Brain Swelling and Brain Edema
Keywords:
Brain swelling, Brain edemaAbstract
Is the term “brain swelling” used to describe the increase in brain bulk or is it traditionally reserved for intracellular distension by hyperhydration of brain parenchyma? If the latter is true should it be synonymous with intracellular type of brain edema or should the term “brain edema” be reserved only for extracellular distension by hyperhydration in brain parenchyma?
References
1. Calsen, RA, Pandolfi, S, and Casey, D: Furosemide and Pentobarbital in Cryogenic Cerebral Injury and Edema, Neurology 24:642-648, 1974.
2. French, LA, Galicich, JH: The Use of Steroids for Control of Cerebral Edema. Clin Neurosurg 10, 212-223, 1966.
3. Schurmann, K, Reulen, HI, Hadjidimos, A: The Influence of Dexamethasone and Diuretics on Perifocal Cerebral Edema in Brain Tumors. J Neurosurg Sci 17:68, 1973.
4. Wilkinson, HA, Wepsic, HG, Austin, G: Diuretic Synergy in the Treatment of Acute Experimental Cerebral Edema. J Neurosurg 34:203-208, 1971.
5. Weinsteins, JD, Toy, FJ, Jaffee, ME, et al.: The Effect of Dexamethasone on Brain Edema in Patients with Metastasis Brain tumors. Neurology 23:122-129, 1973.
6.Michenfelder, JD, Gronert, GA, Rehder, K: Neuroanesthesia. Anesthesiology 30:65-100, 1968.
7. Matson, DD: Treatment of Cerebral Swelling. New Engl J Med 272:626, 1965.
8. Rasmussen, T, and Gulati, DR: Cortisone in the Treatment of Postoperative Cerebral Edema. J Neurosurg 19:535, 1962.
9. Shenkin, HA, Goluboff, B, and Haft, H: The Use of Mannitol for the Reduction of Intracranial Pressure in Intracranial Surgery. J Neurosurg 19:897, 1962.
10. Stern, WE, Abbott, ML, Cheseboro, BW: A Study of the Role of Osmotic Gradients in Experimental Cerebral Edemas. J Neurosurg 24:57, 1966.
11. McComish, PB, Bodley, PO: Osmotic dehydration. Anesthesia for Neurological Surgery, P 117-127. Lloyd-luke (Medical books) Ltd, London 1971.
12. Fox, JL, Falik, JL, Shaldoub, RJ: Neurosurgical Hyponatremia: The Role of Inappropriate Antidiuresis. J Neurosurg 34:506-514, 1971.
13. Reulen, HJ: Vasogenic brain oedema. New Aspects in its formation, Resolution and Therapy. Br J Anaesth 48:741-752, 1976.
14. Fox, JL: Development of Recent Thought on Intracranial Pressure and the Blood - Brain - Barrier. J Neurosurg 21, 909- 967, 1964.
15. Greenfield, JG: The Problem of Cerebral Oedema in Neuro-surgery (disc.). Proc Rot Soc Med 40:695, 1947.
16. Stewart-Wallace, AM: The Physico-chemical Investigation of Cerebral Oedema. Proc Roy Soc Med 40:697, 1947.
17. Mc Comish, PB, Bodley, PO: The Intracranial Contents. Anesthesia for Neurological Surgery p. 29-37, Lloydluke (Medical books) Ltd. London 1971.
18. Fishman, RA: Brain Edema. New Engl J Med 293:706-711, 1975.
19. Klatzo, I, Seitelberger, F: Brain Edema. Springer Verlag. 1967.
20. Klatzo, I: Neuropathological Aspects of Brain Edema. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 26:1-14, 1967.
21. Schutta, HS, Kassell, NF, Langfitt, TW: Brain Swelling Produced by Injury and Aggravated by Arterial Hypertension. A Light and Electron Microscopic Study. Brain 91:281-294, 1968.
22. Marshall, WJS, Jackson, JLF, Langfitt, TW: Brain Swelling Caused by Trauma and Arterial Hypertension. Arch Neurol 21:545-553, 1969.
