Metachronous Second Primary Colorectal Cancer in Patients with Gastric Cancer: Two Cases Report and Literature Review
Abstract
Although it remains a topic of debate as to whether the presence of gastric cancer implies a general increase in susceptibility to colorectal cancer, the recognition of such an association is important as it provides surgeons with an unusual opportunity to detect colorectal cancer at an early stage in patients with CT colonography after gastric cancer surgery may be helpful to evaluate postoperative metastases as well as to find second primary colorectal cancer. Early detective of these lesions, based on an awareness of the possibility of metachronous colorectal cancer, will increase the survival of these patients. The authors reported two cases of metachronous primary colorectal cancer in patients with gastric cancer and the literature was reviewed.
References
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2. Ueno M, Muto T, Oya M, et al. Multiple primary cancer: an experience at the Cancer Institute Hospital with special reference to colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2003; 8:162-7.
3. Engeland A, Bj_rge T, Haldorsen T, et al. Use of multiple primary cancers to indicate associations between smoking and cancer incidence: an analysis of 500,000 cancer cases diagnosed in Norway during 1953-93. Int J Cancer 1997; 70:401-7.
4. Watanabe S, Kodama T, Shimosato Y, et al. Multiple primary cancers in 5,456 autopsy cases in the National Cancer Center of Japan. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984; 72:1021-7.
5. Moertel CG. Multiple primary malignant neoplasms. Historical perspective. Cancer 1977; 40:1786-92.
6, Ha TK, An JY, Youn HG, et al. Surgical outcome of synchronous second primary cancer in patients with gastric cancer. Yonsei Med J 2007; 48:981-7.
7. lkeda Y, Saku M, Kawanaka H, et al. Feature of second primary cancer in patients with gastric cancer. Oncology 2003; 65:113-7.
8. Lee JH, Bae JS, Rye KW, et al. Gastric cancer patients at high-risk of having synchronous cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:2588-92.
9. Cheng HY, Chu CH, Chang WH, et al. Clinical analysis of multiple primary malignancies in the digestive system: hospital-based study. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:4215-9.
10. Wu CW, Lo SS, Chen JH, et al. Multiple primary cancers in patients with gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 2006; 53:463-7.
11. Ikeda Y, Mori M, Koyanagi N, et al. Features of early gastric cancer detected by modern diagnostic technique. J Clin Gastroenterol 1998; 27:60-2.
12. Maehara Y, Okuyama T, Moriguchi S, et al. Prophylactic lymph node dissection in patients with advanced gastric cancer promotes increased survival time. Cancer 1992; 70:392-5.
13. Otsuji E, Yamaguchi T, Sawai K, et al. Recent advances in surgical treatment have improved the survival of patients with gastric carcinoma. Cancer 1998; 82:1233-7.
14. Yoshino K, Asanuma F, Hanatani Y, et al. Multiple primary cancers in the stomach and another organ: frequency and the effects on prognosis. J Clin Oncol 1985; 15:183-90.
15. Lim JS, Lee SK, Hyung WJ, et al. CT colonography for postoperative surveillance after curative gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2010 Jul 6. (Epub ahead of print).
16. lkeda Y, Saku M, Kishihara F, et al. Effective follow-up for recurrence or a second primary cancer in patients with early gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2005; 92:235-9.
17. Eom BW, Lee HJ, Yoo MW, et al. Synchronous and metachronous cancers in patients with gastric cancer, J Surg Oncol 2008; 98:106-10.
18. Lundegardh G, Hansson LE, Nyren O, et al. The risk of gastrointestinal and other primary malignant diseases following gastric cancer. Acta Oncol 1991; 30:1-6.
19. Furukawa H, Hiratsuka M, Kiwanaga T, et al. Treatments for second malignancies after gastrectomy for stomach cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 1996; 43:194-8.
20. Dong RZ, ShiYQ, Ye YW, et al. Synchronous or metachronous primary cancers of other organs in 74 patients with gastric cancer. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 2010: 13:125-8.
21. Kim HO, Hwang SI, Yoo CH, et al. Preoperative colonoscopy for patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24:1740-4.
22. Ohtani H, Yashiro M, Onoda N, et al. Synchronous multiple primary gastrointestinal cancer exhibits frequent microsatellite instability. Int J Cancer 2000; 86:678-83.
