Current Management of Esophageal Cancer
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a devastating disease, which is common in southern Thailand. Unfortunately, symptoms usually do not become apparent until the disease is in its advanced stages, which contributes to the poor outcome. The purpose of this article is to review the current concepts about investigation for staging, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and palliative treatment for esophageal cancer.
References
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3. Thompson WM, Halvorsen RA. Staging esophageal carcinoma. II. CT and MRI. Semin Oncol 1994; 21:447-52.
4. Korst RJ, Altorki NK. Esophageal cancer. In: Winchester DP, Jones RS, Murphy GP, eds. Cancer surgery for the general surgeon. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co, 1999:155-72.
5. Caletti G, Fusaroli P, Bocus P, Endoscopic ultrasonography. Endoscopy 1998; 30:198-221.
6. Botet JF, Lightdale C. Endoscopic ultrasonography of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1995;2:385-412.
7. Lewis I. The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus with special reference to the new operation for growths in the middle third. Br J Surg 1946: 34:18-31.
8. McKeown KC. The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus: A review of the results of 478 cases. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1985; 30:1.
9. Orringer MB. Transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Ann Surg 1984;200:82.
10. Pinotti HW, Cecconello I, De Oliveira MA. Transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 1997;4:253-8.
11. Pommier RF, Vetto JT, Ferris BL, et al. Relationships between operative approaches and outcomes in esophageal cancer. Am J Surg 1998; 175:422-5.
12. Horstmann O, Verreet PR, Becker H, et al. Transhiatal oesphagectomy compared with transthoracic resection and systematic lymphadenectomy for the treatment of oesophageal cancer. Eur J Surg 1995; 161:557-67.
13. Putnam JB Jr, Suell DM, McMurtrey MJ, et al. Comparison of three techniques of esophagectomy within a residency training program. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 57:319-25.
14. Hankins JR. Attar S, Coughlin TR, et al. Carcinoma of the esophagus: a comparison of the results of transhiatal versus transthoracic resection. Ann thorac Surg 1989; 47ะ700-5.
15. Millikan Kw, Silverstein J, Hart V, et al. A 15-year review of esophagectomy for carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia. Arch Surg 1995; 130:617-64.
16. Pac M, Basoglu A, Kocak H, et al. Transhiatal versus transthoracic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 106:205-9.
17. Fox M, Siu KF. Wong J. A comparison of transhiatal and trans- thoracic resection for carcinoma of the thoracic esopagus. Am J Surg 1989; 158:414-8,
18. Goldminc M, Maddern G, Prise EL, et al. Oesophagectomy by a transhiatal approach or thoracotomy: a prospective randomized trial. Br J Surg 1993;80:367-70.
19. Logan A. The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1963:46:150.
20. Akiyama H, Tsurumaru M, Kawamura T. Principles of surgical treatment of the esophagus: analysis of lymph node involvement. Ann Surg 1981; 194:438-46.
21. Skinner DB. En bloc resection for neoplasms of the esophagus and cardia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 85:59.
22. Tsurumaru M, Akiyama H, Udagawa H, et al, cervical thoracic-abdominal lymph node dissection for esophageal carcinoma, In : Ferguson MK, Little AG, Skinner DB, eds. Diseases of the esophagus. New York: Futara, 1990:187-96.
23. Isono K, Ochial T, Okuyma K, et al. The treatment of lymph node metastasis from esophageal cancer by extensive lymphadenectomy. Spn J Surg 1990; 20:151-7.
24. Kato H, Tachimori Y, Watanabe H, et al. Lymph node metastasis in thoracic esophageal carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 1991:48:106-11.
25. Fujita H, Kakegawa T, Yamana H, et al. Mortality and morbidity rates, postoperative course, quality of life and prognosis after extended radical lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer: comparison of three-field lymphadenectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg1995;222:654-62.
26. Akiyama H, Tsurumaru M, Udagawa H, et al. Esophageal cancer. Curr Probl Surg 1997; 10:765-834.
27. Muller JM, Erasmi H, Stelzer M, et al. Surgical therapy of esophageal carcinoma. Br J Surg 1990; 77:845-57.
28. Urschel JD. Esophagogastrectomy anastomosis leaks complicating esophagectomy: a review. Am J Surg 1995; 169:634-40.
29. Gignoux M, Roussel A, Paillot B, et al. The value of preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal cancer ; result of a study of the EORTC. World J Surg 1987;11:426-36.