23. Stern, WE, Coxon, RV: Osmolality of Brain Tissue and Its Relation to Brain Bulk. Am J Physiol 26:1-7, 1964.
24. Minig, G, Reulen, HJ, Magawly, C: Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure in Global Brain Edema induced by Water Intoxication. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wein) 29:1-13, 1973.
25. Miller, JD: The Management of Cerebral Oedema. Br J Hosp Med 21 (2):152,154, 161, 1979.
26. Bourke, RS, Kimelberg, HF, West, CR, Bremer, AM: The Effects of HCO3 on the Swelling and Ion Uptake of Monkey Cerebral Cortex under Conditions of Raised Extracellular Potassium. J Neurochem 25 (3):323-8, 1975.
27. Spetzler, RF, Wilson, CB, Weinstein, P, Mehdorn, M, Townsend, J, Telles, D: Normal Perfusion Pressure Breakthrough Theory. Clinical Neurosurgery. Baltimore, The Williams & Wilkins Company. Vol 25, p.651-672, 1978.
28. Ivanov, SD, Waddy, FF, Jennings, AMC: Study of Carbondioxide Tensions During Halothane Anaesthesia Using the Magill Circuit. Br J Anaesth 39,876, 1967.
29. Shapiro, HM: Intracranial Hypertension. Anaesthesiology 43:445-471, 1975.
30. Harper, AM: Physiology of Cerebral Blood Flow. Br J Anaesth 37,225, 1965.
31. Reivich, M: Arterial pCO2 and Cerebral Hemodynamics, Am J Physiol 206:25, 1964.
32. Cohen, PJ, Reivich, M, Greenbaum, L: The Electroencephalogram of Awake Man During Hyperventilation: Effect of Oxygen at Three Atmosphere (absolute) Pressure. Anesthesiology 17:211, 1966.
33. Bakay, L, Haque, IU: Morphological and Chemical Studies in Cerebral Edema. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 23, 393, 1964.
34. Clasen, RA, Sky-Peck, H, Pandolfi, S, Laing, I, Hass, G: The Chemistry of Isolated Edema Fluid in Experimental Cerebral Injury, in Brain Edema, p 536 Wien, New York: Springer 1976.
35. Reulen, HJ, Medzihradsky, F, Enzenbach, R, Marguth, F, Brendek, W: Electrolytes, Fluids and Energy Metabolism in Cerebral Edema in Man. Arch Neurol 21:517, 1969.
36. Fenske, A, Samii, M, Reulen, HJ, Hey, O: Extracellular Space and Electrolyte Distribution in Cortex and White Matter of Dog Brain in Cold Induced Oedema. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 28:81, 1973.
37. Reese, TS, Karnovsky, MJ: Fine Structural Localization of a Blood Brain Barrier to Exogenous Peroxidase. J Cell Biol 34:207, 1067.
38. Hirano, A, Becker, NH, Zimmermann, HM: Pathological Alteration in Cerebral Endothelial Cell Barrier to Peroxidase. Arch Neurol 20:300, 1969.
39. Brightman, MW, Klatzo, I, Olsson, Y, Reese, TS: The Blood Brain Barrier Proteins Under Normal and Pathological Conditions. J Neurol Sci 10:215, 1970.
40. Hossmann, KH: Morphological Substrate of the BBB in Human Brain Tumors, in Brain Edema, p. 249. Wien: Springer, 1965.
41. Long, DM: Capillary Ultrastructure and the Blood Brain Barrier in Human Malignant Brain Tumors. J Neurosurg 32:127, 1970.
42. Blakemore, WF: The Fate of Escaped Plasma Protein Thermal Necrosis of the Rat Brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 28:139, 1969.
43. Baker, RN, Camcilla, PA, Pollock, PS, Frommes, SP: The Movement of Exogenous Protein in Experimental Cerebral Edema. An Electron Microscopic Study After Freeze-injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 30:668, 1971.
44. Clasen, RA, Pandolfi, S, Laiag, I, Casey, D: Experimental Study of Relation of Fever to Cerebral Edema. J Neurosurg 41:576, 1974.
45. McComish, PB, Bodley, PO: Ventilation and Anesthetic Breathing System. Anesthesia for Neurological Surgery, p 53-71, Lloyd. Luke (Medical books) Ltd, London 1971.
