Veterinary Integrative Sciences

Fatal vascular pythiosis in a dog from Thailand: Clinical presentation and pathological findings—first report: A case report

2026-02-12T14:48:28+07:00

Vascular involvement in Pythium insidiosum infection is exceedingly rare in dogs and often results in delayed diagnosis due to nonspecific clinical signs. A one-year-old female German Shepherd presented with subcutaneous edema and mass-like lesions on the right hindlimb, caudal abdomen, and tail base. Computed tomography lymphangiography revealed lymphedema with impaired lymphatic drainage, and cytologic evaluation demonstrated pyogranulomatous inflammation, including multinucleated giant cells containing poorly stained, contorted fungal hyphae within the cytoplasm. Despite right hindlimb amputation, the disease progressed to ischemic necrosis, gangrene and eventual autoamputation of the left hindlimb and tail. Severe P. insidiosum infection was confirmed by histopathologic examination and immunochromatographic testing. Clinical deterioration continued despite aggressive antifungal and antimicrobial therapy, leading to euthanasia. Postmortem examination revealed extensive pyogranulomatous and necrotizing inflammation involving the aorta, caudal vena cava, kidneys, uterus and intestines. Broad, ribbon-like, sparsely septate hyphae were observed and confirmed as P. insidiosum by culture, and by Internal Transcribed Spacer Polymerase Chain Reaction. This case represents the first reported instance of vascular pythiosis in a dog, highlighting its rarity, severity and poor prognosis. Early recognition of vascular involvement is critical, as delayed diagnosis and limited therapeutic response are frequently fatal

Atypical lethal systemic granulomatous inflammation caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a green iguana (Iguana iguana): A postmortem case report

2025-11-04T13:41:07+07:00

A 5-year-old male green iguana (Iguana iguana) from a privately maintained outdoor enclosure was submitted for necropsy following a brief period of lethargy and anorexia, which rapidly progressed to death. A gross examination revealed coelomic and pericardial effusions, pulmonary consolidation, multifocal nodular lesions in multiple organs, most prominent and numerous in the lungs, accompanied by verrucous endocarditis. The histopathology report indicated widespread heterophilic and histiocytic granulomas with central necrosis and basophilic bacterial remnants in the lungs, heart, liver, and spleen. Microbiological cultures yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa from coelomic and pericardial effusions, while special stains (acid-fast, PAS) and PCR for Mycobacterium spp. were negative, thereby ruling out mycobacterial and fungal infections. This is the first report of systemic granulomatous inflammation caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a green iguana, underscoring its pathogenic potential in reptiles housed under suboptimal husbandry conditions and highlighting the importance of comprehensive diagnostics in exotic species.

Mapping the animal welfare research in Southeast Asia: A bibliometric analysis (1987–2025)

2025-12-13T11:20:37+07:00

Animal welfare has emerged as a significant scientific and ethical concern in Southeast Asia, where biodiversity, culture and agricultural systems create unique challenges and opportunities. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of SCOPUS-indexed publications (1987–2025) to map research trends, productive contributors, leading institutions and countries, and thematic priorities in the region. A systematic search identified 298 relevant documents, analyzed using the Bibliometrix package (R, Biblioshiny) and VOSviewer for network visualization. Results show an annual growth rate of 8.60%, with most outputs being journal articles, prominently published in Animals. Thailand is the leading hub, driven by Chiang Mai University and extensive collaborations with the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia. Authorship patterns follow Lotka's law, with a small cohort of prolific researchers and a broad base of occasional contributors. Thematic mapping reveals two dominant areas: region-specific concerns on Asian elephant and livestock welfare, and wider issues on wildlife trade, tourism impacts, and welfare assessment. Species analysis identifies two major research clusters: livestock/elephants and primates/insects, reflecting both agricultural and wildlife-related priorities. Overall, animal welfare research in Southeast Asia is expanding in number, thematic diversity, and global integration. Strengthening regional capacity, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and embedding local context into global welfare frameworks will be critical for sustaining growth and addressing both foundational and emerging challenges in animal welfare.

