Translation and Validation of the Bahasa Malaysia Version of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire
Keywords:
Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, Content validity, Internal consistencyAbstract
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) encompass traumatic circumstances encountered during childhood, including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. The ramifications of ACE exposure in adulthood are linked to poor social, behavioural, and health outcomes. The ACE questionnaire has been widely used to identify individuals with childhood adversities and their relation to developing chronic diseases in adulthood. This research aims to translate and validate the 10-item ACE questionnaire from English to Bahasa Malaysia to facilitate its application in our context. The translation process involved forward and backward translation conducted by two language experts fluent in English as their second language. Content validation was performed by three public health specialists and three language experts. A pilot test was subsequently conducted involving 200 participants to assess the reliability of the translated questionnaire. After cross-cultural adaptation, we retained eight items with three domains of ACE. The item-level content validity index (I-CVI) ranged from 0.83 to 1.00, while the average scale-level content validity index (S-CVI/Ave) ranged from 0.88 to 0.98, signifying strong content validity. Furthermore, the overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient was determined to be 0.703, indicating good reliability. In conclusion, we affirm that the 8-item Bahasa Malaysia version of the questionnaire presents a valid and reliable tool for assessing ACE among adult males in Malaysia.
References
Felitti VJ, Robert F A, Dale N, David F. Williamson, Alison M. Spitz, Valerie Edwards, et al. REPRINT OF: Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2014; 56(6): 774-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.001
Murphy A, Steele M, Dube SR, Bate J, Bonuck K, Meissner P, et al. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Questionnaire and Adult Attachment Interview (AAI): Implications for parent child relationships. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2014; 38(2): 224-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.09.004
Chang X, Jiang X, Mkandarwire T, Shen M. Associations between adverse childhood experiences and health outcomes in adults aged 18–59 years. PLoS One. 2019; 14(2): e0211850. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211850
Iniguez KC, Stankowski RV. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Health in Adulthood in a Rural Population-Based Sample. Clinical medicine & research. 2016;14(3-4):126-37. DOI: 10.3121/cmr.2016.1306
Hammett JF, Karney BR, Bradbury TN. Adverse childhood experiences, stress, and intimate partner violence among newlywed couples living with low incomes. J Fam Psychol. 2020; 34(4): 436-47. DOI: 10.1037/fam0000629
Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, et al. Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1998; 14(4): 245-58. DOI: 10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8
Dube SR. Continuing conversations about adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) screening: A public health perspective. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2018; 85: 180-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.007
Baker M. Review of Physical Violence in American Families: Risk Factors and Adaptations to Violence in 8,145 Families, by M. A. Straus & R. J. Gelles. The Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie. 1991; 16(3): 326-8. DOI: 10.2307/3340687
Wyatt GE. The sexual abuse of Afro-American and White-American women in childhood. Child Abuse & Neglect. 1985; 9(4): 507-19. DOI: 10.1016/0145-2134(85)90060-2
Schoenborn CA. Exposure to alcoholism in the family: United States, 1988. Advance Data,. 1991; 205: 1-13.
Wade R, Becker BD, Bevans KB, Ford DC, Forrest CB. Development and Evaluation of a Short Adverse Childhood Experiences Measure. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2017; 52(2): 163-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.033
Beáta Kovács-Tóth, Barnabás Oláh, Ildikó Kuritárné Szabó, Zita Fekete. Psychometric properties of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire 10 item version (ACE-10) among Hungarian adolescents. Front Psychol. 2023; 14:11. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1161620
Folayan MO, Oginni O, Arowolo O, El Tantawi M. Internal consistency and correlation of the adverse childhood experiences, bully victimization, self-esteem, resilience, and social support scales in Nigerian children. BMC Research Notes. 2020; 13(1): 331. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05174-3
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System: CDC; 2023, Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/questionnaires/index.htm, accessed 12 October, 2023.
World Health Organization. Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). WHO; 2018, Available from: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/child-maltreatment/ace-questionnaire.pdf?sfvrsn=baed215c_2, accessed 24 August, 2022.
