Is Prostate Specific Antigen Still The Best Tumor Marker for Prostate?
Abstract
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) has been clinically utilized in prostate cancer for more than a decade. Because of the overwhelming benefit of PSA, the previous markers for prostate cancer were abandoned. Even though PSA is not organ specific agent, but importantly, its function as an organ specific remains in all clinical situations. PSA significantly involves not only in screening for early detection but also in all clinical spectrums of prostate cancer. Never before had the tumor marker played such a significant role in all purposes of clinical utilizations for prostate cancer as same as PSA did. The answer to the tile of this article is absolutely positive, Nevertheless, the question that whether PSA has an impact in decreasing the mortality rate of patients with prostate cancer is yet to be answered. In Siriraj Hospital, though PSA has been available since 1991, the majority of patients registered with the advanced stage of disease and their treatment outcomes are still not satisfactory. Since the prognoses of patients with an early stage of disease appear excellent, to improve the mortality of Thai patients with prostate cancer, screening with PSA for early detection should be introduced and widely used.
References
1. Soontrapa S, Tantiwong A, Panawattanckul S,et al. Prostatic carcinoma at Siriraj Hospital. Siriraj Hosp Gaz 1997; 49:107-13
2. Leewangsagtong S, Tantiwong A. Prostatic tumors markers in BPH and prostate cancer. Siriraj Hosp Gaz 1997; 49:1-9.
3. Hara M. Koyanagi Y, Inoue T, Fukuyama T. Some physicochemical characteristics of seminoprotein, an antigenic component specific for human seminal plasma. Forensic immunological study of body fluids and secretion. Jap J Legal Med 1971; 25:322-4.
4. Lundwall A, Lilja H. Molecular cloning of human prostate specific antigen cDNA. FEBS Letters 1987; 214:317-22.
5. Belanger A, van Halbeek H, Graves HC et al. Molecular mass and carbohydrate structure of prostate specific antigen studies for establishment of an international PSA standard. Prostate 1995;27:187-97.
6. Riegman PH, Vlietstra RJ, Suurmeijer L, Cleutjens CB, Trapman J. Characterization of the human kallikrein locus. Genomics 1992; 14:6-11.
7. Wang MC, Papsidero LD, Kuriyama M, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP, Chu TM. Prostate antigen: a new potential marker for prostatic cancer. Prostate 1981; 2:89-96.
8. Lilja H, Oldbring J, Rannevik G, Laurell CB. Seminal vesicle-secreted proteins and their reactions during gelation and liquefaction of human semen. J Clin Invest 1987: 80:281-5
9. Cohen P, Graves HC, Peehl DM, Kamarei M, Giudice LC, Rosenfeld RG. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease found in seminal plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992: 75:1046-53.
10. McCormack RT, Rittenhouse HG, Finlay JA, et al. Molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen and the human kallikrein gene family; a new era. Urology 1995; 45:729-44.
11. Van Duijnhoven HL, Pequeriaux NC, van Zon JP , Blankenstein MA, Large discrepancy between prostate-specific antigen results from different assays during longitudinal follow-up of a prostate cancer patient. Clin Chem 1996; 42:637-41.
12. Lilja H. Significance of different molecular forms of serum PSA. The free, noncomplexed form of PSA versus that complexed to alpha 1-antichymotrypsin. Urol Clin North Am 1993; 20:681-6.
13. Leewansangtong S, Goktas S, Lepoff R, Holthausk, Crawford ED. Comparability of serum prostate-specific antigen measurement between the Hybritech Tandem-R and Abbott Axsym assays. Urology 1998; 52:467-9.
14. Turkes A, Not JP, Griffiths K. Prostate-specific antigen; problems in analysis. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27:650-2.
15. Brawer MK, Lange PH. Prostate specific antigen: its role in early detection, staging and monitoring of prostatic carcinoma. J Endourol 1989: 3:227-36.
16. Flanigan RC, Catalona WJ, Richie JP, et al. Accuracy of digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography in localizing prostate cancer. J Urol 1994; 152:1506-9.
17. Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, McNeal JE, Freiha FS, Redwine E. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. N Engl J Med 1987: 317:909-16.