Diagnostic strategies for Tilapia lake virus: Comprehensive review

2026-04-19T19:30:13+07:00

Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is a highly contagious viral infection with a significant impact on aquaculture. TiLV has been reported worldwide and still occurs in many countries. Typically, TiLV can be diagnosed using various techniques that have been studied and verified through a wide range of methods, including gross pathology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IFA), in-situ hybridization (ISH), cell culture, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), nested RT-PCR, semi-nested RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and indirect ELISA. Additional advance techniques that include reverse transcriptase recombinase polymerase amplification Cas12a (RT-RPA-Cas12a), RT-RPA lateral flow dipstick (RT-RPA-LFD), real-time RT-RPA (RT-qRPA), droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), and colorimetric LAMP (cLAMP) have been reported. Herein, we have identified and demonstrated various techniques for diagnosing TiLV that can be used in aquaculture research and future studies

Comparison of growth promotion effects: Fermented non-medicinal parts of Scutellaria baicalensis vs. non-critical rare earth cerium oxide in yellow-feathered broilers

2025-07-29T17:40:26+07:00

This study investigated the effects of fermented Scutellaria baicalensis stem and leaves and Cerium Oxide (CeO₂) supplementation on the growth performance, slaughter performance, and immune function of yellow-feather broilers. The results demonstrated that the average daily feed intake (ADFI) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the treatment groups compared to the antibiotic-positive group. The group treated with 0.8% fermented Scutellaria baicalensis stems and leaves exhibited the high average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio, surpassing the control group by 3.2% and 2.3%, respectively. Slaughter performance showed that the 0.8% Scutellaria baicalensis treatment group had greater chest depth, keel length, pelvic width, and tibia length than other groups. In contrast, the 500 mg CeO₂ treatment group exhibited the longest tibia length. Additionally, the slaughter rates of all treatment groups were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than those of the control and antibiotic-positive groups. Immune function analysis revealed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in thymus and bursa indices; however, the thymus index was higher in groups with 0.8% Scutellaria baicalensis stem and leaves and CeO₂groups. Serum immunoglobulin analysis indicated that IgM and IgG levels did not significantly differ among groups, but CeO₂supplementation increased IgA levels, particularly in the 50 mg and 100 mg groups. These results illustrated that adding 0.8% fermented Scutellaria baicalensis stems and leaves to poultry feed effectively enhances improve the growth performance and carcass traits of yellow-feather broilers, and is a potential substitute for antibiotics in poultry production, compared to CeO₂ and Lincomycin hydrochloride.

Bacillus velezensis from the Muscovy Duck gut: A potential probiotic for controlling poultry pathogens

2025-11-19T08:37:22+07:00

Bacterial diseases and antimicrobial resistance threaten the poultry industry, necessitating antibiotic alternatives. Probiotics, especially Bacillus species, are a promising solution. This study explored the gut of the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758)) as an untapped source for novel probiotic candidates. The objectives were to isolate native Bacillus strains from Muscovy duck guts, identify the most promising candidate, and characterize its probiotic potential by assessing its resilience and antimicrobial activity against key poultry pathogens. A total of 40 bacterial strains were isolated from the gut contents of 50 Muscovy ducks using a heat-shock enrichment method. All isolates were screened in vitro for their tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal conditions (pH 2.0 and 0.3% bile salts). The antimicrobial activity of their cell-free supernatants was assessed against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus using the agar well diffusion method. The most potent isolate was definitively identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Isolate BD31 demonstrated exceptional tolerance to both acidic and bile salt conditions. Furthermore, it exhibited potent, broad-spectrum antagonistic activity, producing significant inhibition zones against E. coli (12.5 mm), S. enterica (11.8 mm), and S. aureus (8.5 mm). Molecular analysis identified this superior isolate as Bacillus velezensis with 99.76% sequence identity to the type strain. The Muscovy duck gut is a valuable source for novel probiotics. Bacillus velezensis BD31 displays superior gastrointestinal tolerance and potent antimicrobial activity, positioning it as an excellent candidate for a direct-fed microbial to control poultry pathogens. In vivo validation is warranted.

Analysis of local immune responses in chickens infected with Eimeria tenella

2025-10-08T08:25:16+07:00

Eimeria tenella is a major coccidian parasite in poultry, causing severe economic losses. Understanding the local immune response during E. tenella infection is essential for developing effective control strategies. This study investigated the transcriptional responses of T cell markers (CD3 and CD4), cytokines (IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-22, IFN-γ, TGF-β1), and the chemokine K203 in experimentally infected chickens. Gene expression was analyzed using quantitative PCR, and histopathological changes were evaluated in hematoxylin and eosin-stained cecal sections. The expression of CD3 and CD4 genes showed an upward trend in infected chickens, suggesting potential involvement of T cells in the immune response, although this was not statistically significant. Several cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-18, IL-22, and TGF-β1, were significantly upregulated (p < 0.05), indicating a complex transcriptional response involving both pro-inflammatory and regulatory pathways. K203 expression increased markedly (approximately 60-fold, p < 0.001), consistent with enhanced chemotactic signaling and immune cell recruitment to the infection site. Histopathological examination revealed epithelial disruption and inflammatory cell infiltration in the infected group, correlating with the observed gene expression changes. Overall, this study provides insights into the transcriptional modulation of local immune mediators during E. tenella infection. While the results highlight possible involvement of T cell-associated and cytokine-mediated responses, further studies, particularly protein-level analyses, are needed to confirm the functional activation of immune cells and their specific roles in host defense.