30. Launosi B, Delarue D, Campion JP, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1981; 153:690-2.
31. Wang M, Gu XZ, Yin W, et al, Randomized clinical trial on the combination of preoperative irradiation and surgery in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma: report on 206 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989; 16:325-7.
32. Arnott SJ, Duncan W, Kerr GR, et al. Low dose preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the oesophagus;results of aa randomized clinical trial. Radiother Oncol 1992;24:108-13.
33. Teniere P, Hay J-M, Fingerhut A, et al. Postoperative radiation therapy does not increase survival after curative resection for squamous cell carcinoma of the middle and lower esophagus as shown by a multicenter controlled trial. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991; 173:123-30.
34. Fok M, Sham JST, Choy D, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus : a prospective randomized controlled trial. Surgery 1993: 113:138-47.
35. Zieren HU, Muller JM, Jacobi CA, et al. Adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy after curative resection of squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: a prospective randomized study. World J Surg 1995; 19:444-9.
36. Fink U, Stein HJ, Wilke H, et al, Multimodal treatment for squamous cell esophageal cancer. World J Surg 1995;19:198-204.
37. Ajani JA. Current status of new drugs and multidisciplinary approaches in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. Chest 1998; 113(1 suppl ):112S-8S.
38. Weiner LM. Paclitaxel in treatment of esophageal cancer. Semin Oncol 1999; 1 (suppl 2): 106-8.
39. Kelsen D, Ginsberg R, Bains M, et al. A phase Il trial of paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with locally advanced metastatic esophageal cancer: A preliminary report. Semin Oncol 1997; 24(suppl 19):19S-81S.
40. Ajani JA, IIson D, Bhalla K, et al. Taxol, cisplatin and 5-FU : A multi-institutional phase II study in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995; 14:203.
41. Belani CP, Luketich JD. Kim R, et al. Efficacy of cisplatin, 5- FU and paclitaxel regimen for carcinoma of the esophagus. Semin Oncol 1997;24(suppl 19) :19S-92S.
42. Hainsworth JD, Meluch AA, Greco FA. Paclitraxel, carboplatin and long term continuous 5-FU infusion in the treatment of upper aerodigestive malignancies : Preliminary result of phase ll trial. Semin Oncol 1997:24(19 suppl):19S-42S.
43. Sekiguchi H, Akiyama S, Fujiwara M, et al. Phase ll trial of 5-FU and low dose cisplatin in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Surg Today 1999; 29:97-101.
44. IIson DH, Ajani J, Bhalla K, et al. Phase ll trial of paclitaxel, 5- FU and cisplatin in patients with advanced carcinoma of the esophagus. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16:1826-34.
45. Roth JA, Pass HI, Flanagan MM, et al. Randomized clinical trial of preoperative and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin, vindesine, and bleomycin for carcinoma of the esophagus, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;96:242-8.
46, Maipang T, Vasinanukorn P, Petpichetchian C, et al. Induction chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. J Surg Oncol 1994; 56:191-7.
47. Schlag P. Randomized trial of preoperative chemotherapy for squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. Arch Surg 1992;127:1446-50.
48. Law S, Fok M, Chow S, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy versus surgical therapy alone for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus;a prospective randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 114:210-7.
49. Kelsen D, Ginsberg R, Pajak T, et al. Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1979-84.
50. Bhansali MS, Vaidya Js, Bhatt RG, et al. Chemotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: a comparison of evidence from meta-analysis of randomized trials and of historical control studies. Ann Oncol 1996;7:355-9.
51. Pouliquen X, Levard H, Hay JM, et al. 5-FU and cisplatin therapy after palliative surgical resection of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus : A multicenter randomized trial. Ann Surg 1996; 223:127-33.
52. Ando N, lizuka T, Kakegawa T, et al. A randomized trial of surgery with and without chemotherapy for localized squamous carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: the Japan Clinical Oncology group Study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:205-9.
53. Adelstein DJ, Rice TW, Becker M, et al, Concurrent chemo- therapy, accelerated fractionation radiation and surgery for esophageal cancer (abstract), Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996;15:203.
54. Hoffman P, Ferguson M, Haraf D, et al. Neoadjuvant chemo- therapy followed by surgery and postoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma (abstract). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996; 15:204.
