INFECTIONS IN SPORT
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Nowadays, “Sport” is a great way to improve physical performance. Many people in the world love sports. They improve themselves to become a sportsman (athletes) and participate in sports events and competitions. Sport injuries among sportsman always occur due to accidents, overuse injuries and infections in sports. There are several ways that sportsman is at risk of infections, ranging from touching holding and physical contact with microorganisms (bacteria, virus, fungi and parasite).
First, direct transmission which is consisted of skin-to-skin contact, blood borne transmission and droplet transmission. These routes often occur in situations in which sportsman live in crowded environments as sports camps and competitive events. Moreover, sport training and competition lead them to congregate in the sport club and also share in environments together which can result in the spread of infectious diseases easily. Direct contact transmission through skin-to-skin contact plays a role in the most of infected problem in sport such as bacterial and fungal infections. Tinea pedis (TP) and Tinea corporis are among general fungal skin infected disease that usually found in warm and moist environment. Blood borne infection such as Hepatitis B and C virus often occur due to exposure injured skin or mucous membrane and also was transmitted through blood doping, drug abuse and sexual intercourse. Droplet transmission spreads include sneezing, coughing, or even talking such as pertussis. For indirect transmission, it consists of airborne, vehicleborne and vectorborne transmission. Different type of sports allow the participants expose to contaminated water such as Leptospira bacteria in river or anopheles mosquito in wild, where a competition was established.
Conclusion Athlete, trainer and coach should review their knowledge about infectious diseases including proper hygiene to reduce the incidence of the infectious diseases in athletes.
Article Details
References
Brockmann, S., Piechotowski, I., Bock-Hensley, O., Winter, C., Oehme, R. and Zimmermann, S, and Andreas, J.(2010). Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants in Germany, 2006. BMC infectious diseases, 10(1), 1-5.
Bureau of Epidemiology, Thailand. (2016). National Disease Surveillance (Report 506). Retrieved June 3, 2017, from Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, MoPH, Thailand, Thailand Website: https://www.boe.moph.go.th/boedb/surdata/index.php
Creech, C.B., Saye, E., McKenna, B.D., Johnson, B.G., Jimenez, N., Talbot, T.R , and Edwards, K.M. (2010). One-year surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization and skin and soft tissue infections in collegiate athletes. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Journal, 164(7), 615-20.
Deepak, P., Sarang, S., Shubha, R.D. and Musharib A. (2017). Zika Virus Diseases – The New Face of an Ancient Enemy as Global Public Health Emergency (2016): Brief Review and Recent Updates. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 8(6), 1-46.
Department of Disease Control. (2015). Prevention Measures for Medical Team and team manager in 31st Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Retrieved December 8, 2017 from Outbreak News Today Website: https://beid.ddc.moph.go.th/beid_2014/th/content/โอลิมปิก
Grim, C., Hotfiel, T., Engelhardt, M., Plewinski, S., Spahl, O. and Wolfarth, B. (2017). Sports Injuries and Illnesses of the German National Team during the 2016 Olympic Summer Games in Rio de Janeiro. Sportverletz Sportschaden, 31(1), 25-30.
Grosset, J.A., Nicolas, X. and Saraux, A. Sport and infectious risk: a systematic review of the literature over 20 years. (2012). Medecine Et Maladies Infectieuses, 42(11), 533-544.
Herriman R. (2015). Brazil microcephaly cases near 3,000. Retrieved December 8, 2017 from Outbreak News Today Website: https://outbreaknewstoday.com/brazil-microcephaly-cases-near-3000/
Kordi, R. and Wallace, W.A. (2004). Blood borne infections in sport: risks of transmission, methods of prevention, and recommendations for hepatitis B vaccination. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 38, 678–684.
Mahmoudabadi, A.Z. and Rahnemaei, S. (2012). Dermatophytic contaminations in sport centres of Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 42(1), 177-178.
MGR online. (2010). Dengue affects boxing athlete lose opportunity to participate in Thailand National Games. Retrieved January 19, 2018 from MGR online Website: https://www.manager.co.th/Local/ ViewNews.aspx?NewsID= 9530000118064/
Nakhonpathomnews. (2017). Twenty female athletes of Nakhon Pathom Municipality Sport School entering the hospital at night. Retrieved January 17, 2018 from Nakhonpathomnews Website: https://www.nakhonpathomnews.com/หามนักกีฬาหญิง-ร-ร-เทศบาลนครนครปฐม-ป่วยเข้า-รพ-เกือบ-20-คนกลางดึก/
Nieman, D.C. and Pedersen, B.K. (1999). Exercise and immune function. Recent developments. Sports Medicine, 27(2), 73-80.
Parana, R., Lyra, L. and Trepo, C. (1999). Intravenous vitamin complexes used in sporting activities and transmission of HCV in Brazil. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 94, 857–8.
Rafiei, A. and Amirrajab, N. (2010). Fungal contamination of indoor public swimming pools, Ahwaz, South-west of Iran. Iranian journal of public health, 39(3), 124-128.
Sanook Sport. (2012). Cold weather in Chiangmai affects 100 athletes and staffs sick. Retrieved January 18, 2018 from Sanook Website: https://sport.sanook.com/48196/
Sasaki, A., Suzuki, H., Sakai, T., Sato, M., Shobugawa, Y. and Saito, R. (2007). Measles outbreaks in high schools closely associated with sporting events in Niigata, Japan. Journal of Infection, 55(2), 179-83.
Skrzypiec-Spring, M., Krzywanski, J., Karlikowska-Skwarnik, M., Pokrywka, A., Krysztofak, H., Nitsch-Osuch, A. and Kuchar, E. (2017). Pertussis outbreak in Polish shooters with adverse event analysis. Biology of Sport, 34(3), 243-248.
Stuart, T.L., Sandhu, J., Stirling, R., Corder, J., Ellis, A. and Misa, P. (2010). Campylobacteriosis outbreak associated with ingestion of mud during a mountain bike race. Epidemiology and infection, 138(12),1695-703.
Thairath online. (2012). Taekwondo team fears of dengue fever in Sattahip, continually practice at Sports Authority of Thailand. Retrieved January 19, 2018 from Thairath online Website: https://www. thairath .co.th/content/274986
World Health Organization. (2017). Number of malaria deaths. Retrieved June 1, 2017 from World Health Organization Website: https://www.who.int/gho/malaria/epidemic/deaths/en/