Effects of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth on the growth performances, and health of red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.)

2025-12-22T07:06:57+07:00

Peperomia pellucida (PP), is an herb that has been proven rich in antioxidant property. However, the beneficial effects and mode of action of PP on disease resistance in fish are still unclear. In the present study, we revealed the potential impacts of PP on the growth performance, blood parameters, antioxidant capacity, immune-related gene expression and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis spp. Experimental fish were given a diet containing different doses of PP (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg diet) in triplicates for eight weeks. After feeding trials, the experimental fish were subjected to an intraperitoneal infection of A. hydrophila. Findings from the present study showed a significant (P < 0.05) improvement in growth performances (final weight, specific growth rate, and feed conversion rate), immune-related gene expression and disease resistance against A. hydrophila in fish fed PP supplemented diets in comparison to the control diet. Present study also demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) improvement in blood parameters by dietary PP provision. Dietary PP noticeably enhanced the antioxidant status of red hybrid tilapia with the increased activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the liver. On top of that, upregulation of growth and immune-related genes such as Lysozyme G (LysG), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), and beta actin (β-actin) were also observed in the dietary PP group. Overall, polynomial regression analysis revealed that dietary PP at the dosage of 108 – 151 mg/kg improved growth and health performances of red hybrid tilapia

Effects of commercial seaweed supplementation on in vitro methane production and milk performance in dairy

2025-11-26T12:04:49+07:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of commercial seaweed supplementation on ruminal fermentation, methane production, and milk performance in dairy cows during prepartum and postpartum periods. The experiment consisted of two parts. Experiment 1 assessed the impact of seaweed on rumen digestion using the in vitro gas production technique with rumen fluid collected from two Holstein Friesian cows (with an average body weight of 427 ± 10 kg and an average age of 3 years). Total gas, methane, pH, ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N), volatile fatty acids (VFA), and microbial biomass yield were analyzed in a completely randomized design. Experiment 2 consisted of on-farm trials conducted at two commercial dairy farms. At Thongsak Farm, twenty prepartum cows (18.16 ± 1.06 kg/day milk yield; 420 ± 25 kg BW) were evaluated from 30 days before to 90 days after calving and assigned to either the control (TMR only) or treatment (TMR + 40 g seaweed/day) group. Feed intake was recorded daily, while blood samples were collected three times and milk samples seven times throughout the experimental period. At Somsak Farm, another twenty postpartum cows (16.5 ± 1.0 kg/day milk yield; 425 ± 25 kg BW; 100.05 ± 67.25 DIM) were evaluated for 30 days using the same treatment structure and sampling protocol as in the prepartum trial, with feed intake and milk production recorded concurrently. In vitro results showed that seaweed supplementation significantly enhanced gas production at 2 hours (7.27 vs 6.61 mL/200 mg DM) and reduced methane production (5.22 vs 2.30 mL/200 mg; p < 0.05). On-farm results showed a tendency toward higher milk yield in the seaweed group, along with increased protein, total solids, and solids-not-fat. Blood profiles remained within normal ranges, indicating no adverse effects. Seaweed supplementation improved rumen fermentation efficiency reduced methane emissions and positively influenced milk yield and composition in dairy cows without compromising animal health.

Histopathological characterization of age-related intestinal lesions and fibrosis in naturally coccidia-infected Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer)