55. Shahab N, Wilkes J, Beyer S, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by transhiatal esophagectomy for regional/locally advanced esophageal carcinoma (abstract). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996; 15:209.
56. Forastiere AA, Orringer MB, Perez-Tamayo C, et al. Concur-rent chemotherapy and radiation therapy followed by transhiatal esophagectomy for local-regional cancer of the esophagus. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8:119-27.
57. Wright CD, Wain JC, Lynch TJ, et al. Introduction therapy for esophageal cancer with paclitaxel and hyperfractionated ra-diotherapy : A phase I and ll study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 114:811-6.
58. Weiner LM, Colarusso P, Goldbery M, et al. Combined-modality therapy for esophageal cancer : Phase I trial of escalating doses of paclitaxel in combination with cisplatin, 5-FU and high dose radiation before esophagectomy. Semin Oncol 1997;24(19 suppl):19S-95S.
59. Satran H, Gaissert H, Hesketh PJ, et al. Neoadjuvant paclitexl, cisplatin and radiation for esophageal carcinoma : A phase ll study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1997; 16:304.
60. Blanke C, Chiappori A, Epstein B, et al. A phase ll trial of neoadjuvant paclitaxel (T) and cisplatin with radiotherapy followed by surgery and postoperative T with 5-FU and leucovorin in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1997; 16:283.
61. Bates BA, Detterbeck FC, Bernard SA, et al. Concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy followed by esophagectomy for localized esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14:156-63.
62. Keller SM, Ryan LM, Coia LR, et al. High dose chemoradiotherapy followed by esophagectomy for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction result of a phase Ill study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Cancer 1998; 83:1908-16,
63. UrbaS, Orringer M, Turris A, et al. A randomized trial comparing transhiatal esophagectomy to preoperative concurrent chemoradiation followed by esophagectomy in locoreginal esophageal carcinoma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995;14:199.
63. Bosset JF, Gignoux M, Triboulet JP, et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone in squamous cell cancer of esophagus. N Engl J Med 1997:337:161-7.
64. Apinop C, Puttisak P, Preecha N. A prospective study of combined therapy in esophageal cancer. Hepato Gastroenterol 1994;41:391-3.
65. Le Prise E, Etienne PL, Meunier B, et al. A randomized study of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery versus surgery for localized squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer 1994; 73:1779-84.
66. Bosset JF, Gignoux M, Triboulet JP, et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone in squamous cell cancer of esophagus. N Engl J Med 1997;337:161-7.
67. Walsh TN, Noonan N, Hollywood D, et al. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335:462-7.
68. Kang HJ, Ebie N, Murthy AK, et al. Surgery followed by conco-mitant accelerated fractionation irradiation, cisplatin, and 5-FU for esophageal carcinoma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1992; 11: 167.
69. Kurtzman SM, Whittington R, Vaughn D, et al. Postoperative chemosensitized radiation with modulated 5-FU following re-section Of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophago-gastric junction. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;32(suppl 1): 266.
70. Saito T, Shigemitsu Y, Kinoshita T, et al. Extend survival time for esophageal cancer, patients treated with aggressive sur-gery and concurrent chemoradiation. Int Surg 1994; 79:93-
71. A-Sarraf M, Martz K, Herskovic A, et al. Progress report of combined chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with esophageal cancer: an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:277-84.
72. Smith TJ, Ryan LM, Douglas HO, et al. Combined chemo- radiotherapy VS. radiotherapy alone for early stage squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus : a study Of the Eastern Co-operative Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 42:269-76.
73. Cooper JS, Guo MD, Herskovic A, et al. Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer. JAMA 1999; 281:1623-7.
74. Heit HA, Johnson LF, Siegal SR, et al. Palliative dilation for dysphagia in esophageal carcinoma. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89:629.7.
75. Lundell L, Leth R, Lind T, et al. Palliative endoscopic dilation in carcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Acta Chir Scand 1989; 155:179-84.
76. Vanmoerkerke I, Rutgeerts P, Vantrappen G. The role of laser therapy in the palliative treatment of esophageal cancer. J Belge Radiology 1991; 74:401-6.
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2. Lee RB, Miller JI. Esophagectomy for cancer. Surg Clin North Am 1997:5:1 169-96.
