Current Surgical Role in The Management of Pediatric Renal Tumors
Keywords:
Wilms tumor, Renal tumor, Nephrectomy, Nephron-sparing surgeryAbstract
Pediatric renal tumors (PRT) belong to a group of cancers arising in early human life called the embryonal tumors. Wilms tumor is the predominant pathologic type, followed by rare entities including clear cell sarcoma of the kidney, malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney and pediatric renal cell carcinoma. Although there is some controversy regarding the optimal treatment sequence, surgery is usually the definitive treatment and radical nephrectomy remains the standard surgical option for unilateral tumors. Apart from tumor removal, data from lymph node sampling and recording of intraoperative spills are important for surgical staging. Bilateral PRT and complicated situations such as tumors in young infants, tumors with intravenous thrombus and concomitant intraabdominal metastases indicate upfront chemotherapy should be applied first followed by surgery. Nephronsparing surgery in bilateral PRT is a surgically challenging situation requiring anatomical planning and meticulous care. In general, PRT has a good outcome unless there is metastasis, intraoperative rupture or unfavorable histopathological features at the diagnosis. The five-year overall survival in cases of non-metastatic Wilms tumor has reached 100% in large trial reports. However, outcomes in low-income countries remain poor because of late diagnosis and toxicity from treatment. Good surgical technique potentially reduces operative complications, especially spills. This review focuses on the current surgical role in the treatment of PRC.
References
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9. Pappo AS, Furman WL, Schultz KA, Ferrari A, Helman L, Krailo MD. Rare tumors in children: Progress through collaboration. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:3047-54.
10. Caldwell BT, Wilcox DT, Cost NG. Current management for pediatric urologic oncology. Adv Pediatr 2017;64:191-223.
11. Sangkhathat S, Chotsampancharaen T, Kayasut K, et al. Outcomes of pediatric nephroblastoma in southern Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008;9:643-7.
12. Davidoff AM. Wilms tumor. Adv Pediatr 2012;59:247-67.
13. Dome JS, Graf N, Geller JI, et al. Advances in Wilms Tumor Treatment and Biology: Progress Through International Collaboration. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:2999-3007.
14. Sangkhathat S, Kanngurn S, Chaiyapan W, Gridist P, Maneechay W. Wilms’ tumor 1 gene (WT1) is overexpressed and provides an oncogenic function in pediatric nephroblastomas harboring the wild-type WT1. Oncol Lett 2010;1:615-9.
15. Dumba M, Jawad N, McHugh K. Neuroblastoma and nephroblastoma: a radiological review. Cancer Imaging 2015;15:5.
16. Kieran K, Ehrlich PF. Current surgical standards of care in Wilms tumor. Urol Oncol 2016;34:13-23.
17. Szychot E, Apps J, Pritchard-Jones K. Wilms’ tumor: biology, diagnosis and treatment. Transl Pediatr 2014;3:12-24.
18. Vujanic GM, Gessler M, Ooms A, et al. The UMBRELLA SIOPRTSG 2016 Wilms tumour pathology and molecular biology protocol. Nat Rev Urol 2018;15:693-701.
19. Aw SJ, Chang KTE. Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019.
20. Geller JI, Roth JJ, Biegel JA. Biology and treatment of rhabdoid tumor. Crit Rev Oncog 2015;20:199-216.
21. Li CM, Kim CE, Margolin AA, et al. CTNNB1 mutations and overexpression of Wnt/beta-catenin target genes in WT1- mutant Wilms’ tumors. Am J Pathol 2004;165:1943-53.
22. Cost NG, Ferrer FA, Lorenzo AJ, et al. A Society for Pediatric Urology Workforce Survey on the Current Perceptions of Oncology Care by Pediatric Urologists: A Report from the Pediatric Urologic Oncology Working Group of the Society for Pediatric Urology. J Urol 2017;197:892-7.
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25. Sangkhathat S, Kusafuka T, Yoneda A, et al. Renal cell carcinoma in a pediatric patient with an inherited mitochondrial mutation. Pediatr Surg Int 2005;21:745-8.
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27. Sangkhathat S, Chotsampancharaen T, Kayasut K, et al. Outcomes of Pediatric Nephroblastoma in Southern Thailand. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2008;9:643-7.
28. Fernandez CV, Perlman EJ, Mullen EA, et al. Clinical outcome and biological predictors of relapse after nephrectomy only for very low-risk Wilms tumor: A report from Children’s Oncology Group AREN0532. Ann Surg 2017;265:835-40.