23. Chung YS, Kato Y, Onoda N, et al. Secondary primary cancer following operation for gastric cancer. Gastrointest Cancer 1997; 7:155-9.
24. Kobayashi Y, Arimoto H, Watanabe S. Occurrence of multiple primary cancer at the National Cancer Center Hospital 1962-1989. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1991; 21:233-51.
25. Tsukuma H, Fujimoto I, Hanai A, et al. Incidence of second primary cancers in Osaka resdidents, Japan, with special reference to cumulative and relative risks. Jpn J Can Res 1994; 85:339-45.
26. Yamamoto S, Yoshimura K, Ri S, et al. The risk of multiple primary malignancies with colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49:S30-S36.
27. Saito S, HosoyaY, Togashi K, et al. Prevalence of synchronous colorectal neoplasms detected by colonoscopy in patients with gastric cancer. Surg Today 2008; 38:20-5.
28. Park DI, Park SH, Yoo TW, et al. The prevalence of colorectal neoplasia in patients with gastric cancer: A Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Disease (KASID) Study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44:102-5.
29. Choe JW, Chang HS, Yang SK, et al. Screening colonoscopy in asymptomatic average-risk Koreans: analysis in relation to age and sex. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:1003-8.
30. Byeon JS, Yang SK, Kim TI et al. Colorectal neoplasm in asymptomatic Asians: a prospective multinational multicenter colonoscopy survey. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 65:1015-22.
31. Oh SY, Park DI, Yoo TW, et al. Is gastric cancer a new indication for surveillance colonoscopy? Colon cancer is increased in gastric cancer patients. Korean J Gastroenterol 2006; 47:191-7.
32. Yoo TW, Park DI, Kim HS, et al. Could gastric cancer be a new indication for surveillance colonoscopy? The KAASID prospective multicenter case-controlled study. Gastroenterology 2006.
33. Heard A, Roder D, Luke C, Multiple primary cancers of separate organ sites: implications for research and cancer control (Australia). Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16:475-81.
34. Dinis-Ribeiro M, Lomba-Viana H, Silva R, et al. Associated primary tumors in patients with gastric cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 34:533-5.
35. Lee WS, Lee JN, Choi S, et al. Multiple primary malignancies involving colorectal cancer-clinical characteristics and prognosis with reference to surveillance, Langenbecks Arch Surg 2010; 395:359-64.
36. Yoon SN, Oh ST, Lim SB, et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics of colorectal cancer patients with synchronous and metachronous gastric cancer, World J Surg. 2010 Jun 8. (Epub ahead of print).
37. Lim SB, Jeong SY, Choi HS, et al. Synchronous gastric cancer in primary sporadic colorectal cancer patients in Korea. Int J Colorectal Dis 2008; 23:61-5.
38. Kaneko S, Yamaguchi N. Epidemiological analysis of site relationships of synchronous and metachronous multiple primary cancers in the National Cancer Center, Japan, 1962-1996, Jpn J Clin Oncol 1999; 29:96-105.
39. Kim HC, Kim CN, Jung CS, et al. Multiple primary malignant neoplasm with colorectal cancer. J Korean Cancer Assoc 1998; 30:668-74.
40. Lee SH, Ahn BK, Baek SU. Multiple primary cancers in extracolonic sites with colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2009; 24:301-4.
41. Warren S, Gates O. Multiple primary malignant tumors: survey of the literature and a statistical study. Am J Cancer 1932; 16:1358-414.
42. Jun DW, Lee OY, Lim HC, et al. Role of computed tomographic colonoscopy of postoperative surveillance in patient with gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:1646-51.
43. Laurent-Puig P, Olschwang S, Delattre O, et al. Survival and acquired genetic alterations in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 1992; 102:1136-41.
44. Shibata D, Reale MA, Lavin P, et al. The DCC protein and prognosis in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1727-32.
45. Sasao S, Hiyama T, Tanaka S, et al. Clinicopathologic and genetic characteristics of gastric cancer in young male and female patients. Oncol Rep 2006; 16:11-5.
46. Isogakl J, Shinmura K, Yin W, et al. Microsatellite Instability and K-ras mutations in gastric adenomas, with reference to associated gastric cancers. Cancer Detect Prev 1999; 23.204-14.
47. Yun HR, YiI WJ, Cho YK, et al. Double primary malignancy in colorectal cancer patients—MSI is the useful marker for predicting double primary tumors, Int J Colorectal Dis 2009; 24:369-75.