46. Gilbert, RGB, Brindle, GF, Galindo, A: Physiological Aspects of Hyperventilation. Anesthesia for Neurosurgery, p.95-104, Little, Brown and Company, Boston 1966.
47. Plum, F: Hyperpnea, Hyperventilation and Brain Dysfunction. Ann Intern Med 76:328, 1972.
48. Long, DM, Hartmann, JF, French, LA: The Response of Human Cerebral Edema to Glucosteriod Administration. Neurology 16:521-528, 1966.
49. Martins, AN, Ramirez, A, Soloman, LS, Weire, GM: The Effect of Dexamethasone on the Rate of Formation of Cerebrospinal Fluid in the Monkey. J Neurosurg 41, 550-554, 1974.
50. Weiss, MH, Nulsen, FE: The Effect of Glucocorticoid on CSF Flow in dog. J Neurosurg 32:45 2-458, 1970.
51. Newkirk, TA, Tourtellotte, WW, Reinglass, JL: Prolonged Control of Increased Intracranial Pressure with Glycerin. Arch Neurol 27:95-96, 1972.
52. Buckell, M, Walsh, L: Effect of Glycerol by Mouth on Intracrenial Pressure in Man. Lancet 2:1151-1152, 1964.
53. Tourtellotte, WW, Reinglass, JL, Newkirk, TA: The Cerebral Dehydration Action of Glycerol: Historical Aspects with Emphasis on the Toxicity and the Intravenous Use. Clin Pharmacol Ther 13:159-175, 1972.
54. Meyer, JS, Charney, JZ, Rivera, VM, et al.: Treatment with Glycerol of Cerebral Edema Due to Acute Cerebral Infarction. Lancet 2:993-997, 1971.
55. Mathew, NT, Meyer, IS, Rivera, VM: Double Blind Evaluation of Glycerol Therapy in Acute Cerebral Infarction. Lancet 2:1327-1329, 1972.
56. Cantore, GP, Guidetti, B, Virno, M: Oral Glycerol for the Reduction of Intracranial Pressure. J Neurosurg 21:278-283, 1965.
57. Reinglass, JL: Dose Response Curve of Intravenous Glycerol in the Treatment of Cerebral Edema Due to Trauma. Neurology 24:743-747, 1974.
2. French, LA, Galicich, JH: The Use of Steroids for Control of Cerebral Edema. Clin Neurosurg 10, 212-223, 1966.
3. Schurmann, K, Reulen, HI, Hadjidimos, A: The Influence of Dexamethasone and Diuretics on Perifocal Cerebral Edema in Brain Tumors. J Neurosurg Sci 17:68, 1973.
4. Wilkinson, HA, Wepsic, HG, Austin, G: Diuretic Synergy in the Treatment of Acute Experimental Cerebral Edema. J Neurosurg 34:203-208, 1971.
5. Weinsteins, JD, Toy, FJ, Jaffee, ME, et al.: The Effect of Dexamethasone on Brain Edema in Patients with Metastasis Brain tumors. Neurology 23:122-129, 1973.
6.Michenfelder, JD, Gronert, GA, Rehder, K: Neuroanesthesia. Anesthesiology 30:65-100, 1968.
7. Matson, DD: Treatment of Cerebral Swelling. New Engl J Med 272:626, 1965.
8. Rasmussen, T, and Gulati, DR: Cortisone in the Treatment of Postoperative Cerebral Edema. J Neurosurg 19:535, 1962.
9. Shenkin, HA, Goluboff, B, and Haft, H: The Use of Mannitol for the Reduction of Intracranial Pressure in Intracranial Surgery. J Neurosurg 19:897, 1962.
10. Stern, WE, Abbott, ML, Cheseboro, BW: A Study of the Role of Osmotic Gradients in Experimental Cerebral Edemas. J Neurosurg 24:57, 1966.
11. McComish, PB, Bodley, PO: Osmotic dehydration. Anesthesia for Neurological Surgery, P 117-127. Lloyd-luke (Medical books) Ltd, London 1971.
12. Fox, JL, Falik, JL, Shaldoub, RJ: Neurosurgical Hyponatremia: The Role of Inappropriate Antidiuresis. J Neurosurg 34:506-514, 1971.