29. Blanchette V, Coppes MJ. Routine bleeding history and laboratory tests in children presenting with a renal mass. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:314-5.
30. Fosbury E, Szychot E, Slater O, Mathias M, Sibson K. An 11- year experience of acquired von Willebrand syndrome in children diagnosed with Wilms tumour in a tertiary referral centre. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017;64.
31. Gleason JM, Lorenzo AJ, Bowlin PR, Koyle MA. Innovations in the management of Wilms’ tumor. Ther Adv Urol 2014;6:165-76.
32. Aldrink JH, Heaton TE, Dasgupta R, et al. Update on Wilms tumor. J Pediatr Surg. 2019;54:390-7.
33. Gow KW, Barnhart DC, Hamilton TE, et al. Primary nephrectomy and intraoperative tumor spill: report from the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) renal tumors committee. J Pediatr Surg 2013;48:34-8.
34. Wilde JC, Aronson DC, Sznajder B, et al. Nephron sparing surgery (NSS) for unilateral wilms tumor (UWT): the SIOP 2001 experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2175-9.
35. Cozzi DA, Ceccanti S, Cozzi F. Renal function of patients with synchronous bilateral Wilms tumor. Ann Surg 2017;266:e74.
36. Ceccanti S, Cozzi F, Cervellone A, Zani A, Cozzi DA. Volume and function of the operated kidney after nephron-sparing surgery for unilateral renal tumor. J Pediatr Surg 2019;54:326-30.
37. Lopes RI, Ming J, Koyle MA, Grant R, Fonseca A, Lorenzo AJ. çZero-Ischemiaé laparoscopic-assisted partial nephrectomy for the management of selected children with Wilms tumor following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Urology 2017; 100:103-10.
38. Flores P, Cadario M, Lenz Y, et al. Laparoscopic total nephrectomy for Wilms tumor: Towards new standards of care. J Pediatr Urol. 2018;14:388-93.
39. Breslow NE, Collins AJ, Ritchey ML, Grigoriev YA, Peterson SM, Green DM. End stage renal disease in patients with Wilms tumor: results from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group and the United States Renal Data System. J Urol 2005;174:1972-5.
40. Kieran K, Davidoff AM. Nephron-sparing surgery for bilateral Wilms tumor. Pediatr Surg Int.= 2015;31:229-36.
41. Novick AC. Renal hypothermia: in vivo and ex vivo. Urol Clin North Am 1983;10:637-44.
42. Laven BA, Orvieto MA, Chuang MS, et al. Renal tolerance to prolonged warm ischemia time in a laparoscopic versus open surgery porcine model. J Urol 2004;172:2471-4.
43. Desai MM, Gill IS, Ramani AP, Spaliviero M, Rybicki L, Kaouk JH. The impact of warm ischaemia on renal function after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. BJU Int. 2005;95:377-83.
44. Dutta DK, Dutta I. The Harmonic Scalpel. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2016;66:209-10.
45. Kieran K, Williams MA, Dome JS, McGregor LM, Krasin MJ, Davidoff AM. Margin status and tumor recurrence after nephron-sparing surgery for bilateral Wilms tumor. J Pediatr Surg 2013;48:1481-5.
46. Ritchey ML, Benson RC Jr, Kramer SA, Kelalis PP. Management of mullerian duct remnants in the male patient. J Urol 1988;140:795-9.
47. Ritchey ML, Shamberger RC, Haase G, Horwitz J, Bergemann T, Breslow NE. Surgical complications after primary nephrectomy for Wilms’ tumor: report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Am Coll Surg 2001;192:63-8; quiz 146.
48. Cristofani LM, Duarte RJ, Almeida MT, Odone Filho V, Maksoud JG, Srougi M. Intracaval and intracardiac extension of Wilms’ tumor. The influence of preoperative chemotherapy on surgical morbidity. Int Braz J Urol 2007;33:683-9; discussion 9.
49. Bader MI, Abdelaal K, Rogers T, Arul SG. A surgical approach to Wilms’ tumour with retrohepatic vena caval extension. Pediatr Surg Int 2013;29:229-32.
50. Szavay P, Luithle T, Graf N, Furtwangler R, Fuchs J. Primary hepatic metastases in nephroblastoma—a report of the SIOP/GPOH Study. J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:168-72; discussion -72.
51. Ehrlich PF, Ferrer FA, Ritchey ML, et al. Hepatic metastasis at diagnosis in patients with Wilms tumor is not an independent adverse prognostic factor for stage IV Wilms tumor: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group/National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Ann Surg 2009;250:642-8.