2025-12-25T08:33:47+07:00

Intestinal coccidiosis is an important protozoan disease in marine teleosts, particularly under aquaculture conditions. In juvenile Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer), infection leads to severe intestinal injury accompanied by inflammation and fibrotic remodeling. This study aimed to characterize inflammatory and fibrotic responses to piscine intestinal coccidia in fish at different developmental stages. A total of 88 intestinal samples from naturally infected juvenile Asian sea bass aged 60 and 90 days (44 samples per group) were collected from marine cage farms in Satun Province, Thailand. Intestinal tissues were processed using standard histological methods, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for lesion evaluation, and Picro-Sirius Red for fibrosis assessment. Lesion severity (inflammation, extended inflammation, necrosis, congestion, and desquamation) was graded semi-quantitatively, and fibrotic areas were quantified under polarized light. Statistical comparison between age groups was performed using the Mann–Whitney U test. The 60-day-old fish exhibited significantly higher levels of inflammation (p = 0.000), extended inflammation (p= 0.001), necrosis (p = 0.038), and congestion (p = 0.000) compared to the 90-day-old group, whereas desquamation did not differ significantly (p = 0.685). In contrast, fibrosis was more pronounced in the 60-day-old fish (p < 0.05), indicating stronger fibrotic activity associated with persistent inflammation. Intestinal coccidiosis in juvenile Asian sea bass induces marked inflammatory injury in younger fish and subsequent fibrotic remodeling in older fish. These findings highlight the dynamic progression of intestinal pathology and emphasize the importance of early disease management to minimize long-term intestinal damage in aquaculture systems.

Comparative observation of the organ development and health of the tropical oyster Crassostrea belcheri (Sowerby, 1871) in hatchery and wild farming sites

2025-12-25T08:36:22+07:00

The tropical oyster, Crassostrea belcheri, is an important, high-value seafood in aquaculture in Thailand. Understanding the development and physiological responses of C. belcheri in different rearing conditions is essential for sustainable production. This study compared the histological structures, mucus-secreting cell (MSC) distributions, and gonadal development of C. belcheri sampled from a hatchery (HAT) and three open-sea farming sites. The sampled oysters were classified into five categories based on shell height: 1.0–2.5 cm, 2.6–4.1 cm, 4.2–5.7 cm, 5.8–7.3 cm, and 7.4–8.8 cm. Size- and site-dependent differences in organ morphology were observed. In the largest HAT oysters, the average gill lamella length was 128.8 ± 7.3 µm; average mantle epithelium thickness 14.1 ± 1.0 µm and average digestive tubule diameter 86.5 ± 2.2 µm. All three morphometrics differed significantly across the four sites (p < 0.05). Four MSC morphotypes were observed. Gonadal development followed a protandric pattern, with male gametogenesis observed in oysters smaller than 5.8 cm and female oogenesis being dominant in larger individuals (> 5.8 cm). Oocyte maturation across sites was consistent rather than site dependent. Histopathological evaluation using the Health Assessment Index (HAI) revealed sublethal tissue alterations, including epithelial atrophy, digestive tubule regression and gill lamellar fusion, with a mean HAI score of 3.7 ± 1.2 for wild-farmed oysters compared with 1.8 ± 0.9 for HAT samples. These findings underscore strong associations between oyster size, environmental conditions and organ development, and the potential of MSC density and histopathological lesions as reliable biomarkers for aquaculture monitoring and health management in C. belcheri

Optimization of broiler growth and organ traits: Insights from a meta-analysis of feed form effects

2025-12-30T13:24:39+07:00

Feed form is an essential factor influencing nutrient use, feeding behavior, and overall efficiency in broilers. Since feed represents the largest portion of production costs, there is a need to select the appropriate feed to improve performance and profitability. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of feed form on broiler performance, carcass traits, and organ development using 283 data points from 46 published studies. Data reliability was assessed using a fail-safe number (Nfs), which showed robust parameters for daily feed intake (Nfs > 620) and daily weight gain (Nfs > 1000), while mortality and organ weight had low values. The results showed that feed form significantly improved (P < 0.05) broiler performance, particularly conversion ratio and final body weight. However, high heterogeneity (I² > 80%) showed that differences in diet composition, management, and environmental conditions strongly influenced the outcomes. Carcass traits significantly improved (P < 0.05), with increased weight observed in the total carcass, breast, thigh, and wing. Abdominal fat deposition showed a relatively smaller but significant (p<0.05) reduction. The effect on organ development was variable, with gizzard and pancreas weights decreasing significantly (P < 0.05), indicating low mechanical and enzymatic demands of processed feeds, while liver weight was unaffected. Intestinal morphology showed mixed outcomes, with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in duodenum length and non-significant trends for jejunum and ileum lengths. This indicated that feed form substantially enhanced broiler productivity, carcass quality, and feed efficiency. However, variability across studies showed the need to consider management and environmental factors, indicating the need for future investigation to identify sources of heterogeneity.