3. Thompson WM, Halvorsen RA. Staging esophageal carcinoma. II. CT and MRI. Semin Oncol 1994; 21:447-52.
4. Korst RJ, Altorki NK. Esophageal cancer. In: Winchester DP, Jones RS, Murphy GP, eds. Cancer surgery for the general surgeon. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co, 1999:155-72.
5. Caletti G, Fusaroli P, Bocus P, Endoscopic ultrasonography. Endoscopy 1998; 30:198-221.
6. Botet JF, Lightdale C. Endoscopic ultrasonography of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1995;2:385-412.
7. Lewis I. The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus with special reference to the new operation for growths in the middle third. Br J Surg 1946: 34:18-31.
8. McKeown KC. The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus: A review of the results of 478 cases. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1985; 30:1.
9. Orringer MB. Transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Ann Surg 1984;200:82.
10. Pinotti HW, Cecconello I, De Oliveira MA. Transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 1997;4:253-8.
11. Pommier RF, Vetto JT, Ferris BL, et al. Relationships between operative approaches and outcomes in esophageal cancer. Am J Surg 1998; 175:422-5.
12. Horstmann O, Verreet PR, Becker H, et al. Transhiatal oesphagectomy compared with transthoracic resection and systematic lymphadenectomy for the treatment of oesophageal cancer. Eur J Surg 1995; 161:557-67.
13. Putnam JB Jr, Suell DM, McMurtrey MJ, et al. Comparison of three techniques of esophagectomy within a residency training program. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 57:319-25.
14. Hankins JR. Attar S, Coughlin TR, et al. Carcinoma of the esophagus: a comparison of the results of transhiatal versus transthoracic resection. Ann thorac Surg 1989; 47ะ700-5.
15. Millikan Kw, Silverstein J, Hart V, et al. A 15-year review of esophagectomy for carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia. Arch Surg 1995; 130:617-64.
16. Pac M, Basoglu A, Kocak H, et al. Transhiatal versus transthoracic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 106:205-9.
17. Fox M, Siu KF. Wong J. A comparison of transhiatal and trans- thoracic resection for carcinoma of the thoracic esopagus. Am J Surg 1989; 158:414-8,
18. Goldminc M, Maddern G, Prise EL, et al. Oesophagectomy by a transhiatal approach or thoracotomy: a prospective randomized trial. Br J Surg 1993;80:367-70.
19. Logan A. The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1963:46:150.
20. Akiyama H, Tsurumaru M, Kawamura T. Principles of surgical treatment of the esophagus: analysis of lymph node involvement. Ann Surg 1981; 194:438-46.
21. Skinner DB. En bloc resection for neoplasms of the esophagus and cardia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 85:59.
22. Tsurumaru M, Akiyama H, Udagawa H, et al, cervical thoracic-abdominal lymph node dissection for esophageal carcinoma, In : Ferguson MK, Little AG, Skinner DB, eds. Diseases of the esophagus. New York: Futara, 1990:187-96.
23. Isono K, Ochial T, Okuyma K, et al. The treatment of lymph node metastasis from esophageal cancer by extensive lymphadenectomy. Spn J Surg 1990; 20:151-7.
24. Kato H, Tachimori Y, Watanabe H, et al. Lymph node metastasis in thoracic esophageal carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 1991:48:106-11.
25. Fujita H, Kakegawa T, Yamana H, et al. Mortality and morbidity rates, postoperative course, quality of life and prognosis after extended radical lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer: comparison of three-field lymphadenectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg1995;222:654-62.
26. Akiyama H, Tsurumaru M, Udagawa H, et al. Esophageal cancer. Curr Probl Surg 1997; 10:765-834.
27. Muller JM, Erasmi H, Stelzer M, et al. Surgical therapy of esophageal carcinoma. Br J Surg 1990; 77:845-57.
28. Urschel JD. Esophagogastrectomy anastomosis leaks complicating esophagectomy: a review. Am J Surg 1995; 169:634-40.
29. Gignoux M, Roussel A, Paillot B, et al. The value of preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal cancer ; result of a study of the EORTC. World J Surg 1987;11:426-36.
30. Launosi B, Delarue D, Campion JP, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1981; 153:690-2.
31. Wang M, Gu XZ, Yin W, et al, Randomized clinical trial on the combination of preoperative irradiation and surgery in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma: report on 206 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989; 16:325-7.
32. Arnott SJ, Duncan W, Kerr GR, et al. Low dose preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the oesophagus;results of aa randomized clinical trial. Radiother Oncol 1992;24:108-13.