52. Vithayasai N, Ningsanond V, Niramis R. Wilms’ tumor with metastasis to duodenum - the first reported case in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 2000;83:1116-9.
53. Varan A, Buyukpamukcu N, Caglar M, et al. Prognostic significance of metastatic site at diagnosis in Wilms’ tumor: results from a single center. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2005;27:188-91.
54. Howe AS, Morganstern BA, Appelbaum H, Mehta S, Palmer LS. Wilms tumor with metastasis to the vagina: A case report. Urology 2017;101:151-3.
55. Erginel B, Gun Soysal F, Keskin E, Kebudi R, Celik A, Salman T. Pulmonary metastasectomy in pediatric patients. World J Surg Oncol 2016;14:27.
56. Foster JH. Survival after liver resection for secondary tumors. Am J Surg 1978;135:389-94.
57. Fuchs J, Szavay P, Luithle T, Furtwangler R, Graf N. Surgical implications for liver metastases in nephroblastoma–data from the SIOP/GPOH study. Surg Oncol 2008;17:33-40.
58. Bhatnagar S. Management of Wilms’ tumor: NWTS vs SIOP. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2009;14:6-14.
59. Fuchs J, Kienecker K, Furtwangler R, et al. Surgical aspects in the treatment of patients with unilateral wilms tumor: a report from the SIOP 93-01/German Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology. Ann Surg 2009;249:666-71.
60. Kalapurakal JA, Li SM, Breslow NE, et al. Intraoperative spillage of favorable histology wilms tumor cells: influence of irradiation and chemotherapy regimens on abdominal recurrence. A report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;76:201-6.
61. Mitchell C, Pritchard-Jones K, Shannon R, et al. Immediate nephrectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy in the management of non-metastatic Wilms’ tumour: results of a randomised trial (UKW3) by the UK Children’s Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer 2006;42:2554-62.
62. Godzinski J. The current status of treatment of Wilms’ tumor as per the SIOP trials. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2015;20:16-20.
63. Dome JS, Liu T, Krasin M, et al. Improved survival for patients with recurrent Wilms tumor: the experience at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002;24:192-8.
64. Grundy P, Breslow N, Green DM, Sharples K, Evans A, D’ Angio GJ. Prognostic factors for children with recurrent Wilms’ tumor: results from the Second and Third National Wilms’ Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:638-47.
65. Green DM, Breslow NE, D’Angio GJ, et al. Outcome of patients with Stage II/favorable histology Wilms tumor with and without local tumor spill: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:134-9.
66. van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Hol JA, Pritchard-Jones K, et al. Position paper: Rationale for the treatment of Wilms tumour in the UMBRELLA SIOP-RTSG 2016 protocol. Nat Rev Urol 2017;14:743-52.
67. Fernandez CV, Mullen EA, Chi YY, et al. Outcome and prognostic factors in stage III favorable-histology Wilms tumor: A report from the children’s Oncology Group Study AREN0532. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:254-61.
68. Ehrlich P, Chi YY, Chintagumpala MM, et al. Results of the first prospective multi-institutional treatment study in children with bilateral Wilms tumor (AREN0534): A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Ann Surg 2017;266:470-8.
69. Dome JS, Perlman EJ, Graf N. Risk stratification for wilms tumor: current approach and future directions. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2014:215-23.
70. Mitchell C, Jones PM, Kelsey A, et al. The treatment of Wilms’ tumour: results of the United Kingdom Children’s cancer study group (UKCCSG) second Wilms’ tumour study. Br J Cancer 2000;83:602-8.
71. Seibel NL, Li S, Breslow NE, et al. Effect of duration of treatment on treatment outcome for patients with clearcell sarcoma of the kidney: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:468-73.
72. Tomlinson GE, Breslow NE, Dome J, et al. Rhabdoid tumor of the kidney in the National Wilms’ Tumor Study: age at diagnosis as a prognostic factor. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:7641-5.
2. Steliarova-Foucher E, Colombet M, Ries LAG, et al. International incidence of childhood cancer, 2001-10: a population-based registry study. Lancet Oncol 2017;18:719-31.
3. Siegel DA, King J, Tai E, Buchanan N, Ajani UA, Li J. Cancer incidence rates and trends among children and adolescents in the United States, 2001-2009. Pediatrics 2014;134:e945-55.
4. Bidwell SS, Peterson CC, Demanelis K, et al. Childhood cancer incidence and survival in Thailand: A comprehensive population-based registry analysis, 1990-2011. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019;66:e27428.