48. Rex DK, Kahi CJ, Levin B, et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after cancer resection: a consensus update by the American Cancer Society and US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2006; 56:160-167; quiz 185-6.
49. Lee SK. Kim TI, Shin SJ, et al. Impact of prior abdominal or pelvic surgery on colonoscopy outcomes. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40:711-6.
50. Shah HA. Paszat LF, Saskin R, et al. Factors associated with incomplete colonoscopy: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:2297-303.
51. Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:1570-95.
52. Chaparro M. Gisbert JP. Del Campo L, et al. Accuracy computed tomographic colonography for the detection of polyps and colorectal tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Digestion 2009; 80:1-17.
53. Johnson CD, Chen MH, Toledano AY, et al. Accuracy of CT colonography for detection of large adenomas and cancers. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:1207-17.
54. Pickhardt PJ. CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) for primary colorectal screening: challenges facing clinical implementation. Abdom Imaging 2005; 30:1-4.
55. Mulhall BP, Veerappan GR, Jackson JL. Meta-analysis: computed tomographic colonography. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142:635-50.
56. Sosna J, Morrin MM, Kruskal JB, et al. CT colonography of colorectal polyps: a meta-analysis. Am J Roentgenol 2003; 181:1593-8.
57. Halligan S, Altman DG, Taylor SA, et al. CT colonography in the detection of colorectal polyps and cancer: systematic review, meta-analysis, and proposed minimum data set for study level reporting. Radiology 2005; 237:893-904.
58. Rosman AS, Korsten MA. Meta-analysis comparing CT colonography, air contrast barium enema, and colonoscopy. Am J Med 2007; 120:203-10.
59. Tsai CJ, Lu DK, Small colorectal polyps: histopathology and clinical significance. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90:988-94.
60. An S, Lee KH, Kim YH, et al. Screening CT colonography in an asymptomatic average-risk Asian population: a 2-year experience in a single institution. Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191:W100-W106.
61.Kim DH, Pickhardt PJ, Taylor AJ. Characteristics of advanced adenomas detected at CT colonographic screening: implications for appropriate polyp size thresholds for polypectomy versus surveillance. Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188:940-4.
62. Khuhaprema T, Srivatanakul P, Colon and rectal cancer in Thailand: An overview. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2008; 35:237-43.
2. Ueno M, Muto T, Oya M, et al. Multiple primary cancer: an experience at the Cancer Institute Hospital with special reference to colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2003; 8:162-7.
3. Engeland A, Bj_rge T, Haldorsen T, et al. Use of multiple primary cancers to indicate associations between smoking and cancer incidence: an analysis of 500,000 cancer cases diagnosed in Norway during 1953-93. Int J Cancer 1997; 70:401-7.
4. Watanabe S, Kodama T, Shimosato Y, et al. Multiple primary cancers in 5,456 autopsy cases in the National Cancer Center of Japan. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984; 72:1021-7.
5. Moertel CG. Multiple primary malignant neoplasms. Historical perspective. Cancer 1977; 40:1786-92.
6, Ha TK, An JY, Youn HG, et al. Surgical outcome of synchronous second primary cancer in patients with gastric cancer. Yonsei Med J 2007; 48:981-7.
7. lkeda Y, Saku M, Kawanaka H, et al. Feature of second primary cancer in patients with gastric cancer. Oncology 2003; 65:113-7.
8. Lee JH, Bae JS, Rye KW, et al. Gastric cancer patients at high-risk of having synchronous cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:2588-92.
9. Cheng HY, Chu CH, Chang WH, et al. Clinical analysis of multiple primary malignancies in the digestive system: hospital-based study. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:4215-9.
10. Wu CW, Lo SS, Chen JH, et al. Multiple primary cancers in patients with gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 2006; 53:463-7.
11. Ikeda Y, Mori M, Koyanagi N, et al. Features of early gastric cancer detected by modern diagnostic technique. J Clin Gastroenterol 1998; 27:60-2.
12. Maehara Y, Okuyama T, Moriguchi S, et al. Prophylactic lymph node dissection in patients with advanced gastric cancer promotes increased survival time. Cancer 1992; 70:392-5.
13. Otsuji E, Yamaguchi T, Sawai K, et al. Recent advances in surgical treatment have improved the survival of patients with gastric carcinoma. Cancer 1998; 82:1233-7.
