Skin and soft tissue infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria: A review of literature

Suthinee Rutnin

Authors

Suthinee Rutnin DIVISION OF DERMATOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE, FACULTY OF MEDICINE, RAMATHIBODI HOSPITAL, MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY, BANGKOK, THAILAND

Keywords:

nontuberculous mycobacteria, skin and soft tissue infections

Abstract

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are underrecognized and difficult to treat. Diagnosis can be challenging due to a variety of clinical presentations, low yield from cultured specimens, and nonspecific histopathology from skin biopsy. In addition, optimal medical and surgical management are controversial. This review focuses on updates in diagnostic tests along with clinical manifestation and management of NTM infections of skin and soft tissue.

References

Wentworth AB, Drage LA, Wengenack NL, Wilson JW, Lohse CM. Increased incidence of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infection to 2009: a population based study. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88: 38–45.

Euzeby JP. List of prokaryotic names with stranding in nomenclature-genus Mycobacterium. Edited by Parte A.C. http://www.bacterio.net. Accessed 8 August 2015.

American Thoracic Society. Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: S1–25.

Conaglen PD, Laurenson IF, Sergeant A, Thorn SN, Rayner A, Stevenson J. Systematic review of tattoo associated skin infection with rapidly growing mycobacteria and public health investigation of a cluster in Scotland. Euro Surveill 2013; 18: 20553.

Rodriguez JM, Xie YL, Winthrop KL, et al. Mycobacterium chelonae facial infections following injection of dermal filler. Aesthet Surg J 2013; 33: 265–69.

Wongkitisophon P, Rattanakaemakorn P, Tanrattanakorn S, Vachiramon V. Cutaneous Mycobacterium abscessus associated with mesotherapy injection. Case Rep Dermatol 2011; 3: 37–41.

Guevara-Patin?o A, Sandoval de Mora M, Farreras A, Rivera-Olivero I, Fermin D, de Waard JH. Soft tissue infection due to Mycobacterium fortuitum following acupuncture: a case report an review of the literature. J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 521–5.

Culton DA, Lachiewicz AM, Miller BA, et al. Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection after fractionated CO laser resurfacing. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19: 365–70.

Nakanaga K, Hoshino Y, Era Y, et al. Multiple cases of cutaneous Mycobacterium massiliense infection in a ‘hot spa’ in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49: 613–7.

Stout JE, Gadkowski LB, Rath S, Alspaugh JA, Miller MB, Cox GM. Pedicure-associated rapidly growing mycobacterial infection: an endemic disease. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53: 787–92.

Furuya EY, Paez A, Srinivasan A, et al. Outbreak of Mycobacterium abscessus wound infections among “lipotourists” from the United States who underwent abdominoplasty in the Dominican Republic. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: 1181–8.

Thomas M, D’Silva JA, Borole AJ, Chilgar RM. Periprosthetic atypical mycobacterial infection in breast implants: a new kid on the block! J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66: e16–9.

Duarte RS, Lourenco MC, Fonseca LS, et al. Epidemic of postsurgical infections caused by Mycobacterium massiliense. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 2149–55.

Salvana EM, Cooper GS, Salata RA. Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis (MOTT) infection: an emerging disease in infliximab-treated patients. J Infect 2007; 55: 484-7.

Shah MK, Sebti A, Kiehn TE, Massarella SA, Sepkowitz KA. Mycobacterium haemophilum in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2001; 33: 330–7.

Piersimoni C. Nontuberculous mycobacteria infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31: 397–403.

Runyon EH. Pathogenic mycobacteria. Bibl Tuberc 1965; 21: 235–87.

Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175: 367–416.

Bartralot R, Garc??a-Patos V, Sitjas D, et al. Clinical patterns of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152: 727–34.

Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace JR. Rapidly growing mycobacteria. In: Schlossberg D, editor. Tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. 6th ed. Washington : ASM; 2011: 565–77.

Min KW, Ko JY, Park CK. Histopathological spectrum of cutaneous tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections. J Cutan Pathol 2012; 39: 582-95.

Rogall T, Flohr T, Bottger EC. Differentiation of Mycobacterium species by direct sequencing of amplified DNA. J Gen Microbiol 1990; 136 : 1915-20.

Slany M, Pavlik I. Molecular detection of nontuberculous mycobacteria: advantages and limits of a broad-range sequencing approach. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 22: 268-76

Fan L, Chen Z, Hao XH, Hu ZY, Xiao HP. Interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2012; 65: 456-66.

Kobashi Y, Obase Y, Fukuda M, Yoshida K, Miyashita N, Oka M. Clinical reevaluation of the Quanti-FERON TB-2G test as a diagnostic method for differentiating active tuberculosis from nontuberculous mycobacteriosis. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43: 1540-6.

Brown-Elliott BA, Nash KA, Wallace RJ Jr. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, drug resistance mechanisms, and therapy of infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25: 545–82.

Parrish N, Luethke R, Dionne K, Carroll K, Riedel S. Case of Mycobacterium marinuminfection with unusual patterns of susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49: 2056–8.

World Health organisation. Treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer): guidance for health workers. Geneva: WHO; 2012.

Nienhuis WA, Stienstra Y, Thompson WA, et al. Antimicrobial treatment for early, limited Mycobacterium ulcerans infection: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 375: 664–72.

Gart GS, Forstall GJ, Tomecki KJ. Mycobacterial skin disease: approaches to therapy. Semin Dermatol 1993;12: 352–6.

O’Brien DP, Walton A, Hughes AJ, et al. Risk factors for recurrent Mycobacterium ulcerans disease after exclusive surgical treatment in an Australian cohort. Med J Aust 2013; 198: 436–39.

Hutcheson AC, Lang PG. Atypical mycobacterial infections following cutaneous surgery. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: 109–13.

Ducharlet K, Murphy C, Tan SJ, et al. Recurrent Mycobacterium haemophilum in a renal transplant recipient. Nephrology (Carlton). 2014;19 Suppl 1:14–7.