Prevalence of coccidiosis in small ruminants in Indonesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2026-03-29T17:48:08+07:00

Coccidiosis is a frequently occurring disease in small ruminants. However, comprehensive estimates of its burden in Indonesia remain limited. This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines to estimate the pooled prevalence of Eimeria infection in Indonesian small ruminants. A systematic literature search was conducted across three databases. Eligible studies reporting the prevalence of Eimeria infection in small ruminants were included. A random-effects model was applied to estimate the pooled prevalence. In addition, subgroup, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to investigate sources of heterogeneity. A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of coccidiosis in Indonesian small ruminants was 48.99% (95% CI: 26.23–72.17). High heterogeneity was detected (I² = 97%), suggesting substantial variability among studies. Subgroup analysis revealed significantly higher prevalence in goats (68.68%) compared to sheep (15.84%) (p < 0.01), while no significant differences were observed across provinces (p = 0.35). The meta-analysis of risk factors showed no significant association for sex (OR = 0.99; p = 0.95) or age (OR = 2.77; p = 0.06). Meta-regression indicated no temporal trend in prevalence (p = 0.99). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the findings, although publication bias was detected. In conclusion, coccidiosis remains highly prevalent in small ruminants in Indonesia, particularly in goats. These findings highlight the need for strengthened surveillance and effective control strategies.

The kidney structure and hematology of tank-reared-male slender walking catfish (Clarias nieuhofii Valenciennes, 1840): From the hematopoietic tissue to the peripheral blood cells

2026-03-19T22:41:04+07:00

The slender walking catfish Clarias nieuhofii is an economically significant species and a potential candidate for aquaculture in Thailand, but its kidney organization and hematology remain undescribed in the literature. The present study aimed to investigate the hematopoietic structure and ultrastructure of the kidney and peripheral blood cells of male C. nieuhofii obtained from a breeding site in Thailand. Their kidneys were processed for morpho-histology and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays using transmission electron microscopy. Blood cell smears were stained with the Alcian Blue/Periodic acid-Schiff method. The kidney of C. nieuhofii was a paired triangular mass comprising anterior (AK) and posterior (PK) regions characterized by renal corpuscle and hematopoietic tissue. In the AK, only hematopoietic tissue and blood capillaries were identified. Hematopoietic tissue was more prominent in the AK than the PK, and its cells were rarely positive in the TUNEL assay. Melano-macrophage centres were observed in the hematopoietic mass in both regions. The detailed hematopoietic ultrastructure was classified into three series, including erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis and lymphopoiesis, which were shared between both kidney regions. Erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis were evident than lymphopoiesis in the kidney tissue. Erythropoietic differentiation was evident. Proerythroblasts were larger than young erythrocytes. Nucleated erythrocytes were observed in peripheral blood smears. The granulopoietic series involved the development of myeloblasts into granulocytes. White blood cells, especially lymphocytes, were also identified. The present study provides useful insights into the renal adaptive histopathology and physiology of C. nieuhofii for aquaculture.

Improving diagnostic success in stranded dugong necropsy investigations

2026-05-01T13:25:05+07:00

Stranding events of dugongs (Dugong dugon) provide important opportunities to investigate causes of mortality and population health in the wild. However, successful determination of the cause of death is often constrained by carcass condition and the availability of diagnostic investigations. This study aimed to evaluate factors influencing diagnostic success in stranded dugongs recovered along the Andaman Sea coastline of southern Thailand. A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from a centralized stranding database covering the period 2019 to 2025. A total of 166 stranding records were reviewed, of which 81 carcasses met the criteria for necropsy based diagnostic evaluation after excluding cases lacking examination or affected by advanced decomposition. Necropsy findings, histopathological results, and ancillary diagnostic investigations, including parasitological examination, bacteriological culture, and molecular detection of infectious agents, were compiled for each case. Diagnostic outcomes were categorized into four levels of certainty: undetermined cause of death, presumptive cause of death, tentative diagnosis, and final diagnosis. Overall, 26 cases (32.1%) achieved a final diagnosis, while 11 cases (13.6%) were classified as tentative diagnoses, 21 cases (25.9%) as presumptive causes of death, and 23 cases (28.4%) remained undetermined. Diagnostic resolution improved in later years of the study, with a declining proportion of undetermined cases. Trauma, parasitic disease, infectious disease, and systemic disorders represented the major pathological categories identified. Statistical analysis showed that mild to moderate carcass autolysis and detection of infectious agents tended to increase diagnostic success, whereas female sex and higher body condition score showed the opposite trend, although none of these associations were statistically significant. These findings highlight the importance of carcass condition, systematic necropsy procedures, and ancillary diagnostic investigations in improving cause of death determination in stranded dugongs and supporting effective conservation and health surveillance efforts

