns of co-occurrence and thematic evolution of key research topics, including digital libraries, information services, metadata, user experience, and service quality. The findings offer practical insights and serve as a guideline for future research and development in digital library services.

Developing activities and collaborative networks for sustainable cultural tourism in the local community based on Buddhist cultural heritage in Mueang Chonburi District, Chonburi Province

Phramaha Suchat Thammakamo — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The objective of this research article is to study the development of activities and collaborative networks for community-based tourism grounded in sustainable Buddhist cultural traditions in Mueang Chonburi District, Chonburi Province. This study employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. Data were collected from 400 residents of Mueang Chonburi District and 25 key informants. Research instruments included a questionnaire—with a content validity index of 0.837 and a reliability coefficient of 0.811—as well as an interview form. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and content analysis. The findings revealed that

1. The study of the potential and tourism routes is at a high level (= 4.09). It is recommended to focus on managing human resources in the community, improving roads and transportation routes to key tourist attractions, and promoting ecotourism that emphasizes environmental conservation.

2. The development of tourism activities is at a high level (= 4.24). It is recommended to promote storytelling through community members, support organizing activities where local people convey knowledge about local rituals, and create connections with Buddhism and local culture that are significant to the community.

3. The development of cooperation and tourism networks is at a moderate level (= 3.48). It is recommended to establish an information center or an online platform, create a central database related to Buddhist community tourism, and conduct surveys to assess the community's needs for necessary resources.

4. The enhancement of tourism is at a high level (= 3.67). It is recommended to create access routes to temples or significant religious sites, ensure good quality roads, provide clear signage, showcase cultural and historical uniqueness, offer convenient public transportation for tourists, and ensure adequate facilities for visitors.

A Study of the Potential of Community - Based Tourism Routes: Case Study of Silaphet Community, Pua District, Nan Province

Suthee Sertsri, Atchara Srilachai, Pongsavake Anekjumnongporn — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The objectives of this research article were to 1) study the context of Silapetch Community, Pua District, Nan Province, and 2) study the potential of community-based tourism routes of Silapetch Community, Pua District, Nan Province. Data were collected from stakeholders in the tourism teams by in-depth interviews, observation, and the secondary data sources for evaluation and analysis. The research findings revealed the context and potential of Silapetch Community, Pua District, Nan Province which has interesting natural attractions, namely the Silapetch Waterfall and Doi Phu Kha National Park and it has the potential to welcome tourists such as tourism resources in the community, local culture and services with seven standardized homestays. For management potential, there are strong homestay leaders and someone who effectively engages members in community-based tourism management. The potential of marketing that is many tourists and bloggers are interested in reviewing but there are still market restrictions in terms of the use of social media because the group's leaders are elderly, which making it limited in use. The potential study of community-based tourism routes, there are potential routes divided into two routes; 1) Silapetch Community Nature Study Route and 2) Tai Lue tribe that tourists can travel to visit.

Factors Influencing Generation Z Tourists' Perceptions of Sustainable Bicycle Tourism in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province

Saranya Srithong, Tattawan Duantrakoonsil, Komsit Kieanwatana — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to compare the differences in personal factors, categorized by gender and place of origin, on the tourist perception of sustainable bicycle tourism in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province and to study the bicycle tourism components that influence perceptions of sustainable tourism management among Gen Z tourists. This quantitative study was conducted with 385 Thai Gen Z tourists who participated in bicycle tourism at the Ayutthaya Historical Park. The sample was selected using a convenient sampling method. The questionnaire used had a reliability coefficient (Cronbach’s alpha) of 0.956. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequency distribution, percentage, mean (), standard deviation, Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA or F-test), and multiple regression analysis via the Enter method. Independent variables included bicycle tourism components: tourism resources, accessibility, amenity, and complementary services. The dependent variable was the perception of sustainable bicycle tourism management, with statistical significance set at 0.05.

The results revealed that personal factors, such as gender and place of origin, did not significantly influence the overall tourist perception of sustainable cycling tourism. The respondents’ opinions on bicycle tourism components were generally at a high level ( = 4.052, S.D. = 0.505). When considering specific components, the respondents exhibited high levels of agreement across all subcomponents. Among the bicycle tourism components, tourism resources and accessibility significantly influenced the perception of sustainable bicycle tourism management at the 0.05 level of significance. The tourism components influencing the tourist perception of sustainable bicycle tourism management, ranked by importance, were accessibility (Beta = 0.571), tourism resources (Beta = 0.327), and complementary services (Beta = 0.117).

Evaluating the Srettha Thavisin Governmental Policy to Admit Migrant Workers: Model Process and Implementing Policies in Samut Sakhon Province

Khotchatrai Charoensuk, Charin Kesorn — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research studied 1) policy implementation to admit migrant workers by the government of Srettha Thavisin in terms of contextual environment, primary input factors, process and results; 2) factors related to and 3) affecting the success of policy implementation for admitting migrant workers. Using a quantitative research model in the study according to the evaluation model concept according to the CIPP Model as a research framework. The sample group comprised 445 policy stakeholders chosen by convenience sampling. The data were analyzed using inferential statistics, including correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis.

Results revealed 1) an overall high level (= 3.61, S.D. = 0.440) of policy evaluation for admitting foreign workers by the Srettha government according to the CIPP model; 2) contextual factors, the environment, initial input factors, processes, and outcome were positively related to the success of implementing the policy to admit foreign workers at a statistical significance of .01; 3) initial input factors, processes, outcomes, and contextual environment impacted the success of policy implementation for admitting foreign workers, with beta values of Beta .551, .266, .244, and -.202, respectively, at a statistical significance of .05.