14. Yoshino K, Asanuma F, Hanatani Y, et al. Multiple primary cancers in the stomach and another organ: frequency and the effects on prognosis. J Clin Oncol 1985; 15:183-90.
15. Lim JS, Lee SK, Hyung WJ, et al. CT colonography for postoperative surveillance after curative gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2010 Jul 6. (Epub ahead of print).
16. lkeda Y, Saku M, Kishihara F, et al. Effective follow-up for recurrence or a second primary cancer in patients with early gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2005; 92:235-9.
17. Eom BW, Lee HJ, Yoo MW, et al. Synchronous and metachronous cancers in patients with gastric cancer, J Surg Oncol 2008; 98:106-10.
18. Lundegardh G, Hansson LE, Nyren O, et al. The risk of gastrointestinal and other primary malignant diseases following gastric cancer. Acta Oncol 1991; 30:1-6.
19. Furukawa H, Hiratsuka M, Kiwanaga T, et al. Treatments for second malignancies after gastrectomy for stomach cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 1996; 43:194-8.
20. Dong RZ, ShiYQ, Ye YW, et al. Synchronous or metachronous primary cancers of other organs in 74 patients with gastric cancer. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 2010: 13:125-8.
21. Kim HO, Hwang SI, Yoo CH, et al. Preoperative colonoscopy for patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24:1740-4.
22. Ohtani H, Yashiro M, Onoda N, et al. Synchronous multiple primary gastrointestinal cancer exhibits frequent microsatellite instability. Int J Cancer 2000; 86:678-83.
23. Chung YS, Kato Y, Onoda N, et al. Secondary primary cancer following operation for gastric cancer. Gastrointest Cancer 1997; 7:155-9.
24. Kobayashi Y, Arimoto H, Watanabe S. Occurrence of multiple primary cancer at the National Cancer Center Hospital 1962-1989. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1991; 21:233-51.
25. Tsukuma H, Fujimoto I, Hanai A, et al. Incidence of second primary cancers in Osaka resdidents, Japan, with special reference to cumulative and relative risks. Jpn J Can Res 1994; 85:339-45.
26. Yamamoto S, Yoshimura K, Ri S, et al. The risk of multiple primary malignancies with colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49:S30-S36.
27. Saito S, HosoyaY, Togashi K, et al. Prevalence of synchronous colorectal neoplasms detected by colonoscopy in patients with gastric cancer. Surg Today 2008; 38:20-5.
28. Park DI, Park SH, Yoo TW, et al. The prevalence of colorectal neoplasia in patients with gastric cancer: A Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Disease (KASID) Study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44:102-5.
29. Choe JW, Chang HS, Yang SK, et al. Screening colonoscopy in asymptomatic average-risk Koreans: analysis in relation to age and sex. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:1003-8.
30. Byeon JS, Yang SK, Kim TI et al. Colorectal neoplasm in asymptomatic Asians: a prospective multinational multicenter colonoscopy survey. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 65:1015-22.
31. Oh SY, Park DI, Yoo TW, et al. Is gastric cancer a new indication for surveillance colonoscopy? Colon cancer is increased in gastric cancer patients. Korean J Gastroenterol 2006; 47:191-7.
32. Yoo TW, Park DI, Kim HS, et al. Could gastric cancer be a new indication for surveillance colonoscopy? The KAASID prospective multicenter case-controlled study. Gastroenterology 2006.
33. Heard A, Roder D, Luke C, Multiple primary cancers of separate organ sites: implications for research and cancer control (Australia). Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16:475-81.
34. Dinis-Ribeiro M, Lomba-Viana H, Silva R, et al. Associated primary tumors in patients with gastric cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 34:533-5.
35. Lee WS, Lee JN, Choi S, et al. Multiple primary malignancies involving colorectal cancer-clinical characteristics and prognosis with reference to surveillance, Langenbecks Arch Surg 2010; 395:359-64.
36. Yoon SN, Oh ST, Lim SB, et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics of colorectal cancer patients with synchronous and metachronous gastric cancer, World J Surg. 2010 Jun 8. (Epub ahead of print).
37. Lim SB, Jeong SY, Choi HS, et al. Synchronous gastric cancer in primary sporadic colorectal cancer patients in Korea. Int J Colorectal Dis 2008; 23:61-5.