18. Catalona WJ, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, et al. Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer; results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men. J Urol 1994; 151:1283-90.
19. Crawford ED, DeAntoni EP, Etzioni R, Schaefer VC, Olson RM. Ross CA. Serum prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination for early detection of prostate cancer in a national community-based program. The Prostate Cancer Education Council. Urology 1996; 47:863-9.
20. Leewansangtong S, Crawford ED, Gordon SG, et al. Longitudinal follow up from prostate cancer Awareness Week (PCAW): screening interval. J Urol 1998; 5(Suppl):177, abstract 680.
21. Landis SH, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA, Cancer statistics, 1998. Ca Cancer J Clin 1998; 48:6-29.
22. Stamey TA, Kabalin JN, McNeal JE, et al. Prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis and treatment of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Il. Radical prostatectomy treated patients. J Urol 1989; 141:1076-83.
23. Seaman E, Whang M, Olsson CA, Katz A, Cooner WH, Benson MC, PSA density (PSAD). Role in patient evaluation and management. Urol Clin North Am 1993; 20:653-63.
24. Brawer MK, Aramburu EA, Chen GL, Preston SD, Ellis WJ. The inability of prostate specific antigen index to enhance the predictive value of prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 1995; 150:369-73.
25. Ohori M, Dunn JK, Scardino PT. Is prostate-specific antigen density more useful than prostate-specific antigen levels in the diagnosis of prostate cancer? Urology 1995; 46:666-71.
26. Catalona WJ, Richie JP, deKernion JB, et al. Comparison of prostate specific antigen concentration versus prostate specific antigen density in the early detection of prostate cancer: receiver operating characteristic curves. J Urol 1994;152:2031-6.
27. Bunting PS. A guide to the interpretation of serum prostate specific antigen levels. Clin Biochem 1995; 28:221-41.
28. Sokoll LJ, Chan DW. Prostate-specific antigen. Its discovery and biochemical characteristics. Urol Clin North Am 1997;24:253-9.
29. Crawford ED, Schutz MJ, Clejan S, et al. The effect of digital rectal examination on prostate-specific antigen levels. JAMA 1992: 267:2227-8.
30. Smith DS, Catalona WJ. Rate of change in serum prostate specific antigen levels as a method for prostate cancer detection. J Urol 1994; 152:1163-7.
31. Carter HB, Pearson JD, Metter EJ, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease. JAMA 1992; 267 :2215-20.
32. Kadmon D,Weinberg AD, Williams RH ,pavlik VN, Cooper P, Migliore PJ. Pitfalls in interpreting prostate specific antigen velocity. J Urol 1996; 155:1655-7.
33. Oesterling JE, Jacobsen SJ, Chute CG, et al. Serum prostate-specific antigen in a community-based population of healthy men. Establishment of age-specific reference ranges. JAMA 1993;270:860-4.
34. DeAntoni EP, Crawford ED, Oesterling JE, et al. Age-and race-specific reference ranges for prostate-specific antigen from a large community-based study. Urology 1996;48:234-9.
35. Catalona WJ, Hudson MA, Scardino PT, et al. Selection of optimal prostate specific antigen cutoffs for early detection of prostate cancer: receiver operating characteristic curves. J Urol 1994: 152:2037-42.
36. Crawford ED, Leewansangtong S, Goktas S, Holthaus K, Baier M, The efficiency of prostate specific antigen and digital rectal examination in screening using 4.0 ng/ml and age specific reference range as a cutoff for abnormal PSA. Prostate 1998 (in press).
37. Woodrum DL, Brawer MK, Partin AW, Catalona WJ, Southwick PC. Interpretation of free prostate specific antigen clinical research studies for the detection of prostate cancer. J Urol 1998; 159:5-12.
38. Lange PH. Prostate-specific for staging prior to surgery and for early detection of recurrence after surgery, Urol Clin North Am 1990; 17:813-7.
39. Oesterling JE, Martin SK, Bergstralh EJ, Lower FC, The use of prostate-specific antigen in staging patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. JAMA 1993;269:57-60.
