Outcome of Peritoneal Washing Cytology Results and the Appropriate Management in Thai Patients with Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Keywords:
Gastric cancer, Peritoneal washing cytology, Staging, PrognosisAbstract
Objective: To present an estimate of the prevalance of positive peritoneal washing cytology (+PWC) in gastric cancer and to identify risk facctors for +PWC.
Method: Medical charts of 54 patients with gastric cancer who underwent D2 gastrectomy between January 2006 and December 2013 were reviewed.
Results: A total of 12 patients (22%) had +PWC. Factor significantly associated with +PWC include serosal invasion, nodal metastasis and poorly differentiated histology. All patients with +PWC developed peritoneal recurrence. The 5-year overall survival rate for patients with +PWC and -PWC were 0% and 83%, respectively.
Conclusion: Gastric cancer with +PWC should be considered as stage IV diseases. PWC should be included in the staging of gastric cancer.
References
1. Allum WH, Powell DJ, McConkey CC, Fielding JW. Gastric cancer: a 25-year review. Br J Surg 1989;76:535-40.
2. D’Angelica M, Gonen M, Brennan MF, et al. Patterns of initial recurrence in completely resected gastric adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2004;240:808-16.
3. Chuwa EW, Khin LW, Chan WH, et al. Prognostic significance of peritoneal lavage cytology in gastric cancer in Singapore. Gastric Cancer 2005;8(4):228-37.
4. Moriguchi S, Maehara Y, Korenaga D, et al. Risk factors which predict pattern of recurrence after curative surgery for patients with advanced gastric cancer. Surg Oncol 1992;1: 341-6.
5. Yoo CH, Noh SH, Shin DW, et al. Recurrence following curative resection for gastric carcinoma. Br J Surg 2000;87:236-42.
6. Boku T, Nakane Y, Minoura T, et al. Prognostic significance of serosal invasion and free intraperitoneal cancer cells in gastric cancer. Br J Surg 1990;77:436-9.
7. Siewert JR, Lordick F, Ott K, et al. Curative vs palliative strategies in locoregional recurrence of gastrointestinal malignancies. Chirurg 2006;77:227-235.
8. Marrelli D, Roviello F, de Manzoni G, et al. for the Italian Research Group for Gastric Cancer (IRGGC). Different patterns of recurrence in gastric cancer depending on Lauren histological type: a longitudinal study. World J Surg 2002;26:1160-5.
9. Maekawa S, Saku M, Maehara Y et al. Surgical treatment for advanced gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 1996; 43:178 -86.
10. Kodera Y, Nakanishi H, Yamamura Y, et al. Prognostic valueand clinical implications of disseminated cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity detected by reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction and cytology. Int J Cancer 1998;79:429-33.
11. Ikeguchi M, Matsumoto S, Yoshioka S, et al. Laparoscopicassisted intraperitoneal chemotherapy for patients with scirrhous gastric cancer. Chemotherapy 2005;51:15-20.
12. Kitamura Y, Hayashi K, Sasagawa T, et al. Pilot study of S-1 in patients with disseminated gastric cancer. Drugs Exp Clin Res 2003;29:125-30.
13. Hagiwara A, Takahashi T, Kojima O, et al. Prophylaxis with carbon-absorbed mitomycin C against peritoneal recurrence of gastric cancer. Lancet 1992;339:629-31.
14. Yonemura Y, Sawa T, Kinoshita K, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high-grade advanced gastric cancer. World J Surg 1993;17:256-62.
15. Moore GE, Sako K, Kondo T, et al. Assessment of the exfoliation of tumor cells into the body cavities. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1961;112:469-74.
16. Leake PA, Cardoso R, Seevaratnam R, et al. A systematic review of the accuracy and indications for diagnostic laparoscopy prior to curative-intent resection of gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2012;15 Suppl 1:S38-S47.
17. Bonenkamp JJ, Songun I, Hermans J, et al. Prognostic value of positive cytology findings from abdominal washings in patients with gastric cancer. Br J Surg 1996;83:672-4.
18. Schott A, Vogel I, Krueger U, et al. Isolated tumor cells are frequently detectable in the peritoneal cavity of gastric and colorectal cancer patients and serve as a new prognostic marker. Ann Surg 1998;3:372-9.
19. Hori Y. Diagnostic laparoscopy guidelines: this guideline was prepared by the SAGES Guidelines Committee and reviewed and approved by the Board of Governors of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), November 2007. Surg Endosc 2008;22:1353-83.
