Nipple Sparing Mastectomy in Breast Cancer Patients
Keywords:
Nipple sparing mastectomy, Nipple areolar complex, Retroareolar tissue, Necrosis, Necrosis, Nipple involvementAbstract
The loss of nipple areolar complex (NAC) can affect the quality of life of the patient. Nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM) removes all of the breast tissue but preserves the skin of the breast and the NAC. These techniques were developed to treat breast cancer patients. Three factors that should be considered include: oncological safety, patient safety, and the cosmetic outcome and quality of life.The prevalence of nipple involvement in breast cancer is up to 58%. Risk factors for nipple involvement include: tumor size > 5cm, distance between tumor and nipple < 2 to 3 cm, multicentricity of tumor, presence of lymphovascular invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis. The local recurrence rate of cancer is up to 12% with NAC recurrence rate up to 2%. The role of adjuvant RT at the NAC is still being debated. Absolute contraindications to NSM include: tumor invasion to skin and NAC, Paget's disease and inflammatory breast cancer. In the present article we review current evidence for the safety of NSM, as well the surgical technique used in our institution. We conclude that to ensure safety, maintain a low local recurrence, and achieve a good cosmetic outcome and good quality of life, proper selection of patients for NSM is key.
References
Reference
1.Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J, et al. Twenty-year follow up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1233-41.
2.Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Mariani L, et al. Twenty-year follow up of a randomized study comparing breast conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1227-32.
3.Toth BA, Lappert P. Modified skin incision for mastectomy: the need for plastic surgical in put in preoperative planning. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991; 87:1048-53.
4.Jabor MA, Shayani P, Collins DR Jr, et al. Nipple areola reconstruction: satisfaction and clinical determinants. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002; 110:457-63.
5.Freeman BS. Technique of subcutaneous mastectomy with replacement; immediate and delayed. Br J Plast Surg 1969; 22:161-6.
6.Wellings SR, Jensen HM. On the origin and progression of ductal carcinoma in the human breast. J Natl Cancer Inst 1937; 50:1111-8.
7.Stolier AJ, Wang J. Terminal duct lobular units are scarce in the nipple: implications for prophylactic nipple sparing mastectomy: terminal ductal lobular units in the nipple. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:438-42.
8.Suami H, Pan WR, Mann GB, et al. The lymphatic anatomy of the breast and its implications for sentinel lymph node biopsy: a human cadaver study. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:863-71.
9.Turner-warwick RT. Intravital techniques for demonstration of lymphatics. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1959; 24:101-9.
10.Menon RS, van Geel AN. Cancer of the breast with nipple involvement. Br J Cancer 1989; 59:81-4.
11.Verma GR, Kumar A, Joshi K. Nipple involvement in peripheral breast carcinoma: a prospective study. Indian J Cancer 1997; 34:1-5.
12.Laronga C, Kemp B, Johnston D, et al. the incidence of occult nipple areola complex involvement in breast cancer patients receiving a skin aparing mastectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 1999; 6:609-13.
13.Sacchini V, Pinotti JA, Barros AC, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy for breast cancer and risk reduction: oncologic or technical problem/. J AM Coll Surg 2006; 203:704-14.
14.Voltura AM, Tsangaris TN, Rosson GD, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy: critical assessment of 51 procedures and implications for selection criteria. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:3396-401.
15.Brachtel EF, Rusby JE, Michaelson JS, et al. Occult nipple involvement in breast cancer: clinicopathological findings in 316 consecutive mastectomy specimens. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:4948-54.
16.Paepke S, Schmid R, Fleckner S, et al. Subcutaneous mastectomy with conservation of the nipple areola skin: broadening the indications. Ann Surg 2009; 250:288-92.
17.Petit JY, Veronesi U, Orecchia R, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy with nipple areola intra operative radiotherapy: one thousand and one case of a five years experience at the European Institute of Oncology of Milan (EIO). Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 117:333-8.