40. Lange PH. Prostate-specific antigen for staging prior to surgery and for early detection of recurrence after surgery. Urol Clin North Am 1990: 17:813-7.
41. Partin AW, YooJ, Carter HB, et al. The use of prostate specific antigen, clinical stage and Gleason score to predict pathological stage in men with localized prostate cancer. J Urol 1993; 150:110-4.
42. Wood DP Jr, Banks ER, Humphreys S, McRoberts JW, Rangnekar VM. Identification of bone marrow micrometastases in patients with prostate cancer. Cancer 1994;74:2533-40.
43. Olsson Ca, de Vries GM, Buttyan R, Katz AE. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays for prostate cancer. Urol Clin North Am 1997; 24:367-78,
44. Verkaik NS, Schroder FH, Romijn JC. Clinical usefulness of RT-PCR detection of hematogenous prostate cancer spread, Urol Res 1997: 25:373-84.
45. Vicini FA, Horwitz EM, Gonzalez J, Martinez AA. Treatment options for localized prostate cancer based on pretreatment serum prostate specific antigen levels. J Urol 1997;158:319-25.
46. Bauer JJ, Bauer JJ, Connelly RR, et al. Biostatistical modeling using traditional variables and genetic biomarkers for predicting the risk of prostate carcinoma recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Cancer 1997;79:952-62.
47. Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, McNeal JE, Freiha FS, Redwine E. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocaarcinoma of the prostate. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:909-16.
48. Nadler RB, Andriole GL. Who is best benefited by radical prostatectomy? Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1996; 10:58 1-93.
49. Ritter MA, Messing EM, Shanahan TG, Potts S, Chappell RJ, Kinsella TJ. Prostate specific antigen as a predictor of radiotherapy response and patterns of failure in localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10:1208-17.
50. Lillis P, Thompson IM Jr. Should asymptomatic progression following definitive local treatment for prostate cancer be treated? Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1996; 10:703-12.
51. Crawford ED, Blumenstein BA, Proposed substages for metastatic prostate cancer. Urology 1997: 50: 1027.
52. Lilja H. structure, function, and regulation of the enzyme activity of prostate-specific antigen. World J Urol 1993;11:188-91.
53. Schedlich LJ, Bennetts BH, Morris BJ, Primary structure of a human glandular kallikrein gene, DNA 1987; 6:429-37.
54. Young CY, Seay T, Hogen K, et al. Prostate-specific human kallikrein (hK2) as a novel marker for prostate cancer. Prostate 1996; 7(suppl): 17-24.
2. Leewangsagtong S, Tantiwong A. Prostatic tumors markers in BPH and prostate cancer. Siriraj Hosp Gaz 1997; 49:1-9.
3. Hara M. Koyanagi Y, Inoue T, Fukuyama T. Some physicochemical characteristics of seminoprotein, an antigenic component specific for human seminal plasma. Forensic immunological study of body fluids and secretion. Jap J Legal Med 1971; 25:322-4.
4. Lundwall A, Lilja H. Molecular cloning of human prostate specific antigen cDNA. FEBS Letters 1987; 214:317-22.
5. Belanger A, van Halbeek H, Graves HC et al. Molecular mass and carbohydrate structure of prostate specific antigen studies for establishment of an international PSA standard. Prostate 1995;27:187-97.
6. Riegman PH, Vlietstra RJ, Suurmeijer L, Cleutjens CB, Trapman J. Characterization of the human kallikrein locus. Genomics 1992; 14:6-11.
7. Wang MC, Papsidero LD, Kuriyama M, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP, Chu TM. Prostate antigen: a new potential marker for prostatic cancer. Prostate 1981; 2:89-96.
8. Lilja H, Oldbring J, Rannevik G, Laurell CB. Seminal vesicle-secreted proteins and their reactions during gelation and liquefaction of human semen. J Clin Invest 1987: 80:281-5
9. Cohen P, Graves HC, Peehl DM, Kamarei M, Giudice LC, Rosenfeld RG. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease found in seminal plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992: 75:1046-53.
10. McCormack RT, Rittenhouse HG, Finlay JA, et al. Molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen and the human kallikrein gene family; a new era. Urology 1995; 45:729-44.