13. Reulen, HJ: Vasogenic brain oedema. New Aspects in its formation, Resolution and Therapy. Br J Anaesth 48:741-752, 1976.
14. Fox, JL: Development of Recent Thought on Intracranial Pressure and the Blood - Brain - Barrier. J Neurosurg 21, 909- 967, 1964.
15. Greenfield, JG: The Problem of Cerebral Oedema in Neuro-surgery (disc.). Proc Rot Soc Med 40:695, 1947.
16. Stewart-Wallace, AM: The Physico-chemical Investigation of Cerebral Oedema. Proc Roy Soc Med 40:697, 1947.
17. Mc Comish, PB, Bodley, PO: The Intracranial Contents. Anesthesia for Neurological Surgery p. 29-37, Lloydluke (Medical books) Ltd. London 1971.
18. Fishman, RA: Brain Edema. New Engl J Med 293:706-711, 1975.
19. Klatzo, I, Seitelberger, F: Brain Edema. Springer Verlag. 1967.
20. Klatzo, I: Neuropathological Aspects of Brain Edema. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 26:1-14, 1967.
21. Schutta, HS, Kassell, NF, Langfitt, TW: Brain Swelling Produced by Injury and Aggravated by Arterial Hypertension. A Light and Electron Microscopic Study. Brain 91:281-294, 1968.
22. Marshall, WJS, Jackson, JLF, Langfitt, TW: Brain Swelling Caused by Trauma and Arterial Hypertension. Arch Neurol 21:545-553, 1969.
23. Stern, WE, Coxon, RV: Osmolality of Brain Tissue and Its Relation to Brain Bulk. Am J Physiol 26:1-7, 1964.
24. Minig, G, Reulen, HJ, Magawly, C: Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure in Global Brain Edema induced by Water Intoxication. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wein) 29:1-13, 1973.
25. Miller, JD: The Management of Cerebral Oedema. Br J Hosp Med 21 (2):152,154, 161, 1979.
26. Bourke, RS, Kimelberg, HF, West, CR, Bremer, AM: The Effects of HCO3 on the Swelling and Ion Uptake of Monkey Cerebral Cortex under Conditions of Raised Extracellular Potassium. J Neurochem 25 (3):323-8, 1975.
27. Spetzler, RF, Wilson, CB, Weinstein, P, Mehdorn, M, Townsend, J, Telles, D: Normal Perfusion Pressure Breakthrough Theory. Clinical Neurosurgery. Baltimore, The Williams & Wilkins Company. Vol 25, p.651-672, 1978.
28. Ivanov, SD, Waddy, FF, Jennings, AMC: Study of Carbondioxide Tensions During Halothane Anaesthesia Using the Magill Circuit. Br J Anaesth 39,876, 1967.
29. Shapiro, HM: Intracranial Hypertension. Anaesthesiology 43:445-471, 1975.
30. Harper, AM: Physiology of Cerebral Blood Flow. Br J Anaesth 37,225, 1965.
31. Reivich, M: Arterial pCO2 and Cerebral Hemodynamics, Am J Physiol 206:25, 1964.
32. Cohen, PJ, Reivich, M, Greenbaum, L: The Electroencephalogram of Awake Man During Hyperventilation: Effect of Oxygen at Three Atmosphere (absolute) Pressure. Anesthesiology 17:211, 1966.
33. Bakay, L, Haque, IU: Morphological and Chemical Studies in Cerebral Edema. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 23, 393, 1964.
34. Clasen, RA, Sky-Peck, H, Pandolfi, S, Laing, I, Hass, G: The Chemistry of Isolated Edema Fluid in Experimental Cerebral Injury, in Brain Edema, p 536 Wien, New York: Springer 1976.
35. Reulen, HJ, Medzihradsky, F, Enzenbach, R, Marguth, F, Brendek, W: Electrolytes, Fluids and Energy Metabolism in Cerebral Edema in Man. Arch Neurol 21:517, 1969.
36. Fenske, A, Samii, M, Reulen, HJ, Hey, O: Extracellular Space and Electrolyte Distribution in Cortex and White Matter of Dog Brain in Cold Induced Oedema. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 28:81, 1973.