18.de Alcantara Filho P, Capko D, Barry JIM, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy for breast cancer and risk reduction surgery: The Memorial Sloan Cancer Center Experience. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18: 3117-22.
19.Spear SL, Willey SC, Feldman ED, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy for prophylactic and therapeutic indications. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 128:1005-14.
20.Wagner JL, Feamanti R, Hunt KK, et al. Prospective evaluation of the nipple areola complex sparing mastectomy for risk reduction and for early stage breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:1137-44.
21.Morimoto T, Komaki K, Inui K, et al. Involvement of nipple and areola in early breast cancer. Camcer 1985; 55:2459-63.
22.Luttages J, Kalbfleisch H, Prinz P. Nipple involvement and multicentricity in breast cancer. A study on whole organ section. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1987; 113:481-7.
23.Vlajcic Z, Zic R, Stanec S, et al. Nipple areola complex preservation: predictive factors of neoplastic nipple areola complex invasion. Ann Plast Surg 2005; 55:240-4.
24.Vyas JJ, Chinoy RF, Vaidya JS. Prediction of nipple and areola involvement in breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 1998; 24:15-6.
25.Benediktsson KP, Perbeck L. Survival in breast cancer after nipple sparing subcutaneous mastectomy and immediate reconstruction with implants: a prospective trial with 13 years median follow up in 216 patients. EUR J Surg Oncol 2008; 34:143-8.
26.Petit JY, Veronesi U, Orecchia R, et al. Risk factors associated with recurrence after nipple sparing mastectomy for invasive and intraepithelial neoplasia. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2053-8.
27.Headon HL, Kasem A, Mokbel K. The oncological safety of nipple sparing mastectomy: a systematic review of the literature with a pooled analysis of 12,358 procedures. Arch Plast Surg 2016; 43:328-38.
28.Mallon P, Feron JG, Couturaud B, et al. The role of nipple sparing mastectomy in breast cancer. A comprehensive review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 131:969-84.
29.Coopey SB, Tang R, Lei L, et al. Increasing eligibility for nipple sparing mastectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20:3218-22.
30.Burdge EC, Yuen J, Hardee M, et al. Nipple skin sparing mastectomy is feasible for advanced disease. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20: 3294-302.
31.Warren Peled a, Foster RD, Stover AC, et al. Outcomes after total skin sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction in 657 breasts. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:3402-9.
32.Murthy V, Chamberlian RS. Defining a place for nipple sparing mastectomy in modern breast care: An evidence base review. Breast J 2013; 19:571-81.
33.Babiera G, Simmons R. Nipple areola complex sparing mastectomy: Feasibility, patient selection, and technique. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 17(suppl 3):245-8.
34.Steen ST, Chung AP, Han SH, et al. Predicting nipple areola involvement using preoperative breast MRI and primary tumor characteristics. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20:633-9.
35.Boneti C, Yuen J, Santiago C, et al. Oncologic safety of nipple skin sparing or total skin sparing mastectomies with immediate reconstruction. J Am Coll Surg 2011; 212:686-93.
36.Gerber B, Krause A, Reimer T, et al. Skin sparing mastectomy with conservation of the nipple areola complex and autologous reconstruction is an oncologically safe procedure. Ann Surg 2003; 238:120-7.
37.Komorowski AL, Zanini V, Regolo L, et al. Necrotic complications after nipple and areola sparing mastectomy. World J Surg 2006; 30:1410-13.
38.Casuro F, Ferrara M, Castiglione G, et al. Nipple sparing subcutaneous mastectomy: Sixty-six months follow up. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 32:937-40.
39.Voltura AM, Tsangaris TN, Rosson GD, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy: Critical assessment of 51 procedures and implications for selection criteria. Ann Surg Oncol2008; 15: 3396-401.
40.Crowe JP, Patrick RJ, Yetman RJ, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy update: one hundred forty-nine procedures and clinical outcomes. Arch Surg 2008; 143: 1106-10.
