Mechanism of immunological stimulation and delivery of vaccine via intranasal route

Abstract

Intranasal immunization is an alternative route of vaccine administration considered as a non-invasive route, stimulatedby intranasal vaccine. Intranasal vaccine is prepared for the purpose of reducing the side effect of invasive vaccine andgaining more of the patient compliance. Stimulation via nasal route can elicit both mucosal and systemic immune responsesso that this route is relatively attractive to vaccine administration. However, the mechanism of immunological stimulation atnasal site is quite complicated. Therefore, the development of nasal vaccine to achieve its greatest efficiency is consideredas the tempting study topic. In this article, the mechanism of nasal immune response and the transportation of vaccinevia nasal route are intensively reviewed. The relationship between the physiological barriers at nasal site that influencethe adsorption efficiency of vaccine and the vaccine delivery system prepared by mean of pharmaceutical technology toovercome these physiological barriers is considerably reviewed as well. Finally, the review of research findings in relationto the pharmaceutical technology of micro/nanoparticles and mucoadhesive substances as vaccine delivery vehicles are alsoassessed.

Key words: Nasal immune system, Delivery of intranasal vaccine, Micro/nanoparticles, Transportation of intranasal vaccine