20. Coburn NG, Lourenco LG, Rossi SE, et al. Management of gastric cancer in Ontario. J Surg Oncol 2010;102(1):54-63.
21. Karanicolas PJ, Elkin EB, Jacks LM, et al. Underuse of staging laparoscopy for gastric cancer results in a high rate of futile laparotomy in the USA. J Am Coll Surg 2010;211(3 Suppl):S106.
22. Ribeiro U Jr, Safatle-Ribeiro AV, Zilberstein B, et al. Does the intraoperative peritoneal lavage cytology add prognostic information in patients with potentially curative gastric resection? J Gastrointest Surg 2006;10(2):170-7.
23. Kodera Y. Disseminated cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity:what can we do when we detect them? Gastric Cancer 2008;11(4):192-3.
24. Kodera Y, Yamamura Y, Shimizu Y, et al. Peritoneal washing cytology: prognostic value of positive findings in patients with gastric carcinoma undergoing a potentially curative resection. J Surg Oncol 1999;72:60-5.
25. Hayes N, Wayman J, Wadehra V, et al. Peritoneal cytology in the surgical evaluation of gastric carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1999;79:520-4.
26. Wu CC, Chen JT, Chang MC, et al. Optimal surgical strategy for potentially curative serosa-involved gastric carcinoma with intraperitoneal free cancer cells. J Am Coll Surg 1997;184:611-7.
27. Nakajima T, Harashima S, Hirata M, et al. Prognostic and therapeutic values of peritoneal cytology in gastric cancer. Acta Cytol 1978;22:225-9.
28. La Torre M, Ferri M, Giovagnoli MR, et al. Peritoneal wash cytology in gastric carcinoma. Prognostic significance and therapeutic consequences. Eur J Surg Oncol 2010;36(10): 982-6.
29. Suzuki T, Ochiai T, Hayashi H, et al. Peritoneal lavage cytology findings as prognostic factor for gastric cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 1999;17:103-7.
30. Cetin B, Atalay C, Aslan S, et al. Peritoneal carcinoembryonic antigen level for predicting locoregional and distant spread of gastric cancer. Surg Today 2005;35(11):919-24.
31. Lehnert T, Rudek B, Kienle P, et al. Impact of diagnostic laparoscopy on the management of gastric cancer: prospective study of 120 consecutive patients with primary gastric adenocarcinoma. Br J Surg 2002;89:471-5.
32. Benevolo M, Mottolese M, Cosimelli M, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of peritoneal immunocytology in gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:3406-11.
33. Bentrem D, Wilton A, Mazumdar M, et al. The value of peritoneal cytology as a preoperative predictor in patients with gastric carcinoma undergoing a curative resection. Ann Surg Oncol 2005;12:347-53.
34. Burke EC, Karpeh MS, Conlon KC, et al. Peritoneal lavage cytology in gastric cancer: an independent predictor of outcome. Ann Surg Oncol 1998;5:411-5.
35. Ohno S, Maehara Y, Ohiwa H, et al. Peritoneal dissemination after a curative gastrectomy in patients with undifferentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Semin Surg Oncol 1994;10:117-20.
36. Ichikura T, Fujino K, Ikawa H, et al. Proposal of a risk score for recurrence in patients with curatively resected gastric cancer. Surg Today 1993;23:759-64.
37. Makino T, Fujiwara Y, Takiguchi S, et al. The utility of preoperative peritoneal lavage examination in serosa-invading gastric cancer patients. Surgery 2010;148(1):96-102.
38. Iitsuka Y, Shiota S, Matsui T, et al. Relationship between the cytologic characteristics of intraperitoneal free cancer cellsand the prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Acta Cytol 1990;34:437-42.
39. Ikeguchi M, Oka A, Tsujitani S, et al. Relationship between area of serosal invasion and intraperitoneal free cancer cellsin patients with gastric cancer. Anticancer Res 1994;14:2131-4.
40. de Manzoni G, Verlato G, Di Leo A, et al. Peritoneal cytology does not increase the prognostic information provided by TNM in gastric cancer. World J Surg 2006;30:579-84.
41. Bando E, Yonemura Y, Takeshita Y, et al. Intraoperative lavage for cytological examination in 1,297 patients with gastric carcinoma. Am J Surg 1999;178:256-62.
42. Euanorasetr C, Lertsithichai P. Prognostic significance of peritoneal washing cytology in Thai patients with gastric adenocarcinoma undergoing curative D2 gastrectomy. Gastric Cancer 2007;10:18-23.
43. Ito S, Nakanishi H, Kodera Y, et al. Prospective validation of quantitative CEA mRNA detection in peritoneal washes in gastric carcinoma patients. Br J Cancer 2005;93(9):986-92.