41.Paepke S, Schmid R, Fieckner S, et al. Subcutaneous mastectomy with conseration of the nipple areola skin: Broadening the indications. Ann Surg 2009; 250:288-92.
42.Chen CM, Disa JJ, Sacchini V, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy and immediate tissue expander/implant breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 124:1772-80.
43.Sakamoto N, Fukuma E, Higa K, et al. Early results of an endoscopic nipple sparing mastectomy for breast cancer. Indian J Surg Oncol 2010; 1:232-39.
44.Kim Hj, Park EH, Lim WS, et al. Nipple areola skin sparing with immediate transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap reconstruction is an oncologically safe procedure: A single center study. Ann Surg 2010; 251: 493-8.
45.Djohan R, Gage E, Gatherwright J, et al. Patient satisfaction following nipple sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction: An 8-year outcome study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 125:818-29.
46.Harness JK, Vetter TS, Salibian AH. Areola and nipple areola sparing mastectomy for breast cancer treatment and risk reduction: Report of an initial experience in a community hospital setting. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18:917-22.
47.Moyer HR, Ghazi B, Daniel JR, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy: technical aspects and aesthetic outcomes. Ann Plast Surg 2012; 68:446-50.
48.Stanec Z, Zic R, Budi S, et al. Skin and nipple areola complex sparing mastectomy in breast cancer patients: 15-year experience. Ann Plast Surg 2014; 73:485-91.
49.Shi A, Wu D, Li X, et al. Subcutaneous nipple sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. Breast Care (Basel) 2012; 7:131-6.
50.Sakurai T, Zhang N, Suzuma T, et al. Long term follow up of nipple sparing mastectomy without radiotherapy: A single center study at a Japanese institution. Med Oncol 2013; 30:481.
51.Rulli A, Caracappa D, Barberini F, et al. Oncologic reliability of nipple sparing mastectomy for selected patients with breast cancer. In vivo 2013; 27:387-94.
52.Carison GW, Chu CK, Moyer HR, et al. A predictors of nipple ischemia after nipple sparing mastectomy. Breast J 2014; 20:69-73.
53.Stolier AJ, Levine EA. Reducing the risk of nipple necrosis: technical observations in 340 nipple sparing mastectomies. Breast J 2013; 19:173-9.
54.Salibian AH, Harness JK, Mowlds DS. Inframammary approach to nipple areola sparing mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 132:700e-8e.
55.Fortunato L, Loreti A, Andrich R, et al. When mastectomy is needed: Is the nipple sparing procedure a new standard with very few contraindication? J Surg Oncol 2013; 108:207-12.
56.Tancredi A, Cluffreda L, Petito L, et al. Nipple areola complex sparing mastectomy: Five year of experience in a single centre. Updates Surg 2013; 65:289-94.
57.Munhoz AM, Aldrighi CM, Montag E, et al. Clinical outcomes following nipple areola sparing mastectomy with immediate implant-based breast reconstruction: A 12 years experience with an analysis of patient and breast related factors for complications. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 140:545-55.
58.Petit JY, Veronesi U, Orecchia R, et al. The nipple sparing mastectomy: Early results of a feasibility study of a new application of perioperative radiotherapy (ELIOT) in the treatment of breast cancer when mastectomy is indicated. Tumori 2003; 89:288-91.
59.Petit JY, Veronesi U, Lohsiriwat V, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy is it worth the risk? Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2011; 8:742-7
60.Chirappapha P, Petit JY, Rietjens M, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy: does breast morphological factor related to necrotic complication? Plast Reconstr Surg Open 2014; 2(1):e99.
61.O’Connell RL, Rusby JE. Anatomy relevant to conservative mastectomy. Gland Surgery 2015; 4:476-83.