38. Kaneko S, Yamaguchi N. Epidemiological analysis of site relationships of synchronous and metachronous multiple primary cancers in the National Cancer Center, Japan, 1962-1996, Jpn J Clin Oncol 1999; 29:96-105.
39. Kim HC, Kim CN, Jung CS, et al. Multiple primary malignant neoplasm with colorectal cancer. J Korean Cancer Assoc 1998; 30:668-74.
40. Lee SH, Ahn BK, Baek SU. Multiple primary cancers in extracolonic sites with colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2009; 24:301-4.
41. Warren S, Gates O. Multiple primary malignant tumors: survey of the literature and a statistical study. Am J Cancer 1932; 16:1358-414.
42. Jun DW, Lee OY, Lim HC, et al. Role of computed tomographic colonoscopy of postoperative surveillance in patient with gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:1646-51.
43. Laurent-Puig P, Olschwang S, Delattre O, et al. Survival and acquired genetic alterations in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 1992; 102:1136-41.
44. Shibata D, Reale MA, Lavin P, et al. The DCC protein and prognosis in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1727-32.
45. Sasao S, Hiyama T, Tanaka S, et al. Clinicopathologic and genetic characteristics of gastric cancer in young male and female patients. Oncol Rep 2006; 16:11-5.
46. Isogakl J, Shinmura K, Yin W, et al. Microsatellite Instability and K-ras mutations in gastric adenomas, with reference to associated gastric cancers. Cancer Detect Prev 1999; 23.204-14.
47. Yun HR, YiI WJ, Cho YK, et al. Double primary malignancy in colorectal cancer patients—MSI is the useful marker for predicting double primary tumors, Int J Colorectal Dis 2009; 24:369-75.
48. Rex DK, Kahi CJ, Levin B, et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after cancer resection: a consensus update by the American Cancer Society and US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2006; 56:160-167; quiz 185-6.
49. Lee SK. Kim TI, Shin SJ, et al. Impact of prior abdominal or pelvic surgery on colonoscopy outcomes. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40:711-6.
50. Shah HA. Paszat LF, Saskin R, et al. Factors associated with incomplete colonoscopy: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:2297-303.
51. Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:1570-95.
52. Chaparro M. Gisbert JP. Del Campo L, et al. Accuracy computed tomographic colonography for the detection of polyps and colorectal tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Digestion 2009; 80:1-17.
53. Johnson CD, Chen MH, Toledano AY, et al. Accuracy of CT colonography for detection of large adenomas and cancers. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:1207-17.
54. Pickhardt PJ. CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) for primary colorectal screening: challenges facing clinical implementation. Abdom Imaging 2005; 30:1-4.
55. Mulhall BP, Veerappan GR, Jackson JL. Meta-analysis: computed tomographic colonography. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142:635-50.
56. Sosna J, Morrin MM, Kruskal JB, et al. CT colonography of colorectal polyps: a meta-analysis. Am J Roentgenol 2003; 181:1593-8.
57. Halligan S, Altman DG, Taylor SA, et al. CT colonography in the detection of colorectal polyps and cancer: systematic review, meta-analysis, and proposed minimum data set for study level reporting. Radiology 2005; 237:893-904.
58. Rosman AS, Korsten MA. Meta-analysis comparing CT colonography, air contrast barium enema, and colonoscopy. Am J Med 2007; 120:203-10.
59. Tsai CJ, Lu DK, Small colorectal polyps: histopathology and clinical significance. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90:988-94.
60. An S, Lee KH, Kim YH, et al. Screening CT colonography in an asymptomatic average-risk Asian population: a 2-year experience in a single institution. Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191:W100-W106.
61.Kim DH, Pickhardt PJ, Taylor AJ. Characteristics of advanced adenomas detected at CT colonographic screening: implications for appropriate polyp size thresholds for polypectomy versus surveillance. Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188:940-4.
62. Khuhaprema T, Srivatanakul P, Colon and rectal cancer in Thailand: An overview. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2008; 35:237-43.
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2011-03-31
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Euanorasetr C, Suwanthanma W. Metachronous Second Primary Colorectal Cancer in Patients with Gastric Cancer: Two Cases Report and Literature Review. Thai J Surg [Internet]. 2011 Mar. 31 [cited 2024 Apr. 20];32(1):35-40. Available from: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ThaiJSurg/article/view/249033
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