44. Katsuragi K, Yashiro M, Sawada T, et al. Prognostic impact of PCR-based identification of isolated tumour cells in the peritoneal lavage fluid of gastric cancer patients who underwent a curative R0 resection. Br J Cancer 2007;97:550-6.
45. Nekarda H, Geb C, Stark M, et al. Immunocytochemically detected free peritoneal tumour cells (FPTC) are a strong prognostic factor in gastric carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:611-9.
46. Yonemura Y, Endou Y, Fujimura T, et al. Diagnostic value of preoperative RT-PCR-based screening method to detect carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing free cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity from patients with gastric cancer. ANZ J Surg 2001;71(9):521-8.
47. Wu CW, Lo SS, Shen KH, et al. Incidence and factors associated with recurrence patterns after intended curative surgery for gastric cancer. World J Surg 2003;27:153-8.
48. Roviello F, Marrelli D, de Manzoni G, et al. Prospective study of peritoneal recurrence after curative surgery for gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2003;90:1113-9.
49. Yu W. A review of adjuvant therapy for resected primary gastric cancer with an update on Taegu’s phase III trial with intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006;32(6):655-60.
50. Ozmen MM, Zulfikaroglu B, Ozalp N, et al. Staging laparoscopy for gastric cancer. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2003;13(4):241-4.
51. Feussner H, Omote K, Fink U, et al. Pretherapeutic laparoscopic staging in advanced gastric carcinoma. Endoscopy 1999;31:342-7.
52. Stell DA, Carter CR, Stewart I, et al. Prospective comparison of laparoscopy, ultrasonography and computed tomography in the staging of gastric cancer. Br J Surg 1996;83:1260.
53. O’Brien MG, Fitzgerald EF, Lee G, et al. A prospective comparison of laparoscopy and imaging in the staging of esophagogastric cancer before surgery. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:2191-2194.
54. Burke EC, Karpeh MS, Conlon KC, et al. Laparoscopy in the management of gastric adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 1997;223:262-7.
55. Lowy AM, Mansfield PF, Leach SD, et al. Laparoscopic staging for gastric cancer. Surgery 1996;119:611-4.
56. Nakagawa S, Nashimoto A, Yabusaki H. Role of staging laparoscopy with peritoneal lavage cytology in the treatment of locally advanced gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2007;10:29-34.
57. Yano M, Tsujinaka T, Shiozaki H, et al. Appraisal of treatment strategy by staging laparoscopy for locally advanced gastric cancer. World J Surg 2000;24:1130-1136.
58. Song KY, Kim JJ, Kim SN, Park CH. Staging laparoscopy for advanced gastric cancer: is it also useful for the group which has an aggressive surgical strategy? World J Surg 2007;31:1228-3.
59. Davies J, Chalmers AG, Sue-Ling HM, et al. Spiral computed tomography and operative staging of gastric carcinoma: a comparison with histopathological staging. Gut 1997;41:60. Okines A, Verheij M, Allum W, et al. Gastric cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and followup. Ann Oncol 2010;21(Suppl 5):v50-v54.
61. Ajani JA, Barthel JS, Bekaii-Saab T, et al. Gastric cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2010;8(4):378-409.
62. Sobin L, Gospodarowicz M, Wittekind C. TNM classification of malignant tumours. 7th ed. New York: Wiley; 2009.
63. Japanese Gastric Cancer A. Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma, 2nd English edition. Gastric Cancer 1998;1:10-24.
64. Japanese Gastric Cancer, A. Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma. 3rd English edition. Gastric Cancer 2011;14:101-12.
65. Badgwell B, Cormier JN, Krishnan S, et al. Does neoadjuvant treatment for gastric cancer patients with positive peritoneal cytology at staging laparoscopy improve survival? Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15:2684-91.
66. Kim JP. Surgical results in gastric cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 1999;17:132-138.
67. Ouchi K, Sugawara T, Ono H, et al. Therapeutic significance of palliative operations for gastric cancer for survival and quality of life. J Surg Oncol 1998;69:41-44.
68. Hanazaki K, Sodeyama H, Mochizuki Y, et al. Palliative gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 2001;48:285-9.
69. Hartgrink HH, Putter H, Klein Kranenbarg E, et al. Value of palliative resection in gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2002;89:1438-43.
70. Doglietto GB, Pacelli F, Caprino P, et al. Palliative surgery for far-advanced gastric cancer: a retrospective study on 305 consecutive patients. Am Surg 1999;65:352-5.
71. Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 2006;355:11-20.
72. Boige V, Pignon J, Saint-Aubert B, et al. Final results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative 5fluorouracil (F)/ cisplatin (P) to surgery alone in adenocarcinoma of stomach and lower esophagus (ASLE): FNLCC ACCORD07FFCD 9703 trial. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:4510.
73. Ross P, Nicolson M, Cunningham D, et al. Prospective randomized trial comparing mitomycin, cisplatin, and protracted venous-infusion fluorouracil (PVI 5-FU) with epirubicin, cisplatin, and PVI 5-FU in advanced esophagogastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002;20(8):1996-2004.
74. Van Cutsem E, Moiseyenko V, Tjulandin S, et al. Phase III study of docetaxel and cisplatin plus fluorouracil compared with cisplatin and fluorouracil as first-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer: a report of the V325 Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2006;24(31):4991-7.
75. Koizumi W, Narahara H, Hara T, et al. S-1 plus cisplatin versus S-1 alone for first-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer (SPIRITS trial): a phase III trial. Lancet Oncol 2008;9(3):215-21.
76. Okabe H, Ueda S, Obama K, et al. Induction chemotherapy with S-1 plus cisplatin followed by surgery for treatment of gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination. Ann Surg Oncol 2009;16:3227-36.
77. Oshima T, Yamada R, Hatori S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of S- 1 in patients with peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2006;16:361-6.
78. Narahara H, Fujitani K, Takiuchi H, et al. Phase II study of a combination of S-1 and paclitaxel in patients with unresectable or metastatic gastric cancer. Oncology 2008;74:37-41.
79. Koizumi W, Kurihara M, Nakano S, et al. Phase II study of S-1, a novel oral derivative of 5-fl uorouracil, in advanced gastric cancer. Oncology 2000;58:191-7.
80. Osugi H, Takada N, Takemura M, et al. Oral fluoropyrimidine anticancer drug TS-1 for gastric cancer patients with peritoneal dissemination. Oncol Rep 2002;9:811-5.
81. Ishizone S, Maruta F, Saito H, et al. Efficacy of S-1 for patients with peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. Chemotherapy 2006;52(6):301-7.
82. Yoshida K, Ninomiya M, Takakura N, et al. Phase II study of docetaxel and S-1 combination therapy for advanced or recurrent gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:3402-7.
83. Mochiki E, Ohno T, Kamiyama Y, et al. Phase I/II study of S-1 combined with paclitaxel in patients with unresectable and/ or recurrent advanced gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:1642-7.
84. Inokuchi M, Yamashita T, Yamada H, et al. Phase I/II study of S-1 combined with irinotecan for metastatic advanced gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2006;94:1130-1135.
85. Kodera Y, Ito S, Mochizuki Y, et al. Chubu Clinical Cancer Group. A phase II study of weekly paclitaxel as second-line chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer (CCOG0302 study). Anticancer Res 2007;27:2667-71.
86. Satoh S, Hasegawa S, Ozaki N, et al. Retrospective analysis of 45 consecutive patients with advanced gastric cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy using an S-1/CDDP combination. Gastric Cancer 2006;9(2):129-35.
87. Akatsu Y, Saikawa Y, Kubota T, et al. Clinical and pathological disappearance of peritoneal dissemination in a patient with advanced gastric cancer receiving chemotherapy with S-1 and low-dose cisplatin. Gastric Cancer 2004;7(2):128-33.
88. Homma Y, Ushida S, Yamada M, et al. Positive peritoneal washing cytology in multiple cavities can predict poor prognosis of advanced gastric cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17(2):455-60.
89. Kobayashi M, Sakamoto J, Namikawa T, et al. Pharmacokinetic study of paclitaxel in malignant ascites from advanced gastric cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:1412-5.
90. Lorenzen S, Panzram B, Rosenberg R, et al. Prognostic significance of free peritoneal tumor cells in the peritoneal cavity before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with gastric carcinoma undergoing potentially curative resection. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17:2733-9.
91. Mezhir JJ, Shah MA, Jacks LM, et al. Positive peritoneal cytology in patients with gastric cancer: natural history and outcome of 291 patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17(12):3173-80.
92. Yonemura Y, Endou Y, Bando E, et al. Effect of intraperitonealadministration of docetaxel on peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 2004;210:189-96.
93. Yu W, Whang I, Suh I, et al. Prospective randomized trial of early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy as an adjuvant to resectable gastric cancer. Ann Surg 1998;228(3):347-54.