62.Rusby JE, Brachtel EF, Taghian A, et al. George Peters Award. Microscopic anatomy within the nipple: implications for nipple sparing mastectomy. Am J Surg 2007; 194:433-7.
63.Lohsiriwat V, Rojananin S, Bhothisuwan K, et al. Prediction of nipple areola complex involvement in breast cancer. Thai J Surg 2004; 25:71-8.
64.Murthy V, Chamberlian RS. Nipple sparing mastectomy in modern breast practice. Clin Anat 2013; 26:56-65.
65.Crowe JP, Kim JA, Yetman R, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy: technique and result of 54 procedures. Arch Surg 2004; 139:148-50.
66.Komorowski AL, Zanini V, Regolo L, et al. Necrotic complications after nipple and areola sparing mastectomy. World J Surg 2006; 30:1410-3.
67.Garwood ER, Moore D, Ewing C, et al. Total skin sparing mastectomy: complication and local recurrence rates in 2 cohorts of patients. Ann Surg 2009; 249:26-32.
68.Algaithy ZK, Petit JY, Lohsiriwat V, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy: can we predict the factors predisposing to necrosis? Eur J Surg Oncol 2012; 38:125-9.
69.Lohsiriwat V, Rotmensz N, Botteri E, et al. Do clinicopathological features of the cancer patient related with nipple areola complex necrosis in nipple sparing mastectomy? Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20:990-6.
70.Carison GW, Chu CK, Moyer HR, et al. Predictors of nipple ischemia after nipple sparing mastectomy. Breast J 2014; 20:69-73.
71.Didier F, Radice D, Gandini S, et al. Does nipple preservation in mastectomy improve satisfaction with cosmetic results, psychological adjustment, body image and sexuality? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 118:623-33.
72.Yueh JH, Houlihan MJ, Slavin SA, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy: evaluation of patient satisfaction, aesthetic results, and sensation. Ann Plast Surg 2009; 62:586-90.
73.van Verschmer VM, Mureau MA, Gopie JP, et al. Patient satisfaction and nipple areola sensitivity after bilateral prophylactic mastectomy and immediate implant breast reconstruction in a high breast cancer risk population nipple sparing mastectomy versus skin sparing mastectomy. Ann Plast Surg 2016; 77:145-52.
74.Gerber B, Krause A, Dieterich, et al. The oncologic safety of skin sparing mastectomy with conservation of the nipple areola complex and autologous reconstruction: an extended follow up study. Ann Surg 2009; 249:461-8.
1.Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J, et al. Twenty-year follow up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1233-41.
2.Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Mariani L, et al. Twenty-year follow up of a randomized study comparing breast conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1227-32.
3.Toth BA, Lappert P. Modified skin incision for mastectomy: the need for plastic surgical in put in preoperative planning. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991; 87:1048-53.
4.Jabor MA, Shayani P, Collins DR Jr, et al. Nipple areola reconstruction: satisfaction and clinical determinants. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002; 110:457-63.
5.Freeman BS. Technique of subcutaneous mastectomy with replacement; immediate and delayed. Br J Plast Surg 1969; 22:161-6.
6.Wellings SR, Jensen HM. On the origin and progression of ductal carcinoma in the human breast. J Natl Cancer Inst 1937; 50:1111-8.
7.Stolier AJ, Wang J. Terminal duct lobular units are scarce in the nipple: implications for prophylactic nipple sparing mastectomy: terminal ductal lobular units in the nipple. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:438-42.
8.Suami H, Pan WR, Mann GB, et al. The lymphatic anatomy of the breast and its implications for sentinel lymph node biopsy: a human cadaver study. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:863-71.
9.Turner-warwick RT. Intravital techniques for demonstration of lymphatics. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1959; 24:101-9.
10.Menon RS, van Geel AN. Cancer of the breast with nipple involvement. Br J Cancer 1989; 59:81-4.
11.Verma GR, Kumar A, Joshi K. Nipple involvement in peripheral breast carcinoma: a prospective study. Indian J Cancer 1997; 34:1-5.