5. Allen-Rhoades W, Whittle SB, Rainusso N. Pediatric solid tumors of infancy: An overview. Pediatr Rev 2018;39:57-67.
6. Millar AJW, Cox S, Davidson A. Management of bilateral Wilms tumours. Pediatr Surg Int 2017;33:737-45.
7. Ahmed HU, Arya M, Levitt G, Duffy PG, Mushtaq I, Sebire NJ. Part I: Primary malignant non-Wilms’ renal tumours in children. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:730-7.
8. Kourti M, Hatzipantelis E, Zaramboukas T, Tragiannidis A, Petrakis G, Athanassiadou-Piperopoulou F. Rare non-Wilms’ tumors in children. Rare Tumors 2012;4:e6.
9. Pappo AS, Furman WL, Schultz KA, Ferrari A, Helman L, Krailo MD. Rare tumors in children: Progress through collaboration. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:3047-54.
10. Caldwell BT, Wilcox DT, Cost NG. Current management for pediatric urologic oncology. Adv Pediatr 2017;64:191-223.
11. Sangkhathat S, Chotsampancharaen T, Kayasut K, et al. Outcomes of pediatric nephroblastoma in southern Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008;9:643-7.
12. Davidoff AM. Wilms tumor. Adv Pediatr 2012;59:247-67.
13. Dome JS, Graf N, Geller JI, et al. Advances in Wilms Tumor Treatment and Biology: Progress Through International Collaboration. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:2999-3007.
14. Sangkhathat S, Kanngurn S, Chaiyapan W, Gridist P, Maneechay W. Wilms’ tumor 1 gene (WT1) is overexpressed and provides an oncogenic function in pediatric nephroblastomas harboring the wild-type WT1. Oncol Lett 2010;1:615-9.
15. Dumba M, Jawad N, McHugh K. Neuroblastoma and nephroblastoma: a radiological review. Cancer Imaging 2015;15:5.
16. Kieran K, Ehrlich PF. Current surgical standards of care in Wilms tumor. Urol Oncol 2016;34:13-23.
17. Szychot E, Apps J, Pritchard-Jones K. Wilms’ tumor: biology, diagnosis and treatment. Transl Pediatr 2014;3:12-24.
18. Vujanic GM, Gessler M, Ooms A, et al. The UMBRELLA SIOPRTSG 2016 Wilms tumour pathology and molecular biology protocol. Nat Rev Urol 2018;15:693-701.
19. Aw SJ, Chang KTE. Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019.
20. Geller JI, Roth JJ, Biegel JA. Biology and treatment of rhabdoid tumor. Crit Rev Oncog 2015;20:199-216.
21. Li CM, Kim CE, Margolin AA, et al. CTNNB1 mutations and overexpression of Wnt/beta-catenin target genes in WT1- mutant Wilms’ tumors. Am J Pathol 2004;165:1943-53.
22. Cost NG, Ferrer FA, Lorenzo AJ, et al. A Society for Pediatric Urology Workforce Survey on the Current Perceptions of Oncology Care by Pediatric Urologists: A Report from the Pediatric Urologic Oncology Working Group of the Society for Pediatric Urology. J Urol 2017;197:892-7.
23. Theerakitthanakul K, Khrueathong J, Kruatong J, et al. Senescence process in primary Wilms’ tumor cell culture induced by p53 independent p21 expression. J Cancer 2016;7:1867-76.
24. Perotti D, Gamba B, Sardella M, et al. Functional inactivation of the WTX gene is not a frequent event in Wilms’ tumors. Oncogene 2008;27:4625-32.
25. Sangkhathat S, Kusafuka T, Yoneda A, et al. Renal cell carcinoma in a pediatric patient with an inherited mitochondrial mutation. Pediatr Surg Int 2005;21:745-8.
26. Jackson TJ. Editorial commentary: Hip arthroscopy with concomitant periacetabular osteotomy: Teamwork Makes This Dream Work. Arthroscopy 2019;35:835-6.
27. Sangkhathat S, Chotsampancharaen T, Kayasut K, et al. Outcomes of Pediatric Nephroblastoma in Southern Thailand. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2008;9:643-7.
28. Fernandez CV, Perlman EJ, Mullen EA, et al. Clinical outcome and biological predictors of relapse after nephrectomy only for very low-risk Wilms tumor: A report from Children’s Oncology Group AREN0532. Ann Surg 2017;265:835-40.