94. Kuramoto M, Shimada S, Ikeshima S, et al. Extensive intraoperative peritoneal lavage as a standard prophylactic strategy for peritoneal recurrence in patients with gastric carcinoma. Ann Surg 2009;250(2):242-6.
2. D’Angelica M, Gonen M, Brennan MF, et al. Patterns of initial recurrence in completely resected gastric adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2004;240:808-16.
3. Chuwa EW, Khin LW, Chan WH, et al. Prognostic significance of peritoneal lavage cytology in gastric cancer in Singapore. Gastric Cancer 2005;8(4):228-37.
4. Moriguchi S, Maehara Y, Korenaga D, et al. Risk factors which predict pattern of recurrence after curative surgery for patients with advanced gastric cancer. Surg Oncol 1992;1: 341-6.
5. Yoo CH, Noh SH, Shin DW, et al. Recurrence following curative resection for gastric carcinoma. Br J Surg 2000;87:236-42.
6. Boku T, Nakane Y, Minoura T, et al. Prognostic significance of serosal invasion and free intraperitoneal cancer cells in gastric cancer. Br J Surg 1990;77:436-9.
7. Siewert JR, Lordick F, Ott K, et al. Curative vs palliative strategies in locoregional recurrence of gastrointestinal malignancies. Chirurg 2006;77:227-235.
8. Marrelli D, Roviello F, de Manzoni G, et al. for the Italian Research Group for Gastric Cancer (IRGGC). Different patterns of recurrence in gastric cancer depending on Lauren histological type: a longitudinal study. World J Surg 2002;26:1160-5.
9. Maekawa S, Saku M, Maehara Y et al. Surgical treatment for advanced gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 1996; 43:178 -86.
10. Kodera Y, Nakanishi H, Yamamura Y, et al. Prognostic valueand clinical implications of disseminated cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity detected by reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction and cytology. Int J Cancer 1998;79:429-33.
11. Ikeguchi M, Matsumoto S, Yoshioka S, et al. Laparoscopicassisted intraperitoneal chemotherapy for patients with scirrhous gastric cancer. Chemotherapy 2005;51:15-20.
12. Kitamura Y, Hayashi K, Sasagawa T, et al. Pilot study of S-1 in patients with disseminated gastric cancer. Drugs Exp Clin Res 2003;29:125-30.
13. Hagiwara A, Takahashi T, Kojima O, et al. Prophylaxis with carbon-absorbed mitomycin C against peritoneal recurrence of gastric cancer. Lancet 1992;339:629-31.
14. Yonemura Y, Sawa T, Kinoshita K, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high-grade advanced gastric cancer. World J Surg 1993;17:256-62.
15. Moore GE, Sako K, Kondo T, et al. Assessment of the exfoliation of tumor cells into the body cavities. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1961;112:469-74.
16. Leake PA, Cardoso R, Seevaratnam R, et al. A systematic review of the accuracy and indications for diagnostic laparoscopy prior to curative-intent resection of gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2012;15 Suppl 1:S38-S47.
17. Bonenkamp JJ, Songun I, Hermans J, et al. Prognostic value of positive cytology findings from abdominal washings in patients with gastric cancer. Br J Surg 1996;83:672-4.
18. Schott A, Vogel I, Krueger U, et al. Isolated tumor cells are frequently detectable in the peritoneal cavity of gastric and colorectal cancer patients and serve as a new prognostic marker. Ann Surg 1998;3:372-9.
19. Hori Y. Diagnostic laparoscopy guidelines: this guideline was prepared by the SAGES Guidelines Committee and reviewed and approved by the Board of Governors of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), November 2007. Surg Endosc 2008;22:1353-83.
20. Coburn NG, Lourenco LG, Rossi SE, et al. Management of gastric cancer in Ontario. J Surg Oncol 2010;102(1):54-63.
21. Karanicolas PJ, Elkin EB, Jacks LM, et al. Underuse of staging laparoscopy for gastric cancer results in a high rate of futile laparotomy in the USA. J Am Coll Surg 2010;211(3 Suppl):S106.
22. Ribeiro U Jr, Safatle-Ribeiro AV, Zilberstein B, et al. Does the intraoperative peritoneal lavage cytology add prognostic information in patients with potentially curative gastric resection? J Gastrointest Surg 2006;10(2):170-7.
23. Kodera Y. Disseminated cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity:what can we do when we detect them? Gastric Cancer 2008;11(4):192-3.
24. Kodera Y, Yamamura Y, Shimizu Y, et al. Peritoneal washing cytology: prognostic value of positive findings in patients with gastric carcinoma undergoing a potentially curative resection. J Surg Oncol 1999;72:60-5.