11. Van Duijnhoven HL, Pequeriaux NC, van Zon JP , Blankenstein MA, Large discrepancy between prostate-specific antigen results from different assays during longitudinal follow-up of a prostate cancer patient. Clin Chem 1996; 42:637-41.
12. Lilja H. Significance of different molecular forms of serum PSA. The free, noncomplexed form of PSA versus that complexed to alpha 1-antichymotrypsin. Urol Clin North Am 1993; 20:681-6.
13. Leewansangtong S, Goktas S, Lepoff R, Holthausk, Crawford ED. Comparability of serum prostate-specific antigen measurement between the Hybritech Tandem-R and Abbott Axsym assays. Urology 1998; 52:467-9.
14. Turkes A, Not JP, Griffiths K. Prostate-specific antigen; problems in analysis. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27:650-2.
15. Brawer MK, Lange PH. Prostate specific antigen: its role in early detection, staging and monitoring of prostatic carcinoma. J Endourol 1989: 3:227-36.
16. Flanigan RC, Catalona WJ, Richie JP, et al. Accuracy of digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography in localizing prostate cancer. J Urol 1994; 152:1506-9.
17. Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, McNeal JE, Freiha FS, Redwine E. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. N Engl J Med 1987: 317:909-16.
18. Catalona WJ, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, et al. Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer; results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men. J Urol 1994; 151:1283-90.
19. Crawford ED, DeAntoni EP, Etzioni R, Schaefer VC, Olson RM. Ross CA. Serum prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination for early detection of prostate cancer in a national community-based program. The Prostate Cancer Education Council. Urology 1996; 47:863-9.
20. Leewansangtong S, Crawford ED, Gordon SG, et al. Longitudinal follow up from prostate cancer Awareness Week (PCAW): screening interval. J Urol 1998; 5(Suppl):177, abstract 680.
21. Landis SH, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA, Cancer statistics, 1998. Ca Cancer J Clin 1998; 48:6-29.
22. Stamey TA, Kabalin JN, McNeal JE, et al. Prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis and treatment of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Il. Radical prostatectomy treated patients. J Urol 1989; 141:1076-83.
23. Seaman E, Whang M, Olsson CA, Katz A, Cooner WH, Benson MC, PSA density (PSAD). Role in patient evaluation and management. Urol Clin North Am 1993; 20:653-63.
24. Brawer MK, Aramburu EA, Chen GL, Preston SD, Ellis WJ. The inability of prostate specific antigen index to enhance the predictive value of prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 1995; 150:369-73.
25. Ohori M, Dunn JK, Scardino PT. Is prostate-specific antigen density more useful than prostate-specific antigen levels in the diagnosis of prostate cancer? Urology 1995; 46:666-71.
26. Catalona WJ, Richie JP, deKernion JB, et al. Comparison of prostate specific antigen concentration versus prostate specific antigen density in the early detection of prostate cancer: receiver operating characteristic curves. J Urol 1994;152:2031-6.
27. Bunting PS. A guide to the interpretation of serum prostate specific antigen levels. Clin Biochem 1995; 28:221-41.
28. Sokoll LJ, Chan DW. Prostate-specific antigen. Its discovery and biochemical characteristics. Urol Clin North Am 1997;24:253-9.
29. Crawford ED, Schutz MJ, Clejan S, et al. The effect of digital rectal examination on prostate-specific antigen levels. JAMA 1992: 267:2227-8.
30. Smith DS, Catalona WJ. Rate of change in serum prostate specific antigen levels as a method for prostate cancer detection. J Urol 1994; 152:1163-7.
31. Carter HB, Pearson JD, Metter EJ, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease. JAMA 1992; 267 :2215-20.
32. Kadmon D,Weinberg AD, Williams RH ,pavlik VN, Cooper P, Migliore PJ. Pitfalls in interpreting prostate specific antigen velocity. J Urol 1996; 155:1655-7.
33. Oesterling JE, Jacobsen SJ, Chute CG, et al. Serum prostate-specific antigen in a community-based population of healthy men. Establishment of age-specific reference ranges. JAMA 1993;270:860-4.