33. Teniere P, Hay J-M, Fingerhut A, et al. Postoperative radiation therapy does not increase survival after curative resection for squamous cell carcinoma of the middle and lower esophagus as shown by a multicenter controlled trial. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991; 173:123-30.
34. Fok M, Sham JST, Choy D, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus : a prospective randomized controlled trial. Surgery 1993: 113:138-47.
35. Zieren HU, Muller JM, Jacobi CA, et al. Adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy after curative resection of squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: a prospective randomized study. World J Surg 1995; 19:444-9.
36. Fink U, Stein HJ, Wilke H, et al, Multimodal treatment for squamous cell esophageal cancer. World J Surg 1995;19:198-204.
37. Ajani JA. Current status of new drugs and multidisciplinary approaches in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. Chest 1998; 113(1 suppl ):112S-8S.
38. Weiner LM. Paclitaxel in treatment of esophageal cancer. Semin Oncol 1999; 1 (suppl 2): 106-8.
39. Kelsen D, Ginsberg R, Bains M, et al. A phase Il trial of paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with locally advanced metastatic esophageal cancer: A preliminary report. Semin Oncol 1997; 24(suppl 19):19S-81S.
40. Ajani JA, IIson D, Bhalla K, et al. Taxol, cisplatin and 5-FU : A multi-institutional phase II study in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995; 14:203.
41. Belani CP, Luketich JD. Kim R, et al. Efficacy of cisplatin, 5- FU and paclitaxel regimen for carcinoma of the esophagus. Semin Oncol 1997;24(suppl 19) :19S-92S.
42. Hainsworth JD, Meluch AA, Greco FA. Paclitraxel, carboplatin and long term continuous 5-FU infusion in the treatment of upper aerodigestive malignancies : Preliminary result of phase ll trial. Semin Oncol 1997:24(19 suppl):19S-42S.
43. Sekiguchi H, Akiyama S, Fujiwara M, et al. Phase ll trial of 5-FU and low dose cisplatin in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Surg Today 1999; 29:97-101.
44. IIson DH, Ajani J, Bhalla K, et al. Phase ll trial of paclitaxel, 5- FU and cisplatin in patients with advanced carcinoma of the esophagus. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16:1826-34.
45. Roth JA, Pass HI, Flanagan MM, et al. Randomized clinical trial of preoperative and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin, vindesine, and bleomycin for carcinoma of the esophagus, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;96:242-8.
46, Maipang T, Vasinanukorn P, Petpichetchian C, et al. Induction chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. J Surg Oncol 1994; 56:191-7.
47. Schlag P. Randomized trial of preoperative chemotherapy for squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. Arch Surg 1992;127:1446-50.
48. Law S, Fok M, Chow S, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy versus surgical therapy alone for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus;a prospective randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 114:210-7.
49. Kelsen D, Ginsberg R, Pajak T, et al. Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1979-84.
50. Bhansali MS, Vaidya Js, Bhatt RG, et al. Chemotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: a comparison of evidence from meta-analysis of randomized trials and of historical control studies. Ann Oncol 1996;7:355-9.
51. Pouliquen X, Levard H, Hay JM, et al. 5-FU and cisplatin therapy after palliative surgical resection of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus : A multicenter randomized trial. Ann Surg 1996; 223:127-33.
52. Ando N, lizuka T, Kakegawa T, et al. A randomized trial of surgery with and without chemotherapy for localized squamous carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: the Japan Clinical Oncology group Study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:205-9.
53. Adelstein DJ, Rice TW, Becker M, et al, Concurrent chemo- therapy, accelerated fractionation radiation and surgery for esophageal cancer (abstract), Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996;15:203.
54. Hoffman P, Ferguson M, Haraf D, et al. Neoadjuvant chemo- therapy followed by surgery and postoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma (abstract). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996; 15:204.
55. Shahab N, Wilkes J, Beyer S, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by transhiatal esophagectomy for regional/locally advanced esophageal carcinoma (abstract). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996; 15:209.
56. Forastiere AA, Orringer MB, Perez-Tamayo C, et al. Concur-rent chemotherapy and radiation therapy followed by transhiatal esophagectomy for local-regional cancer of the esophagus. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8:119-27.