Cross-sectional study of camelpox virus in the western and southern regions of Kazakhstan in 2021-2022

2026-04-01T21:06:16+07:00

Camelpox is a contagious disease of Old World camelids with limited prevalence data in Kazakhstan. This study determined camelpox virus (CMLV) prevalence and vaccination coverage in western and southern Kazakhstan in 2021-2022. Overall, 572 camels from 63 herds were sampled. Serum samples were tested for anti-CMLV antibodies by ELISA, blood and tissue samples were tested for CMLV DNA by PCR with sequencing of PCR-positive amplicons. The true adjusted animal-level seroprevalence in unvaccinated and vaccinated camels was 10.9% and 73.6%, respectively. All seropositive unvaccinated camels were from Atyrau oblast, where 30.8% (12/39; 95% CI: 17.0–47.6%) of unvaccinated herds contained at least one seropositive animal. CMLV DNA was detected in three (1.1%) unvaccinated seropositive camels from Atyrau oblast. Analysis of the complete C18L and ATI gene sequences revealed homology with the reference CMLV strain M-96 and high nucleotide identity (100% and 99.94%, respectively) with the CMLV strain isolated in Mangystau oblast in 2023. The findings indicate that a CMLV lineage – identical or closely related to strains documented in 1996 and again in 2023 in Mangystau oblast – was circulating in Atyrau oblast during 2021-2022. This suggests continued maintenance of the virus in western Kazakhstan and raises concerns about potential transboundary spread

Efficacy of a bioactive protein on experimental oral infection by a highly virulent African swine fever virus

2026-03-27T10:10:38+07:00

African swine fever (ASF), caused by the ASF virus (ASFV) infection, poses a huge threat to the pork industry due to its ineffective preventive and control measures. Currently, no effective commercial vaccines or antiviral therapies are available. This study evaluated the efficacy of CelluTEIN® X (CT_X), a bioactive protein feed additive, to delay and reduce ASFV infections in a pig challenge model. Sixteen 8-week-old crossbred pigs were divided into four groups: 500 ppm-Chall and 1000 ppm-Chall (n = 5 pigs in each group; fed with CT_X at 500 ppm and 1000 ppm, respectively), and Chall and Mock groups (n = 3 pigs in each group). Animals were orally challenged with ASFV genotype II (103HAD50, 3mL/each pig) and monitored for 21 days post-infection (dpi). Clinical outcomes, macroscopic pathology, histopathology, viral load (qPCR), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were assessed. Pigs receiving the CT_X supplementation demonstrated markedly mild clinical outcomes, lower viral loads, and reduced tissue damage compared to those pigs without supplementation. CT_X at 500 ppm showed promising efficacy, achieving 40% survival and significantly higher survival rate than the challenged control (log-rank p = 0.049), whereas no survival was observed in the 1000 ppm–Chall or Chall groups. This group also displayed substantially lower clinical scores and milder gross and microscopic lesions, accompanied by markedly reduced blood and tissue viral loads; importantly, no ASFV antigen was detectable by qPCR or IHC in surviving 500ppm-Chall animals. In contrast, although 1000ppm-Chall pigs exhibited delayed disease progression, this did not translate into improved survival, suggesting the 500-ppm dose may be the more compelling candidate for further evaluation. This study highlights the potential of CT_X as a novel prophylactic substance in prevention of ASFV infection.

Epidemiological characteristics and predictors of malignancy in canine neoplasms from Songkhla province Thailand: A retrospective study (2017–2024)

2026-04-28T14:41:29+07:00

Canine neoplasms are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs, with tumor malignancy influenced by demographic and biological factors. However, integrated epidemiological analyses incorporating risk factor modeling and malignancy prediction remain limited in Southern Thailand. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of canine neoplasms in Songkhla province and to identify factors associated with tumor malignancy. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 397 canine neoplastic cases diagnosed between 2017 and 2024 at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University. Tumors were classified as benign or malignant and categorized by anatomical system and histogenetic origin. Associations between malignancy and age, sex, breed, anatomical system, and tumor group were evaluated using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses, with model selection based on Akaike Information Criterion. Predicted probabilities of malignancy were estimated from the final multivariable model. Of the tumors analyzed, 259 (65.2%) were malignant. Epithelial tumors were the most common, followed by round cell, mesenchymal, and germ cell tumors. In the multivariable model, age, anatomical system, and tumor group were independent predictors of malignancy. Dogs older than 10 years had higher odds of malignant tumors (adjusted OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.39–3.71). Tumors from non-integumentary systems (adjusted OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.26–3.10) and non-epithelial tumors (adjusted OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.59–3.85) were also associated with increased malignancy risk. Predicted probability analysis demonstrated an age-related increase in malignancy risk, rising from 63% to 79% in epithelial integumentary tumors and from 59% to 77% in non-integumentary, non-epithelial tumors. These findings highlight the combined influence of age, anatomical origin, and tumor histogenesis in malignancy risk stratification.

