Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Esophageal Cancer
Keywords:
Epidemiology, Esophageal Cancer, Risk FactorAbstract
Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common malignancy in the world. In general, squamous cell
carcinoma is more common than adenocarcinoma, except in the USA. The etiology of the cancer is multifactorial,
involving such things as smoking, alcohol, dietary habits, viral infections, GERD, environmental
carcinogens, and socioeconomic status. This review also shows factors that may protect against the development
of esophageal cancer such as a diet rich in fruits and vegetables or consumption of NSAIDs or helicobactor
pylori infection in adenocarcinoma.
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2. Kamanger F, Dores GM, Anderson WF. Patterns of cancer
incidence, mortality and prevalence across five continents:
defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different
geographic regions of the world. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2137-
50.
3. Ke L. Mortality and incidence trends from esophagus cancer
in selected geographic areas of China circa 1970-90. Int J
Cancer 2002;102:271-4.
4. Wang Z, Tang L, Sun G, et al. Etiological study of esophageal
squamous cell carcinoma in an endemic region: a
population-based case control study in Huaian, China.
BMC Cancer 2006;6:287.
5. Tran GD, Sun XD, Abnet CC, et al. Prospective study of risk
factors for esophageal and gastric cancers in the Linxian
general population trial cohort in China. Int J Cancer 2005;
113:456-63.
6. Sriplung H, Wiangnon S, Sontipong S, et al. Cancer incidence
trends in Thailand, 1989-2000. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006;
7:239-44.
7. Holmes RS, Vaughan TL. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of
esophageal cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 200717:2-9.
8. Hashibe M, Boffetta P, Janout V, et al. Esophageal cancer
in Central and Eastern Europe: tobacco and alcohol. Int J
Cancer 2007;120:1518-22.
9. Jiang JM, Zeng XJ, Chen JS, et al. Smoking and mortality
from esophageal cancer in China: a large case-control
study of 19,734 male esophageal cancer deaths and 104,846
living spouse controls. Int J Cancer 2006;119:1427-32.
10. Wu IC, Lu CY, Kuo FC, et al. Interaction between cigarette,
alcohol and betel nut use on esophageal cancer risk in
Taiwan. Eur J Clin Invest 2006;36:236-41.
11. Wu M, Zhao JK, Hu XS, et al. Association of smoking, alcohol
drinking and dietary factors with esophageal cancer in
high- and low-risk areas of Jiangsu Province, China. World
J Gastroenterol 2006;12:1686-93.
12. Lee CH, Lee JM, Wu DC, et al. Independent and combined
effects of alcohol intake, tobacco smoking and betel quid
chewing on the risk of esophageal cancer in Taiwan. Int J
Cancer 2005;113:475-82.
13. de Jonge PJ, Steyerberg EW, Kuipers EJ, et al. Risk factors for
the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma in
Barrett’s esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1421-9.
14. Ranka S, Gee JM, Johnson IT, et al. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory
drugs, lower oesophageal sphincter-relaxing
drugs and oesophageal cancer. A case-control study.
Digestion 2006;74:109-15.
15. Whiteman DC, Sadeghi S, Pandeya N, et al. Combined
effects of obesity, acid reflux and smoking on the risk of
adenocarcinomas of the oesophagus. Gut 2008;57:173-80.
16. Crew KD, Neugut AI. Epidemiology of upper gastrointestinal
malignancies. Semin Oncol 2004;31:450-64.
17. Lagergren J. Adenocarcinoma of oesophagus: what exactly
is the size of the problem and who is at risk? Gut 2005;54
(Suppl 1):i1-5.
18. Pera M, Manterola C, Vidal O, Grande L. Epidemiology of
esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2005;92:151-9.
19. Freedman ND, Abnet CC, Leitzmann MF, et al. A prospective
study of tobacco, alcohol, and the risk of esophageal and
gastric cancer subtypes. Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:1424-33.
