ARTERIAL STRUCTURE AND HEALTH RELATED-PHYSICAL FITNESS IN MIDDLE AGES: SEDENTARY VS MARATHON RUNNERS
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose:
To compare the vascular structure and health-related physical fitness between middle-aged sedentary and marathon runners.
Methods:
Twenty-two middle-aged male and female, aged between 3.80 ± 0.1 years, were assigned either to a sedentary group (n = 10, 4 male and 6 female) or a marathon runner group (n = 12, 8 male and 4 female). The marathon runners underwent the combined aerobic and resistance training program, 3 days per week for 2 weeks. Aerobic training program consisted of the interval, pace tempo and LSD run training, while BW resistance exercise comprised 4 sets of 15 repetitions of Squat, Leg lunge, and Calf raise. Vital sign, body composition, muscle performance, maximum aerobic capacity and vascular structure variables, including carotid intima-media thickness and arteries stiffness were measured pre-and post-intervention. Data was analyzed by using Independent t-test Pearson’s product moment at the statistical significance level of .05 and correlation.
Results:
Marathon runners had significantly lower body weight, resting heart rate, fat mass, carotid intima-media thickness and arteries stiffness than the sedentary (0.7%, 1.8%, 4.29%, 1.39% and 4.81%, respectively). They also had significantly higher leg muscle strength and endurance, 1RM squat, sit to stand, and maximum oxygen consumption than that in sedentary (6.44%, 10.04%, 12.14%, 10.08% and 7.81%, respectively). While the muscle mass was positively correlated with VO2max,the fat mass and percent fat were negatively correlated with VO2max.
Conclusion:
Sedentary behavior resulted in impairments in aerobic performance, muscle endurance, and muscle strength. but marathon runners had greater vascular structure, function and health-related fitness than the sedentary. The body composition was well correlated with the maximum oxygen consumption in middle-aged person.
Article Details
References
American college of sport medicine. (2006). ACSM’s Advanced Exercise Physiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Ferrauti., A., Bergermann., M., & Fernandezfernandez., J. (2010). Effects of a concurrent strength and endurance training on running performance and running economy in recreational marathon runners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(10), 2770–2778.
Gonzales-GRoss. M, Melendes A. Sedentarism. (2013). Active lifestyle and sport: Impact on health and obesity prevention. Nutr Hosp, 28(5), 89-98.
Gutterman, D, D. (2002). Vascular dysfunction in hyperglycemia: is protein kinase C the culprit?. Circ Res, 90(1), 5-7.
Institute for population and social research. (2017). Statistics of running exercisers in Thailand in 2017. (20 november 2020). http://www.newsletter.ipsr.mahidol.ac.th.
Kozakai R, Nishita Y, Otsuka R, Ando F, Shimokata H. (2020). Age-Related Changes in Physical Fitness Among Community- Living Middle-Aged and Older Japanese: A 12-Year Longitudinal Study. Res Q Exerc Sport, 91(4), 662-675.
Maroto-Izquierdo S, D, Fernandez- Gonzalo R, Moreira OC, -Gallego J, de Paz JA. (2017). Skeletal muscle functional and structural adaptations after eccentric overload flywheel resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Sci Med Sport. 20(10) 943-951.
Nijasri Charnnarong. (2009). Management of acute ischemic stroke. Bangkok. Chulalongkorn university printing house.
Olmez, I., & Ozyurt, H. (2012). Reactive oxygen species and ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Neurochem Int, 60(2), 208-212.
Ozaki H, Sawada S, Osawa T, Natsume T, Yoshihara T, Deng P, Machida S, Naito H. (2020). Muscle Size and Strength of the Lower Body in Supervised and in Combined Supervised and Unsupervised Low-Load Resistance Training. J Sports Sci Med. 19(4). 721-726.
Panda K, Krishna P. (2014). Physical exercise and cardiac autonomic activity in healthy adult men. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 58(4). 365-70.
Prakhinkit S, Suppapitiporn S, Tanaka H, Suksom D. (2014). Effects of Buddhism walking meditation on depression, functional fitness, and endotheliumdependent vasodilation in depressed elderly. J Altern Complement Med, 20(5), 411-6.
Prasad DS, Das BC. (2009). Physical inactivity: a cardiovascular risk factor. Indian J Med Sci, 63(1), 33-42.
Regulska-Ilow, B., Kosendiak, A., Konikowska, K., , D., Ilow, R., Kawicka, A., & Dudziak, K. (2014). Athletes’ body contents analysis before and after marathon by bioelectrical impedance. Polish Journal of Sport Medicine, 2(4), 93–102.
Schache, A. G., Blanch, P. D., Dorn, T. W., Brown, N. A., Rosemond, D. and Pandy, M. G. (2011). Effect of running speed on lower-limb joint kinetics. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, 43, 1260-1271.
Short, K. R., Blackett, P. R., Gardner, A. W., & Copeland, K. C. (2009). Vascular health in children and adolescents: effects of obesity and diabetes. Vasc Health Risk Manag, 5, 973-990.
Stoppani, J. (2006). Encyclopedia of muscle & strength. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Suksom, D., Phanpheng, Y., Soogarun, S., & Sapwarobol, S. (2014). Step aerobic combined with resistance training improves cutaneous
microvascular reactivity in overweight women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 55(12), 1547-1554.
Suksom, D., Siripatt, A., Lapo, P., & Patumraj, S. (2011). Effects of two modes of exercise on physical fitness and endothelial function in the elderly: exercise with a flexible stick versus Tai Chi. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand= Chotmaihet thangphaet, 94(1), 123-132.
Takada, S. (2012). Blood flow restriction exercise in sprinters and endurance runners. Med Sci Sports Exercise, 44(3), 413-419.
Tanaka, H., & Seals, D. R. (2008). Endurance exercise performance in Masters athletes: age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms. The Journal of physiology, 586(1), 55-63.
Teerasak Arpawatthanakul (2009). Science in sport training. Bangkok. Chulalongkorn university printing house.
Thanomwong Kritpet. (1993). Dictionaries of sports, Sports education and ccience. Bangkok. Chulalongkorn university printing house.
Tsuzuku S, Kajioka T, Sakakibara H, Shimaoka K. (2018). Slow movement resistance training using body weight improves muscle mass in the elderly: A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 28(4), 1339-1344.
Ulloa, D., Feriche, B., Barboza, P., and Padial, P. (2015). Estudio comparado de la intensidad de entrenamiento sobre la máxima tasa de oxidación de grasas. [Effect of training intensity on the fat oxidation rate. Nutr. Hosp, 31(1), 421–429.
Wareerat Ketteng and Daroonwan Suksom. (2013). Comparing the effects of interval running on treadmill and on track upon physiological variables. Journal of Sports Science and Health, 14(3), 22-34
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Zaenker, P., Favret, F., Lonsdorfer, E., Muff, G., de Seze, J., & Isner-Horobeti, M. E. (2018). High-intensity interval training combined with body weight resistance training improves physiological capacities, strength and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 54(1), 58-67.