Digital H&E colorimetric profiling of ovine brain microstructures

2026-05-19T08:07:03+07:00

Differences in staining techniques and inconsistencies of staining protocols lead to different visual appearances, which in turn affect color quality in the digital images during brain histopathological analysis, therefore, this study aimed to characterize colorimetric profiles for the cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata in the sheep brain by measuring optical density, color space decomposition to analyze stain intensity and proportion using both the RGB and CIELAB color models. All digital images were normalized using a histogram matching algorithm. The result revealed different stain patterns across the brain microstructure. The cerebellar regions showed a higher hematoxylin optical density compared to the cerebrum and medulla oblongata, while eosin intensity and proportion were the highest in the medullary deep layers. The color channels showed that red intensity was highest in the cerebellum and lowest in the medulla. While the blue channel showed the opposite pattern. Digital colorimetry effectively distinguishes healthy neural tissue variation based on H&E staining profiles, serves as a quantitative baseline that may support the investigation of future diagnostic tools for color-dependent brain lesions, such as ischemia, early infarction, or demyelinating lesions.

Multi-response optimization of anti-GnRH immunocastration on growth performance and meat quality in weaned male guinea pigs

2026-04-01T21:43:50+07:00

This study evaluated the effects of different doses of an anti-GnRH immunocastrator on growth performance and meat quality in weaned male guinea pigs using a multi-response optimization approach. A total of 40 animals were randomly assigned to four treatments: one control group and three Bopriva® doses (0.20, 0.30, and 0.40 mL/animal), administered in two subcutaneous applications. Direct and derived productive traits, as well as physicochemical and color-related meat quality variables, were recorded. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, ANOVA, robust complementary tests, multivariate analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and the construction of a global decision index , where P represents the productive component and Q represents the meat quality component. The results showed that the intermediate dose achieved the best performance in growth and carcass weight, whereas the highest dose exhibited the best integrated meat-quality response and the highest global index value under a balanced scenario. The crossover point indicated that the optimal recommendation depended on the relative weight assigned to productivity and quality. It is concluded that T3 represents the best alternative when productive performance is prioritized, whereas T4 is more suitable when the main objective is to optimize meat quality and the overall balanced response.

Colistin resistance and resistance determinants are mobile among Salmonella enterica isolates from diseased and healthy pigs in Thailand

2026-05-22T15:41:31+07:00

Salmonella is an important enteric pathogen that poses a threat to human and livestock animal health, with emerging multidrug resistance (MDR) a major public health issue globally. A total of 150 fecal samples were collected from pigs housed from 4 separate pig farms in southern Thailand and tested for the presence of Salmonella. Confirmed Salmonella isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials, and PCR used to detect antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Salmonella isolates were cultured from 69% (103/150) of all fecal samples, with higher prevalence in diseased pigs (12/15; 80%), compared with healthy pigs (91/135; 67%). Serotype Rissen was the most frequently identified serotype among the Salmonella isolates. Resistance to ampicillin (AMP) (97%), sulfonamide-trimethoprim (SXT) (97%), and tetracycline (TET) (94%) were the most common phenotypes observed. The most common ARGs identified were bla_TEM (99%), tetA (87%), sul1 (77%), and dfrA1 (74%), and more than 95% of the Salmonella isolates tested were MDR - based on resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes. The most common antimicrobial resistance pattern exhibited was AMP-TET-SXT (76%), and resistance to colistin (via the mcr-1 gene) was observed in both healthy and diseased pigs. The clonal groups of PFGE analysis in each serotype revealed the genetic relationship among Salmonella isolated from healthy and diseased pigs from different pig farms. The pulsotype of Salmonella is clonal in both healthy and diseased pigs, providing crucial genetic evidence for the circulation of Salmonella in the area and its potential spread of MDR through the pig production chain.