25. Hayes N, Wayman J, Wadehra V, et al. Peritoneal cytology in the surgical evaluation of gastric carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1999;79:520-4.
26. Wu CC, Chen JT, Chang MC, et al. Optimal surgical strategy for potentially curative serosa-involved gastric carcinoma with intraperitoneal free cancer cells. J Am Coll Surg 1997;184:611-7.
27. Nakajima T, Harashima S, Hirata M, et al. Prognostic and therapeutic values of peritoneal cytology in gastric cancer. Acta Cytol 1978;22:225-9.
28. La Torre M, Ferri M, Giovagnoli MR, et al. Peritoneal wash cytology in gastric carcinoma. Prognostic significance and therapeutic consequences. Eur J Surg Oncol 2010;36(10): 982-6.
29. Suzuki T, Ochiai T, Hayashi H, et al. Peritoneal lavage cytology findings as prognostic factor for gastric cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 1999;17:103-7.
30. Cetin B, Atalay C, Aslan S, et al. Peritoneal carcinoembryonic antigen level for predicting locoregional and distant spread of gastric cancer. Surg Today 2005;35(11):919-24.
31. Lehnert T, Rudek B, Kienle P, et al. Impact of diagnostic laparoscopy on the management of gastric cancer: prospective study of 120 consecutive patients with primary gastric adenocarcinoma. Br J Surg 2002;89:471-5.
32. Benevolo M, Mottolese M, Cosimelli M, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of peritoneal immunocytology in gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:3406-11.
33. Bentrem D, Wilton A, Mazumdar M, et al. The value of peritoneal cytology as a preoperative predictor in patients with gastric carcinoma undergoing a curative resection. Ann Surg Oncol 2005;12:347-53.
34. Burke EC, Karpeh MS, Conlon KC, et al. Peritoneal lavage cytology in gastric cancer: an independent predictor of outcome. Ann Surg Oncol 1998;5:411-5.
35. Ohno S, Maehara Y, Ohiwa H, et al. Peritoneal dissemination after a curative gastrectomy in patients with undifferentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Semin Surg Oncol 1994;10:117-20.
36. Ichikura T, Fujino K, Ikawa H, et al. Proposal of a risk score for recurrence in patients with curatively resected gastric cancer. Surg Today 1993;23:759-64.
37. Makino T, Fujiwara Y, Takiguchi S, et al. The utility of preoperative peritoneal lavage examination in serosa-invading gastric cancer patients. Surgery 2010;148(1):96-102.
38. Iitsuka Y, Shiota S, Matsui T, et al. Relationship between the cytologic characteristics of intraperitoneal free cancer cellsand the prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Acta Cytol 1990;34:437-42.
39. Ikeguchi M, Oka A, Tsujitani S, et al. Relationship between area of serosal invasion and intraperitoneal free cancer cellsin patients with gastric cancer. Anticancer Res 1994;14:2131-4.
40. de Manzoni G, Verlato G, Di Leo A, et al. Peritoneal cytology does not increase the prognostic information provided by TNM in gastric cancer. World J Surg 2006;30:579-84.
41. Bando E, Yonemura Y, Takeshita Y, et al. Intraoperative lavage for cytological examination in 1,297 patients with gastric carcinoma. Am J Surg 1999;178:256-62.
42. Euanorasetr C, Lertsithichai P. Prognostic significance of peritoneal washing cytology in Thai patients with gastric adenocarcinoma undergoing curative D2 gastrectomy. Gastric Cancer 2007;10:18-23.
43. Ito S, Nakanishi H, Kodera Y, et al. Prospective validation of quantitative CEA mRNA detection in peritoneal washes in gastric carcinoma patients. Br J Cancer 2005;93(9):986-92.
44. Katsuragi K, Yashiro M, Sawada T, et al. Prognostic impact of PCR-based identification of isolated tumour cells in the peritoneal lavage fluid of gastric cancer patients who underwent a curative R0 resection. Br J Cancer 2007;97:550-6.
45. Nekarda H, Geb C, Stark M, et al. Immunocytochemically detected free peritoneal tumour cells (FPTC) are a strong prognostic factor in gastric carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:611-9.
46. Yonemura Y, Endou Y, Fujimura T, et al. Diagnostic value of preoperative RT-PCR-based screening method to detect carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing free cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity from patients with gastric cancer. ANZ J Surg 2001;71(9):521-8.