37. Reese, TS, Karnovsky, MJ: Fine Structural Localization of a Blood Brain Barrier to Exogenous Peroxidase. J Cell Biol 34:207, 1067.
38. Hirano, A, Becker, NH, Zimmermann, HM: Pathological Alteration in Cerebral Endothelial Cell Barrier to Peroxidase. Arch Neurol 20:300, 1969.
39. Brightman, MW, Klatzo, I, Olsson, Y, Reese, TS: The Blood Brain Barrier Proteins Under Normal and Pathological Conditions. J Neurol Sci 10:215, 1970.
40. Hossmann, KH: Morphological Substrate of the BBB in Human Brain Tumors, in Brain Edema, p. 249. Wien: Springer, 1965.
41. Long, DM: Capillary Ultrastructure and the Blood Brain Barrier in Human Malignant Brain Tumors. J Neurosurg 32:127, 1970.
42. Blakemore, WF: The Fate of Escaped Plasma Protein Thermal Necrosis of the Rat Brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 28:139, 1969.
43. Baker, RN, Camcilla, PA, Pollock, PS, Frommes, SP: The Movement of Exogenous Protein in Experimental Cerebral Edema. An Electron Microscopic Study After Freeze-injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 30:668, 1971.
44. Clasen, RA, Pandolfi, S, Laiag, I, Casey, D: Experimental Study of Relation of Fever to Cerebral Edema. J Neurosurg 41:576, 1974.
45. McComish, PB, Bodley, PO: Ventilation and Anesthetic Breathing System. Anesthesia for Neurological Surgery, p 53-71, Lloyd. Luke (Medical books) Ltd, London 1971.
46. Gilbert, RGB, Brindle, GF, Galindo, A: Physiological Aspects of Hyperventilation. Anesthesia for Neurosurgery, p.95-104, Little, Brown and Company, Boston 1966.
47. Plum, F: Hyperpnea, Hyperventilation and Brain Dysfunction. Ann Intern Med 76:328, 1972.
48. Long, DM, Hartmann, JF, French, LA: The Response of Human Cerebral Edema to Glucosteriod Administration. Neurology 16:521-528, 1966.
49. Martins, AN, Ramirez, A, Soloman, LS, Weire, GM: The Effect of Dexamethasone on the Rate of Formation of Cerebrospinal Fluid in the Monkey. J Neurosurg 41, 550-554, 1974.
50. Weiss, MH, Nulsen, FE: The Effect of Glucocorticoid on CSF Flow in dog. J Neurosurg 32:45 2-458, 1970.
51. Newkirk, TA, Tourtellotte, WW, Reinglass, JL: Prolonged Control of Increased Intracranial Pressure with Glycerin. Arch Neurol 27:95-96, 1972.
52. Buckell, M, Walsh, L: Effect of Glycerol by Mouth on Intracrenial Pressure in Man. Lancet 2:1151-1152, 1964.
53. Tourtellotte, WW, Reinglass, JL, Newkirk, TA: The Cerebral Dehydration Action of Glycerol: Historical Aspects with Emphasis on the Toxicity and the Intravenous Use. Clin Pharmacol Ther 13:159-175, 1972.
54. Meyer, JS, Charney, JZ, Rivera, VM, et al.: Treatment with Glycerol of Cerebral Edema Due to Acute Cerebral Infarction. Lancet 2:993-997, 1971.
55. Mathew, NT, Meyer, IS, Rivera, VM: Double Blind Evaluation of Glycerol Therapy in Acute Cerebral Infarction. Lancet 2:1327-1329, 1972.
56. Cantore, GP, Guidetti, B, Virno, M: Oral Glycerol for the Reduction of Intracranial Pressure. J Neurosurg 21:278-283, 1965.
57. Reinglass, JL: Dose Response Curve of Intravenous Glycerol in the Treatment of Cerebral Edema Due to Trauma. Neurology 24:743-747, 1974.
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1980-09-30
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Bunyaratavej S, Pausawasdi S. Brain Swelling and Brain Edema. Thai J Surg [Internet]. 1980 Sep. 30 [cited 2024 Dec. 24];1(3):65-72. Available from: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ThaiJSurg/article/view/249359
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