Beáta K-T, Barnabás O, Ildikó KS, Zita F. Psychometric properties of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire 10 item version (ACE-10) among Hungarian adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology. 2023; 14:1-11. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1161620
Valmi DS, Wilaiporn R. Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: a clear and user-friendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 2011; 17(2): 268-74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x
Mohamad Marzuki MF, Yaacob NA, Yaacob NM. Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Malay Version of the System Usability Scale Questionnaire for the Assessment of Mobile Apps. JMIR Human Factors. 2018; 5(2): e10308. DOI: 10.2196/10308
Sibu Divisional Office. List of community leaders in Sibu division Sibu: Sibu Divisional Resident Office; 2022, Available from: https://sibu.sarawak.gov.my/web/subpage/webpage_view/286, accessed 11 May, 2022
Viechtbauer W, Smits L, Kotz D, Budé L, Spigt M, Serroyen J, et al. A simple formula for the calculation of sample size in pilot studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2015; 68(11): 1375-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.04.014
Kyriazos TA. Applied Psychometrics: Sample Size and Sample Power Considerations in Factor Analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in General. Psychology. 2018; 09(08): 2207-30. DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.98126
Polit DF, Beck CT, Owen SV. Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Res Nurs Health. 2007; 30(4): 458-67. DOI: 10.1002/nur.20199
IBM SPSS Statistics. IBM SPSS Advanced Statistics 28. 28 ed: IBM Corp; 2022.
Shahsavari H, Bakhshi F, Khosravi A, Najafi Z, Ghorbani A. Perceived professional preparedness of senior nursing students' questionnaire: Development and psychometric evaluation. Nurs Edu Today. 2020; 93(1): 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104533
Leah K. Gilbert, Matthew J. Breiding, Melissa T. Merrick, William W. Thompson, Derek C. Ford, Satvinder S. Dhingra, et al. Childhood Adversity and Adult Chronic Disease. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2014; 48(3): 345-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.09.006
Szilagyi M, Halfon N. Pediatric Adverse Childhood Experiences: Implications for Life Course Health Trajectories. Academic Pediatrics. 2015; 15(5): 467-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2015.07.004
Connell J, Carlton J, Grundy A, Taylor Buck E, Keetharuth AD, Ricketts T, et al. The importance of content and face validity in instrument development: lessons learnt from service users when developing the Recovering Quality of Life measure (ReQoL). Quality of Life Research. 2018; 27(7): 1893-902. DOI: 10.1007/s11136-018-1847-y
Ford DC, Merrick MT, Parks SE, Breiding MJ, Gilbert LK, Edwards VJ, et al. Examination of the factorial structure of adverse childhood experiences and recommendations for three subscale scores. Psychology of Violence. 2014; 4(4): 432-44. DOI: 10.1037/a0037723
Meinck F, Cosma AP, Mikton C, Baban A. Psychometric properties of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Abuse Short Form (ACE-ASF) among Romanian high school students. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2017; 72: 326-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.08.016
Almanasreh E, Moles R, Chen TF. Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2019; 15(2): 214-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.03.066
Yusoff MSB. ABC of Content Validation and Content Validity Index Calculation. Education in Medicine Journal. 2019; 11(2): 49-54. DOI: 10.21315/eimj2019.11.2.6
Jonathan E, Santo RM, Giillemin F. A review of guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of questionnaires could not bring out a consensus. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2015; 68(4): 435-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.11.021
Zarse EM, Neff MR, Yoder R, Hulvershorn L, Chambers JE, Chambers RA. The adverse childhood experiences questionnaire: Two decades of research on childhood trauma as a primary cause of adult mental illness, addiction, and medical diseases. Cogent Medicine. 2019; 6(1): 1581447. DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2019.1581447
Mei X, Li J, Li Z-S, Huang S, Li L-L, Huang Y-H, et al. Psychometric evaluation of an Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) measurement tool: an equitable assessment or reinforcing biases? Health & Justice. 2022; 10(1). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175050
Srinivasan R, Lohith CP. Pilot Study: Assessment of Validity and Reliability. 1st ed. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2017.
Tavakol M, Dennick R. Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. Int J Med Educ. 2011;2:53-5. DOI: 10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
Merrick MT, Ports KA, Ford DC, Afifi TO, Gershoff ET, Grogan-Kaylor A. Unpacking the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental health. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2017; 69: 10-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.03.016
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons License CC-BY-ND