47. Wu CW, Lo SS, Shen KH, et al. Incidence and factors associated with recurrence patterns after intended curative surgery for gastric cancer. World J Surg 2003;27:153-8.
48. Roviello F, Marrelli D, de Manzoni G, et al. Prospective study of peritoneal recurrence after curative surgery for gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2003;90:1113-9.
49. Yu W. A review of adjuvant therapy for resected primary gastric cancer with an update on Taegu’s phase III trial with intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006;32(6):655-60.
50. Ozmen MM, Zulfikaroglu B, Ozalp N, et al. Staging laparoscopy for gastric cancer. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2003;13(4):241-4.
51. Feussner H, Omote K, Fink U, et al. Pretherapeutic laparoscopic staging in advanced gastric carcinoma. Endoscopy 1999;31:342-7.
52. Stell DA, Carter CR, Stewart I, et al. Prospective comparison of laparoscopy, ultrasonography and computed tomography in the staging of gastric cancer. Br J Surg 1996;83:1260.
53. O’Brien MG, Fitzgerald EF, Lee G, et al. A prospective comparison of laparoscopy and imaging in the staging of esophagogastric cancer before surgery. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:2191-2194.
54. Burke EC, Karpeh MS, Conlon KC, et al. Laparoscopy in the management of gastric adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 1997;223:262-7.
55. Lowy AM, Mansfield PF, Leach SD, et al. Laparoscopic staging for gastric cancer. Surgery 1996;119:611-4.
56. Nakagawa S, Nashimoto A, Yabusaki H. Role of staging laparoscopy with peritoneal lavage cytology in the treatment of locally advanced gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2007;10:29-34.
57. Yano M, Tsujinaka T, Shiozaki H, et al. Appraisal of treatment strategy by staging laparoscopy for locally advanced gastric cancer. World J Surg 2000;24:1130-1136.
58. Song KY, Kim JJ, Kim SN, Park CH. Staging laparoscopy for advanced gastric cancer: is it also useful for the group which has an aggressive surgical strategy? World J Surg 2007;31:1228-3.
59. Davies J, Chalmers AG, Sue-Ling HM, et al. Spiral computed tomography and operative staging of gastric carcinoma: a comparison with histopathological staging. Gut 1997;41:60. Okines A, Verheij M, Allum W, et al. Gastric cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and followup. Ann Oncol 2010;21(Suppl 5):v50-v54.
61. Ajani JA, Barthel JS, Bekaii-Saab T, et al. Gastric cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2010;8(4):378-409.
62. Sobin L, Gospodarowicz M, Wittekind C. TNM classification of malignant tumours. 7th ed. New York: Wiley; 2009.
63. Japanese Gastric Cancer A. Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma, 2nd English edition. Gastric Cancer 1998;1:10-24.
64. Japanese Gastric Cancer, A. Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma. 3rd English edition. Gastric Cancer 2011;14:101-12.
65. Badgwell B, Cormier JN, Krishnan S, et al. Does neoadjuvant treatment for gastric cancer patients with positive peritoneal cytology at staging laparoscopy improve survival? Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15:2684-91.
66. Kim JP. Surgical results in gastric cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 1999;17:132-138.
67. Ouchi K, Sugawara T, Ono H, et al. Therapeutic significance of palliative operations for gastric cancer for survival and quality of life. J Surg Oncol 1998;69:41-44.
68. Hanazaki K, Sodeyama H, Mochizuki Y, et al. Palliative gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 2001;48:285-9.
69. Hartgrink HH, Putter H, Klein Kranenbarg E, et al. Value of palliative resection in gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2002;89:1438-43.
70. Doglietto GB, Pacelli F, Caprino P, et al. Palliative surgery for far-advanced gastric cancer: a retrospective study on 305 consecutive patients. Am Surg 1999;65:352-5.
71. Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 2006;355:11-20.
72. Boige V, Pignon J, Saint-Aubert B, et al. Final results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative 5fluorouracil (F)/ cisplatin (P) to surgery alone in adenocarcinoma of stomach and lower esophagus (ASLE): FNLCC ACCORD07FFCD 9703 trial. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:4510.
73. Ross P, Nicolson M, Cunningham D, et al. Prospective randomized trial comparing mitomycin, cisplatin, and protracted venous-infusion fluorouracil (PVI 5-FU) with epirubicin, cisplatin, and PVI 5-FU in advanced esophagogastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002;20(8):1996-2004.
74. Van Cutsem E, Moiseyenko V, Tjulandin S, et al. Phase III study of docetaxel and cisplatin plus fluorouracil compared with cisplatin and fluorouracil as first-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer: a report of the V325 Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2006;24(31):4991-7.