20. Brown LM, Hoover R, Silverman D, et al. Excess incidence of
squamous cell esophageal cancer among US Black men:
role of social class and other risk factors. Am J Epidemiol
2001;153:114-22.
21. Hung HC, Huang MC, Lee JM, et al. Association between
diet and esophageal cancer in Taiwan. J Gastroenterol
Hepatol 2004;9:632-7.
22. De Stefani E, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Ronco AL, et al. Food
groups and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the
oesophagus: a case-control study in Uruguay. Br J Cancer
2003;89:1209-14.
23. Wang JM, Xu B, Rao JY, et al. Diet habits, alcohol drinking,
tobacco smoking, green tea drinking, and the risk of
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the Chinese
population. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;19:171-6.
24. De Stefani E, Ronco AL, Boffetta P, et al. Nutrient intake and
risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a casecontrol
study in Uruguay. Nutr Cancer 2006;56:149-57.
25. Bollschweiler E, Wolfgarten E, Nowroth T, et al. Vitamin
intake and risk of subtypes of esophageal cancer in
Germany. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2002;128:575-80.
26. Franceschi S, Bidoli E, Negri E, et al. Role of macronutrients,
vitamins and minerals in the aetiology of squamous-cell
carcinoma of the oesophagus. Int J Cancer 2000;86:626-31.
27. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, et al. Nutrition intervention trials in
Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/
mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and diseasespecific
mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer
Inst 1993;85:1483-92.
28. Mark SD, Qiao YL, Dawsey SM, et al. Prospective study of
serum selenium levels and incident esophageal and gastric
cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:1753-63.
29. Wei WQ, Abnet CC, Qiao YL, et al. Prospective study of
serum selenium concentrations and esophageal and gastric
cardia cancer, heart disease, stroke, and total death. Am
J Clin Nutr 2004;79:80-5.
30. Abnet CC, Lai B, Qiao Y-L, et al. Zinc concentration in
esophageal biopsies measured by X-ray fluorescence and
cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:301-6.
31. Terry P, Lagergren J, Ye W, Nyrén O, Wolk A. Antioxidants
and cancers of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Int J
Cancer 2000;87:750-4.
32. Kubo A, Corley DA. Meta-analysis of antioxidant intake and
the risk of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma.
Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:2323-30.
33. González CA, Pera G, Agudo A, et al. Fruit and vegetable
intake and the risk of stomach and oesophagus
adenocarcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation
into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST). Int J Cancer
2006;118:2559-66.
34. González CA, Jakszyn P, Pera G, et al. Meat intake and risk
of stomach and esophageal adenocarcinoma within the
European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and
Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst 2006;98:345-54.
35. Corley DA, Kerlikowske K, Verma R, Buffler P. Protective
association of aspirin/NSAIDs and esophageal cancer: a
systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology
2003; 124: 47-56.
36. Lindblad M, Lagergren J, García Rodríguez LA. Nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of esophageal and gastric
cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:444-50.
37. Anderson LA, Johnston BT, Watson RG, et al. Nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs and the esophageal inflammationmetaplasia-
adenocarcinoma sequence. Cancer Res 2006;
66:4975-82.
38. Fortuny J, Johnson CC, Bohlke K, et al. Use of antiinflammatory
drugs and lower esophageal sphincter-relaxing
drugs and risk of esophageal and gastric cancers. Clin
Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:1154-9.
39. Duan L, Wu AH, Sullivan-Halley J, Bernstein L. Nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of esophageal and gastric
adenocarcinomas in Los Angeles County. Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2008;17:126-34.
40. Limburg PJ, Wei W, Ahnen DJ, et al. Randomized, placebocontrolled,
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Sunpaweravong S. Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Esophageal Cancer. Thai J Surg [Internet]. 2010 Dec. 31 [cited 2024 Apr. 27];31(4). Available from: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ThaiJSurg/article/view/227597
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