57. Wright CD, Wain JC, Lynch TJ, et al. Introduction therapy for esophageal cancer with paclitaxel and hyperfractionated ra-diotherapy : A phase I and ll study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 114:811-6.
58. Weiner LM, Colarusso P, Goldbery M, et al. Combined-modality therapy for esophageal cancer : Phase I trial of escalating doses of paclitaxel in combination with cisplatin, 5-FU and high dose radiation before esophagectomy. Semin Oncol 1997;24(19 suppl):19S-95S.
59. Satran H, Gaissert H, Hesketh PJ, et al. Neoadjuvant paclitexl, cisplatin and radiation for esophageal carcinoma : A phase ll study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1997; 16:304.
60. Blanke C, Chiappori A, Epstein B, et al. A phase ll trial of neoadjuvant paclitaxel (T) and cisplatin with radiotherapy followed by surgery and postoperative T with 5-FU and leucovorin in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1997; 16:283.
61. Bates BA, Detterbeck FC, Bernard SA, et al. Concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy followed by esophagectomy for localized esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14:156-63.
62. Keller SM, Ryan LM, Coia LR, et al. High dose chemoradiotherapy followed by esophagectomy for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction result of a phase Ill study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Cancer 1998; 83:1908-16,
63. UrbaS, Orringer M, Turris A, et al. A randomized trial comparing transhiatal esophagectomy to preoperative concurrent chemoradiation followed by esophagectomy in locoreginal esophageal carcinoma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995;14:199.
63. Bosset JF, Gignoux M, Triboulet JP, et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone in squamous cell cancer of esophagus. N Engl J Med 1997:337:161-7.
64. Apinop C, Puttisak P, Preecha N. A prospective study of combined therapy in esophageal cancer. Hepato Gastroenterol 1994;41:391-3.
65. Le Prise E, Etienne PL, Meunier B, et al. A randomized study of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery versus surgery for localized squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer 1994; 73:1779-84.
66. Bosset JF, Gignoux M, Triboulet JP, et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone in squamous cell cancer of esophagus. N Engl J Med 1997;337:161-7.
67. Walsh TN, Noonan N, Hollywood D, et al. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335:462-7.
68. Kang HJ, Ebie N, Murthy AK, et al. Surgery followed by conco-mitant accelerated fractionation irradiation, cisplatin, and 5-FU for esophageal carcinoma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1992; 11: 167.
69. Kurtzman SM, Whittington R, Vaughn D, et al. Postoperative chemosensitized radiation with modulated 5-FU following re-section Of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophago-gastric junction. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;32(suppl 1): 266.
70. Saito T, Shigemitsu Y, Kinoshita T, et al. Extend survival time for esophageal cancer, patients treated with aggressive sur-gery and concurrent chemoradiation. Int Surg 1994; 79:93-
71. A-Sarraf M, Martz K, Herskovic A, et al. Progress report of combined chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with esophageal cancer: an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:277-84.
72. Smith TJ, Ryan LM, Douglas HO, et al. Combined chemo- radiotherapy VS. radiotherapy alone for early stage squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus : a study Of the Eastern Co-operative Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 42:269-76.
73. Cooper JS, Guo MD, Herskovic A, et al. Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer. JAMA 1999; 281:1623-7.
74. Heit HA, Johnson LF, Siegal SR, et al. Palliative dilation for dysphagia in esophageal carcinoma. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89:629.7.
75. Lundell L, Leth R, Lind T, et al. Palliative endoscopic dilation in carcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Acta Chir Scand 1989; 155:179-84.
76. Vanmoerkerke I, Rutgeerts P, Vantrappen G. The role of laser therapy in the palliative treatment of esophageal cancer. J Belge Radiology 1991; 74:401-6.
77. Neuhaus H, Hoffman W, Dittler HJ, et al. Implantation of self-expanding esophageal metal stents for palliation of malignant dysphagia. Endoscopy 1992; 24:405-10.
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Published
1999-09-30
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Sunpaweravong S. Current Management of Esophageal Cancer. Thai J Surg [Internet]. 1999 Sep. 30 [cited 2024 Nov. 23];20(3):103-12. Available from: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ThaiJSurg/article/view/247895
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Articles must be contributed solely to The Thai Journal of Surgery and when published become the property of the Royal College of Surgeons of Thailand. The Royal College of Surgeons of Thailand reserves copyright on all published materials and such materials may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission.