75. Koizumi W, Narahara H, Hara T, et al. S-1 plus cisplatin versus S-1 alone for first-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer (SPIRITS trial): a phase III trial. Lancet Oncol 2008;9(3):215-21.
76. Okabe H, Ueda S, Obama K, et al. Induction chemotherapy with S-1 plus cisplatin followed by surgery for treatment of gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination. Ann Surg Oncol 2009;16:3227-36.
77. Oshima T, Yamada R, Hatori S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of S- 1 in patients with peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2006;16:361-6.
78. Narahara H, Fujitani K, Takiuchi H, et al. Phase II study of a combination of S-1 and paclitaxel in patients with unresectable or metastatic gastric cancer. Oncology 2008;74:37-41.
79. Koizumi W, Kurihara M, Nakano S, et al. Phase II study of S-1, a novel oral derivative of 5-fl uorouracil, in advanced gastric cancer. Oncology 2000;58:191-7.
80. Osugi H, Takada N, Takemura M, et al. Oral fluoropyrimidine anticancer drug TS-1 for gastric cancer patients with peritoneal dissemination. Oncol Rep 2002;9:811-5.
81. Ishizone S, Maruta F, Saito H, et al. Efficacy of S-1 for patients with peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. Chemotherapy 2006;52(6):301-7.
82. Yoshida K, Ninomiya M, Takakura N, et al. Phase II study of docetaxel and S-1 combination therapy for advanced or recurrent gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:3402-7.
83. Mochiki E, Ohno T, Kamiyama Y, et al. Phase I/II study of S-1 combined with paclitaxel in patients with unresectable and/ or recurrent advanced gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:1642-7.
84. Inokuchi M, Yamashita T, Yamada H, et al. Phase I/II study of S-1 combined with irinotecan for metastatic advanced gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2006;94:1130-1135.
85. Kodera Y, Ito S, Mochizuki Y, et al. Chubu Clinical Cancer Group. A phase II study of weekly paclitaxel as second-line chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer (CCOG0302 study). Anticancer Res 2007;27:2667-71.
86. Satoh S, Hasegawa S, Ozaki N, et al. Retrospective analysis of 45 consecutive patients with advanced gastric cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy using an S-1/CDDP combination. Gastric Cancer 2006;9(2):129-35.
87. Akatsu Y, Saikawa Y, Kubota T, et al. Clinical and pathological disappearance of peritoneal dissemination in a patient with advanced gastric cancer receiving chemotherapy with S-1 and low-dose cisplatin. Gastric Cancer 2004;7(2):128-33.
88. Homma Y, Ushida S, Yamada M, et al. Positive peritoneal washing cytology in multiple cavities can predict poor prognosis of advanced gastric cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17(2):455-60.
89. Kobayashi M, Sakamoto J, Namikawa T, et al. Pharmacokinetic study of paclitaxel in malignant ascites from advanced gastric cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:1412-5.
90. Lorenzen S, Panzram B, Rosenberg R, et al. Prognostic significance of free peritoneal tumor cells in the peritoneal cavity before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with gastric carcinoma undergoing potentially curative resection. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17:2733-9.
91. Mezhir JJ, Shah MA, Jacks LM, et al. Positive peritoneal cytology in patients with gastric cancer: natural history and outcome of 291 patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17(12):3173-80.
92. Yonemura Y, Endou Y, Bando E, et al. Effect of intraperitonealadministration of docetaxel on peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 2004;210:189-96.
93. Yu W, Whang I, Suh I, et al. Prospective randomized trial of early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy as an adjuvant to resectable gastric cancer. Ann Surg 1998;228(3):347-54.
94. Kuramoto M, Shimada S, Ikeshima S, et al. Extensive intraoperative peritoneal lavage as a standard prophylactic strategy for peritoneal recurrence in patients with gastric carcinoma. Ann Surg 2009;250(2):242-6.
Downloads
Published
2014-09-30
How to Cite
1.
Euanorasetr C, Lertsithichai P. Outcome of Peritoneal Washing Cytology Results and the Appropriate Management in Thai Patients with Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Thai J Surg [Internet]. 2014 Sep. 30 [cited 2024 Nov. 6];35(3):91-9. Available from: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ThaiJSurg/article/view/227750
Issue
Section
Original Articles
License
Articles must be contributed solely to The Thai Journal of Surgery and when published become the property of the Royal College of Surgeons of Thailand. The Royal College of Surgeons of Thailand reserves copyright on all published materials and such materials may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission.