34. DeAntoni EP, Crawford ED, Oesterling JE, et al. Age-and race-specific reference ranges for prostate-specific antigen from a large community-based study. Urology 1996;48:234-9.
35. Catalona WJ, Hudson MA, Scardino PT, et al. Selection of optimal prostate specific antigen cutoffs for early detection of prostate cancer: receiver operating characteristic curves. J Urol 1994: 152:2037-42.
36. Crawford ED, Leewansangtong S, Goktas S, Holthaus K, Baier M, The efficiency of prostate specific antigen and digital rectal examination in screening using 4.0 ng/ml and age specific reference range as a cutoff for abnormal PSA. Prostate 1998 (in press).
37. Woodrum DL, Brawer MK, Partin AW, Catalona WJ, Southwick PC. Interpretation of free prostate specific antigen clinical research studies for the detection of prostate cancer. J Urol 1998; 159:5-12.
38. Lange PH. Prostate-specific for staging prior to surgery and for early detection of recurrence after surgery, Urol Clin North Am 1990; 17:813-7.
39. Oesterling JE, Martin SK, Bergstralh EJ, Lower FC, The use of prostate-specific antigen in staging patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. JAMA 1993;269:57-60.
40. Lange PH. Prostate-specific antigen for staging prior to surgery and for early detection of recurrence after surgery. Urol Clin North Am 1990: 17:813-7.
41. Partin AW, YooJ, Carter HB, et al. The use of prostate specific antigen, clinical stage and Gleason score to predict pathological stage in men with localized prostate cancer. J Urol 1993; 150:110-4.
42. Wood DP Jr, Banks ER, Humphreys S, McRoberts JW, Rangnekar VM. Identification of bone marrow micrometastases in patients with prostate cancer. Cancer 1994;74:2533-40.
43. Olsson Ca, de Vries GM, Buttyan R, Katz AE. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays for prostate cancer. Urol Clin North Am 1997; 24:367-78,
44. Verkaik NS, Schroder FH, Romijn JC. Clinical usefulness of RT-PCR detection of hematogenous prostate cancer spread, Urol Res 1997: 25:373-84.
45. Vicini FA, Horwitz EM, Gonzalez J, Martinez AA. Treatment options for localized prostate cancer based on pretreatment serum prostate specific antigen levels. J Urol 1997;158:319-25.
46. Bauer JJ, Bauer JJ, Connelly RR, et al. Biostatistical modeling using traditional variables and genetic biomarkers for predicting the risk of prostate carcinoma recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Cancer 1997;79:952-62.
47. Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, McNeal JE, Freiha FS, Redwine E. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocaarcinoma of the prostate. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:909-16.
48. Nadler RB, Andriole GL. Who is best benefited by radical prostatectomy? Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1996; 10:58 1-93.
49. Ritter MA, Messing EM, Shanahan TG, Potts S, Chappell RJ, Kinsella TJ. Prostate specific antigen as a predictor of radiotherapy response and patterns of failure in localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10:1208-17.
50. Lillis P, Thompson IM Jr. Should asymptomatic progression following definitive local treatment for prostate cancer be treated? Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1996; 10:703-12.
51. Crawford ED, Blumenstein BA, Proposed substages for metastatic prostate cancer. Urology 1997: 50: 1027.
52. Lilja H. structure, function, and regulation of the enzyme activity of prostate-specific antigen. World J Urol 1993;11:188-91.
53. Schedlich LJ, Bennetts BH, Morris BJ, Primary structure of a human glandular kallikrein gene, DNA 1987; 6:429-37.
54. Young CY, Seay T, Hogen K, et al. Prostate-specific human kallikrein (hK2) as a novel marker for prostate cancer. Prostate 1996; 7(suppl): 17-24.
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Published
1998-09-30
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Leewansangtong S, Soontrapa S, Tantiwong A. Is Prostate Specific Antigen Still The Best Tumor Marker for Prostate?. Thai J Surg [Internet]. 1998 Sep. 30 [cited 2024 Jul. 18];19(3):111-6. Available from: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ThaiJSurg/article/view/250037
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