In vitro antibacterial activity of levofloxacin against Gram-negative bacteria isolated from canine urinary tract infections

2026-05-27T09:35:12+07:00

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial disease in dogs, and the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens has complicated therapeutic management. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of levofloxacin against Gram-negative bacteria isolated from dogs with UTIs. A total of 284 Gram-negative bacterial isolates were obtained from urine samples of dogs diagnosed with UTIs. Bacterial identification was performed using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The in vitro antibacterial activity of levofloxacin was evaluated by determining the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Mutant prevention concentration (MPC) using the agar dilution method. Low susceptibility rates were observed among Enterobacterales, including Escherichia coli (E. coli) (26.96%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (31.37%), and Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) (36.84%), whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited higher susceptibility (72.13%). MPC values were consistently higher than MICs, particularly for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa, suggesting an increased risk of resistance selection at high bacterial densities. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis indicated that the standard oral dose of levofloxacin (25 mg/kg) is likely effective only against susceptible strains, with P. mirabilis being the only species to achieve both MIC- and MPC-based PK/PD targets. Although levofloxacin may be effective against certain canine UTI pathogens, its use should be guided by bacterial identification and susceptibility testing. Therefore, levofloxacin should be considered a second-line therapeutic option rather than an empirical first-line treatment for canine UTIs.

Investigation of the in vitro anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of the citrus-derived flavonoids hesperetin and naringin

2026-04-20T22:39:05+07:00

Toxoplasma gondii is an important intracellular parasite that poses a substantial public health concern worldwide, particularly among immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women. Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine are the standard treatments for toxoplasmosis. However, these drugs can cause adverse effects and teratogenicity, potentially leading to treatment failure. These limitations highlight the need to explore new drugs as alternative therapeutic agents. Hesperetin and naringin are citrus-derived flavonoids known to exhibit antiparasitic activity. However, evidence regarding their effects against T. gondii remains limited. This study evaluated their cytotoxicity against human foreskin fibroblast cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and assessed their anti-T. gondii (RH strain) activity using a plaque assay. Both hesperetin and naringin exhibited low cytotoxicity, with CC₅₀values exceeding 100 µg/mL. Interestingly, hesperetin completely inhibited T. gondii plaque formation at 100 µg/mL, and this effect was comparable to that of the reference drug pyrimethamine. In contrast, naringin showed no inhibitory effect on plaque formation compared with the untreated group. Although hesperetin and naringin belong to the same chemical class, they demonstrated a clear difference in antiparasitic activity. In conclusion, hesperetin derived from citrus plants exhibited anti-T. gondii activity with low cytotoxicity in vitro. Further studies are required to elucidate its mechanism of action and evaluate its potential therapeutic applications.

Development and validation of a deep learning–based system for nighttime behavioral monitoring in captive Asian elephants: A preliminary study

2026-03-10T22:03:03+07:00

Concerns over the welfare of captive elephants in tourism highlight the importance of objective and non-invasive behavioral monitoring. This study developed and validated a method for automated classification of key elephant behaviors using nighttime CCTV footage. An experienced veterinarian categorized video recordings of two adult male elephants in Thailand into four categories: walking, standing, eating, and sleeping. Two convolutional neural network models, ResNet-18 and ResNet-50, were trained and tested using four-fold cross-validation. Both models achieved a high overall accuracy of more than 90 percent, and sleep was detected with the most reliability, with a sensitivity of 99 percent. These findings suggest that automated behavior recognition may be useful for continuous welfare monitoring in captive elephants. The approach provides a cost-effective and practical monitoring system that may help identify behavioral changes associated with discomfort or disease.

Intra-rectal ozone therapy for the control of low back pain in equines

2026-05-19T08:07:24+07:00

Ozone therapy has been commonly used as an integrative approach for pain management, despite limited scientific evidence in equine medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intra-rectal ozone administration on back sensitivity in healthy dressage horses using infrared thermography and pressure algometry. Four horses, clinically fit to work, were included in a sequential clinical design consisting of a four-week control phase with intra-rectal oxygen administration, a six-week washout period and a four-week treatment phase with intra-rectal ozone. Ozone was administered at a dose of 15 mg per session (1000 mL at 15 mg/L). Assessments were performed weekly before and after each administration at predefined thoracolumbar regions. Thermography did not show significant changes in superficial temperature following ozone administration. In contrast, pressure algometry revealed a significant increase in the mechanical nociceptive threshold after ozone treatment, as well as a cumulative effect throughout the treatment period. Our results suggest that the intra-rectal ozone therapy may have analgesic potential for the control of equine dorsal, objectively assessed by pressure algometry, despite the absence of detectable thermographic changes.