12.Laronga C, Kemp B, Johnston D, et al. the incidence of occult nipple areola complex involvement in breast cancer patients receiving a skin aparing mastectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 1999; 6:609-13.
13.Sacchini V, Pinotti JA, Barros AC, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy for breast cancer and risk reduction: oncologic or technical problem/. J AM Coll Surg 2006; 203:704-14.
14.Voltura AM, Tsangaris TN, Rosson GD, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy: critical assessment of 51 procedures and implications for selection criteria. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:3396-401.
15.Brachtel EF, Rusby JE, Michaelson JS, et al. Occult nipple involvement in breast cancer: clinicopathological findings in 316 consecutive mastectomy specimens. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:4948-54.
16.Paepke S, Schmid R, Fleckner S, et al. Subcutaneous mastectomy with conservation of the nipple areola skin: broadening the indications. Ann Surg 2009; 250:288-92.
17.Petit JY, Veronesi U, Orecchia R, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy with nipple areola intra operative radiotherapy: one thousand and one case of a five years experience at the European Institute of Oncology of Milan (EIO). Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 117:333-8.
18.de Alcantara Filho P, Capko D, Barry JIM, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy for breast cancer and risk reduction surgery: The Memorial Sloan Cancer Center Experience. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18: 3117-22.
19.Spear SL, Willey SC, Feldman ED, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy for prophylactic and therapeutic indications. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 128:1005-14.
20.Wagner JL, Feamanti R, Hunt KK, et al. Prospective evaluation of the nipple areola complex sparing mastectomy for risk reduction and for early stage breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:1137-44.
21.Morimoto T, Komaki K, Inui K, et al. Involvement of nipple and areola in early breast cancer. Camcer 1985; 55:2459-63.
22.Luttages J, Kalbfleisch H, Prinz P. Nipple involvement and multicentricity in breast cancer. A study on whole organ section. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1987; 113:481-7.
23.Vlajcic Z, Zic R, Stanec S, et al. Nipple areola complex preservation: predictive factors of neoplastic nipple areola complex invasion. Ann Plast Surg 2005; 55:240-4.
24.Vyas JJ, Chinoy RF, Vaidya JS. Prediction of nipple and areola involvement in breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 1998; 24:15-6.
25.Benediktsson KP, Perbeck L. Survival in breast cancer after nipple sparing subcutaneous mastectomy and immediate reconstruction with implants: a prospective trial with 13 years median follow up in 216 patients. EUR J Surg Oncol 2008; 34:143-8.
26.Petit JY, Veronesi U, Orecchia R, et al. Risk factors associated with recurrence after nipple sparing mastectomy for invasive and intraepithelial neoplasia. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2053-8.
27.Headon HL, Kasem A, Mokbel K. The oncological safety of nipple sparing mastectomy: a systematic review of the literature with a pooled analysis of 12,358 procedures. Arch Plast Surg 2016; 43:328-38.
28.Mallon P, Feron JG, Couturaud B, et al. The role of nipple sparing mastectomy in breast cancer. A comprehensive review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 131:969-84.
29.Coopey SB, Tang R, Lei L, et al. Increasing eligibility for nipple sparing mastectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20:3218-22.
30.Burdge EC, Yuen J, Hardee M, et al. Nipple skin sparing mastectomy is feasible for advanced disease. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20: 3294-302.
31.Warren Peled a, Foster RD, Stover AC, et al. Outcomes after total skin sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction in 657 breasts. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:3402-9.
32.Murthy V, Chamberlian RS. Defining a place for nipple sparing mastectomy in modern breast care: An evidence base review. Breast J 2013; 19:571-81.
33.Babiera G, Simmons R. Nipple areola complex sparing mastectomy: Feasibility, patient selection, and technique. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 17(suppl 3):245-8.