29. Blanchette V, Coppes MJ. Routine bleeding history and laboratory tests in children presenting with a renal mass. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:314-5.
30. Fosbury E, Szychot E, Slater O, Mathias M, Sibson K. An 11- year experience of acquired von Willebrand syndrome in children diagnosed with Wilms tumour in a tertiary referral centre. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017;64.
31. Gleason JM, Lorenzo AJ, Bowlin PR, Koyle MA. Innovations in the management of Wilms’ tumor. Ther Adv Urol 2014;6:165-76.
32. Aldrink JH, Heaton TE, Dasgupta R, et al. Update on Wilms tumor. J Pediatr Surg. 2019;54:390-7.
33. Gow KW, Barnhart DC, Hamilton TE, et al. Primary nephrectomy and intraoperative tumor spill: report from the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) renal tumors committee. J Pediatr Surg 2013;48:34-8.
34. Wilde JC, Aronson DC, Sznajder B, et al. Nephron sparing surgery (NSS) for unilateral wilms tumor (UWT): the SIOP 2001 experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2175-9.
35. Cozzi DA, Ceccanti S, Cozzi F. Renal function of patients with synchronous bilateral Wilms tumor. Ann Surg 2017;266:e74.
36. Ceccanti S, Cozzi F, Cervellone A, Zani A, Cozzi DA. Volume and function of the operated kidney after nephron-sparing surgery for unilateral renal tumor. J Pediatr Surg 2019;54:326-30.
37. Lopes RI, Ming J, Koyle MA, Grant R, Fonseca A, Lorenzo AJ. çZero-Ischemiaé laparoscopic-assisted partial nephrectomy for the management of selected children with Wilms tumor following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Urology 2017; 100:103-10.
38. Flores P, Cadario M, Lenz Y, et al. Laparoscopic total nephrectomy for Wilms tumor: Towards new standards of care. J Pediatr Urol. 2018;14:388-93.
39. Breslow NE, Collins AJ, Ritchey ML, Grigoriev YA, Peterson SM, Green DM. End stage renal disease in patients with Wilms tumor: results from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group and the United States Renal Data System. J Urol 2005;174:1972-5.
40. Kieran K, Davidoff AM. Nephron-sparing surgery for bilateral Wilms tumor. Pediatr Surg Int.= 2015;31:229-36.
41. Novick AC. Renal hypothermia: in vivo and ex vivo. Urol Clin North Am 1983;10:637-44.
42. Laven BA, Orvieto MA, Chuang MS, et al. Renal tolerance to prolonged warm ischemia time in a laparoscopic versus open surgery porcine model. J Urol 2004;172:2471-4.
43. Desai MM, Gill IS, Ramani AP, Spaliviero M, Rybicki L, Kaouk JH. The impact of warm ischaemia on renal function after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. BJU Int. 2005;95:377-83.
44. Dutta DK, Dutta I. The Harmonic Scalpel. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2016;66:209-10.
45. Kieran K, Williams MA, Dome JS, McGregor LM, Krasin MJ, Davidoff AM. Margin status and tumor recurrence after nephron-sparing surgery for bilateral Wilms tumor. J Pediatr Surg 2013;48:1481-5.
46. Ritchey ML, Benson RC Jr, Kramer SA, Kelalis PP. Management of mullerian duct remnants in the male patient. J Urol 1988;140:795-9.
47. Ritchey ML, Shamberger RC, Haase G, Horwitz J, Bergemann T, Breslow NE. Surgical complications after primary nephrectomy for Wilms’ tumor: report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Am Coll Surg 2001;192:63-8; quiz 146.
48. Cristofani LM, Duarte RJ, Almeida MT, Odone Filho V, Maksoud JG, Srougi M. Intracaval and intracardiac extension of Wilms’ tumor. The influence of preoperative chemotherapy on surgical morbidity. Int Braz J Urol 2007;33:683-9; discussion 9.
49. Bader MI, Abdelaal K, Rogers T, Arul SG. A surgical approach to Wilms’ tumour with retrohepatic vena caval extension. Pediatr Surg Int 2013;29:229-32.
50. Szavay P, Luithle T, Graf N, Furtwangler R, Fuchs J. Primary hepatic metastases in nephroblastoma—a report of the SIOP/GPOH Study. J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:168-72; discussion -72.
51. Ehrlich PF, Ferrer FA, Ritchey ML, et al. Hepatic metastasis at diagnosis in patients with Wilms tumor is not an independent adverse prognostic factor for stage IV Wilms tumor: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group/National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Ann Surg 2009;250:642-8.
