Gut Microbiota in The Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Keywords:
Gut Microbiota, Type 2 DM, PathogenesisAbstract
There are increased evidences of association between gut bacteria and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In humans, the gut bacteria comprise of six main phyla, including Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. Gut bacteria maintain in a certain composition between each phylum and subphylum. Disturbance in gut microbiota composition is called dysbiosis. The microbial dysbiosis could result in many diseases, for examples: Celiac disease, obesity and certainly diabetes mellitus. The proposed mechanisms of gut microbiota on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus are resulted from: effects of gut microbiota on energy metabolisms, effects on intestinal integrity, effects on metabolic endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation, effects on intestinal motility, effects on immune system. Clinical information from the treatments to alter the gut flora composition by probiotics, prebiotics and fecal transplantation potentiate the novel alternatives for the future treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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