34.Steen ST, Chung AP, Han SH, et al. Predicting nipple areola involvement using preoperative breast MRI and primary tumor characteristics. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20:633-9.
35.Boneti C, Yuen J, Santiago C, et al. Oncologic safety of nipple skin sparing or total skin sparing mastectomies with immediate reconstruction. J Am Coll Surg 2011; 212:686-93.
36.Gerber B, Krause A, Reimer T, et al. Skin sparing mastectomy with conservation of the nipple areola complex and autologous reconstruction is an oncologically safe procedure. Ann Surg 2003; 238:120-7.
37.Komorowski AL, Zanini V, Regolo L, et al. Necrotic complications after nipple and areola sparing mastectomy. World J Surg 2006; 30:1410-13.
38.Casuro F, Ferrara M, Castiglione G, et al. Nipple sparing subcutaneous mastectomy: Sixty-six months follow up. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 32:937-40.
39.Voltura AM, Tsangaris TN, Rosson GD, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy: Critical assessment of 51 procedures and implications for selection criteria. Ann Surg Oncol2008; 15: 3396-401.
40.Crowe JP, Patrick RJ, Yetman RJ, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy update: one hundred forty-nine procedures and clinical outcomes. Arch Surg 2008; 143: 1106-10.
41.Paepke S, Schmid R, Fieckner S, et al. Subcutaneous mastectomy with conseration of the nipple areola skin: Broadening the indications. Ann Surg 2009; 250:288-92.
42.Chen CM, Disa JJ, Sacchini V, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy and immediate tissue expander/implant breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 124:1772-80.
43.Sakamoto N, Fukuma E, Higa K, et al. Early results of an endoscopic nipple sparing mastectomy for breast cancer. Indian J Surg Oncol 2010; 1:232-39.
44.Kim Hj, Park EH, Lim WS, et al. Nipple areola skin sparing with immediate transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap reconstruction is an oncologically safe procedure: A single center study. Ann Surg 2010; 251: 493-8.
45.Djohan R, Gage E, Gatherwright J, et al. Patient satisfaction following nipple sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction: An 8-year outcome study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 125:818-29.
46.Harness JK, Vetter TS, Salibian AH. Areola and nipple areola sparing mastectomy for breast cancer treatment and risk reduction: Report of an initial experience in a community hospital setting. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18:917-22.
47.Moyer HR, Ghazi B, Daniel JR, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy: technical aspects and aesthetic outcomes. Ann Plast Surg 2012; 68:446-50.
48.Stanec Z, Zic R, Budi S, et al. Skin and nipple areola complex sparing mastectomy in breast cancer patients: 15-year experience. Ann Plast Surg 2014; 73:485-91.
49.Shi A, Wu D, Li X, et al. Subcutaneous nipple sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. Breast Care (Basel) 2012; 7:131-6.
50.Sakurai T, Zhang N, Suzuma T, et al. Long term follow up of nipple sparing mastectomy without radiotherapy: A single center study at a Japanese institution. Med Oncol 2013; 30:481.
51.Rulli A, Caracappa D, Barberini F, et al. Oncologic reliability of nipple sparing mastectomy for selected patients with breast cancer. In vivo 2013; 27:387-94.
52.Carison GW, Chu CK, Moyer HR, et al. A predictors of nipple ischemia after nipple sparing mastectomy. Breast J 2014; 20:69-73.
53.Stolier AJ, Levine EA. Reducing the risk of nipple necrosis: technical observations in 340 nipple sparing mastectomies. Breast J 2013; 19:173-9.
54.Salibian AH, Harness JK, Mowlds DS. Inframammary approach to nipple areola sparing mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 132:700e-8e.
55.Fortunato L, Loreti A, Andrich R, et al. When mastectomy is needed: Is the nipple sparing procedure a new standard with very few contraindication? J Surg Oncol 2013; 108:207-12.