52. Vithayasai N, Ningsanond V, Niramis R. Wilms’ tumor with metastasis to duodenum - the first reported case in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 2000;83:1116-9.
53. Varan A, Buyukpamukcu N, Caglar M, et al. Prognostic significance of metastatic site at diagnosis in Wilms’ tumor: results from a single center. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2005;27:188-91.
54. Howe AS, Morganstern BA, Appelbaum H, Mehta S, Palmer LS. Wilms tumor with metastasis to the vagina: A case report. Urology 2017;101:151-3.
55. Erginel B, Gun Soysal F, Keskin E, Kebudi R, Celik A, Salman T. Pulmonary metastasectomy in pediatric patients. World J Surg Oncol 2016;14:27.
56. Foster JH. Survival after liver resection for secondary tumors. Am J Surg 1978;135:389-94.
57. Fuchs J, Szavay P, Luithle T, Furtwangler R, Graf N. Surgical implications for liver metastases in nephroblastoma–data from the SIOP/GPOH study. Surg Oncol 2008;17:33-40.
58. Bhatnagar S. Management of Wilms’ tumor: NWTS vs SIOP. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2009;14:6-14.
59. Fuchs J, Kienecker K, Furtwangler R, et al. Surgical aspects in the treatment of patients with unilateral wilms tumor: a report from the SIOP 93-01/German Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology. Ann Surg 2009;249:666-71.
60. Kalapurakal JA, Li SM, Breslow NE, et al. Intraoperative spillage of favorable histology wilms tumor cells: influence of irradiation and chemotherapy regimens on abdominal recurrence. A report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;76:201-6.
61. Mitchell C, Pritchard-Jones K, Shannon R, et al. Immediate nephrectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy in the management of non-metastatic Wilms’ tumour: results of a randomised trial (UKW3) by the UK Children’s Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer 2006;42:2554-62.
62. Godzinski J. The current status of treatment of Wilms’ tumor as per the SIOP trials. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2015;20:16-20.
63. Dome JS, Liu T, Krasin M, et al. Improved survival for patients with recurrent Wilms tumor: the experience at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002;24:192-8.
64. Grundy P, Breslow N, Green DM, Sharples K, Evans A, D’ Angio GJ. Prognostic factors for children with recurrent Wilms’ tumor: results from the Second and Third National Wilms’ Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:638-47.
65. Green DM, Breslow NE, D’Angio GJ, et al. Outcome of patients with Stage II/favorable histology Wilms tumor with and without local tumor spill: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:134-9.
66. van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Hol JA, Pritchard-Jones K, et al. Position paper: Rationale for the treatment of Wilms tumour in the UMBRELLA SIOP-RTSG 2016 protocol. Nat Rev Urol 2017;14:743-52.
67. Fernandez CV, Mullen EA, Chi YY, et al. Outcome and prognostic factors in stage III favorable-histology Wilms tumor: A report from the children’s Oncology Group Study AREN0532. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:254-61.
68. Ehrlich P, Chi YY, Chintagumpala MM, et al. Results of the first prospective multi-institutional treatment study in children with bilateral Wilms tumor (AREN0534): A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Ann Surg 2017;266:470-8.
69. Dome JS, Perlman EJ, Graf N. Risk stratification for wilms tumor: current approach and future directions. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2014:215-23.
70. Mitchell C, Jones PM, Kelsey A, et al. The treatment of Wilms’ tumour: results of the United Kingdom Children’s cancer study group (UKCCSG) second Wilms’ tumour study. Br J Cancer 2000;83:602-8.
71. Seibel NL, Li S, Breslow NE, et al. Effect of duration of treatment on treatment outcome for patients with clearcell sarcoma of the kidney: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:468-73.
72. Tomlinson GE, Breslow NE, Dome J, et al. Rhabdoid tumor of the kidney in the National Wilms’ Tumor Study: age at diagnosis as a prognostic factor. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:7641-5.
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2018-12-31
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Attawettayanon W, Chittitavorn V, Sangkhathat S. Current Surgical Role in The Management of Pediatric Renal Tumors. Thai J Surg [Internet]. 2018 Dec. 31 [cited 2024 Nov. 6];39(4):133-4. Available from: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ThaiJSurg/article/view/227637
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Articles must be contributed solely to The Thai Journal of Surgery and when published become the property of the Royal College of Surgeons of Thailand. The Royal College of Surgeons of Thailand reserves copyright on all published materials and such materials may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission.