56.Tancredi A, Cluffreda L, Petito L, et al. Nipple areola complex sparing mastectomy: Five year of experience in a single centre. Updates Surg 2013; 65:289-94.
57.Munhoz AM, Aldrighi CM, Montag E, et al. Clinical outcomes following nipple areola sparing mastectomy with immediate implant-based breast reconstruction: A 12 years experience with an analysis of patient and breast related factors for complications. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 140:545-55.
58.Petit JY, Veronesi U, Orecchia R, et al. The nipple sparing mastectomy: Early results of a feasibility study of a new application of perioperative radiotherapy (ELIOT) in the treatment of breast cancer when mastectomy is indicated. Tumori 2003; 89:288-91.
59.Petit JY, Veronesi U, Lohsiriwat V, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy is it worth the risk? Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2011; 8:742-7
60.Chirappapha P, Petit JY, Rietjens M, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy: does breast morphological factor related to necrotic complication? Plast Reconstr Surg Open 2014; 2(1):e99.
61.O’Connell RL, Rusby JE. Anatomy relevant to conservative mastectomy. Gland Surgery 2015; 4:476-83.
62.Rusby JE, Brachtel EF, Taghian A, et al. George Peters Award. Microscopic anatomy within the nipple: implications for nipple sparing mastectomy. Am J Surg 2007; 194:433-7.
63.Lohsiriwat V, Rojananin S, Bhothisuwan K, et al. Prediction of nipple areola complex involvement in breast cancer. Thai J Surg 2004; 25:71-8.
64.Murthy V, Chamberlian RS. Nipple sparing mastectomy in modern breast practice. Clin Anat 2013; 26:56-65.
65.Crowe JP, Kim JA, Yetman R, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy: technique and result of 54 procedures. Arch Surg 2004; 139:148-50.
66.Komorowski AL, Zanini V, Regolo L, et al. Necrotic complications after nipple and areola sparing mastectomy. World J Surg 2006; 30:1410-3.
67.Garwood ER, Moore D, Ewing C, et al. Total skin sparing mastectomy: complication and local recurrence rates in 2 cohorts of patients. Ann Surg 2009; 249:26-32.
68.Algaithy ZK, Petit JY, Lohsiriwat V, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy: can we predict the factors predisposing to necrosis? Eur J Surg Oncol 2012; 38:125-9.
69.Lohsiriwat V, Rotmensz N, Botteri E, et al. Do clinicopathological features of the cancer patient related with nipple areola complex necrosis in nipple sparing mastectomy? Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20:990-6.
70.Carison GW, Chu CK, Moyer HR, et al. Predictors of nipple ischemia after nipple sparing mastectomy. Breast J 2014; 20:69-73.
71.Didier F, Radice D, Gandini S, et al. Does nipple preservation in mastectomy improve satisfaction with cosmetic results, psychological adjustment, body image and sexuality? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 118:623-33.
72.Yueh JH, Houlihan MJ, Slavin SA, et al. Nipple sparing mastectomy: evaluation of patient satisfaction, aesthetic results, and sensation. Ann Plast Surg 2009; 62:586-90.
73.van Verschmer VM, Mureau MA, Gopie JP, et al. Patient satisfaction and nipple areola sensitivity after bilateral prophylactic mastectomy and immediate implant breast reconstruction in a high breast cancer risk population nipple sparing mastectomy versus skin sparing mastectomy. Ann Plast Surg 2016; 77:145-52.
74.Gerber B, Krause A, Dieterich, et al. The oncologic safety of skin sparing mastectomy with conservation of the nipple areola complex and autologous reconstruction: an extended follow up study. Ann Surg 2009; 249:461-8.
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2020-09-30
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Rattadilok C, Chirappapha P, Rattadilok P. Nipple Sparing Mastectomy in Breast Cancer Patients. Thai J Surg [Internet]. 2020 Sep. 30 [cited 2024 Apr. 26];41(3):65-78. Available from: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ThaiJSurg/article/view/240115
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