Cannabis in the Treatment of Patients with Glaucoma
Abstract
ปัจจุบันกระแสการใช้กัญชาในการรักษาโรคเริ่มขยายวงกว้างสู่ผู้ป่วยและวงการแพทย์ของไทยมากขึ้น ไม่เพียงแต่ในแง่ของการระงับปวดเท่านั้น กัญชาถูกกล่าวถึงในสรรพคุณที่ช่วยลดอาการคลื่นไส้อาเจียน ช่วยเพิ่มความอยากอาหาร ช่วยลดอาการของโรคทางระบบประสาทบาง
ชนิด เช่น multiple sclerosis ช่วยควบคุมอาการของโรคลมชัก รวมถึงอีกสรรพคุณหนึ่งที่กำลังเป็นที่สนใจโดยเฉพาะในวงการจักษุแพทย์คือ สรรพคุณเกี่ยวกับการลดความดันตาในผู้ป่วยโรคต้อหิน
References
Järvinen T, Pate DW, Laine K. Cannabinoids in the treatment of glaucoma. Pharmacol Ther. 2002;95(2):203-20. doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(02) 00259-0
Alexander SP. Therapeutic potential of cannabisrelated drugs. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2016;64:157-66. doi:10.1016/j. pnpbp.2015.07.001
Heijl A, Leske MC, Bengtsson B, Hyman L, Bengtsson B, Hussein M, et al. Reduction of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression: results from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(10):1268-79.
Harasymowycz P, Birt C, Gooi P, Heckler L, Hutnik C, Jinapriya D, et al. Medical Management of Glaucoma in the 21st Century from a Canadian Perspective. J Ophthalmol. 2016;2016:6509809.
ElSohly MA, Ross SA, Mehmedic Z, Arafat R, Yi B, Banahan BF 3rd. Potency trends of delta9-THC and other cannabinoids in confiscated marijuana from 1980-1997. J Forensic Sci. 2000;45(1):24-30.
Elsohly MA, Slade D. Chemical constituents of marijuana: the complex mixture of natural cannabinoids. Life Sci. 2005;78(5):539-548. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.011
Mechoulam R, Hanuš LO, Pertwee R, Howlett AC. Early phytocannabinoid chemistry to endocannabinoids and beyond. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15(11):757-64. doi:10.1038/nrn3811
Howlett AC, Barth F, Bonner TI, et al. International Union of Pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 2002; 54(2):161-202. doi:10.1124/pr.54.2.161
Pertwee RG. Pharmacology of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Pharmacol Ther. 1997;74(2):129-180. doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(97)82001-3
Porcella A, Casellas P, Gessa GL, Pani L. Cannabinoid receptor CB1 mRNA is highly expressed in the rat ciliary body: implications for the antiglaucoma properties of marihuana. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1998;58(1-2):240-5. doi:10.1016/s0169-328x
(98)00105-3
Cairns EA, Baldridge WH, Kelly ME. The Endocannabinoid System as a Therapeutic Target in Glaucoma. Neural Plast. 2016;2016:9364091. doi:10.1155/2016/9364091
Tomida I, Pertwee RG, Azuara-Blanco A. Cannabinoids and glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(5):708-13. doi:10.1136/bjo.2003.032250
Colasanti BK, Powell SR, Craig CR. Intraocular pressure, ocular toxicity and neurotoxicity after administration of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol or cannabichromene. Exp Eye Res. 1984;38(1):63-71. doi:10.1016/0014-4835(84)90139-8
Liu JH, Dacus AC. Central nervous system and peripheral mechanisms in ocular hypotensive effect of cannabinoids. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105(2):245-8. doi:10.1001/archopht.1987.01060020099037
Pate DW, Järvinen K, Urtti A, Mahadevan V, Järvinen T. Effect of the CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716A, on cannabinoid-induced ocular hypotension in normotensive rabbits. Life Sci. 1998;63(24):2181-8. doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00499-8
Zhong L, Geng L, Njie Y, Feng W, Song ZH. CB2 cannabinoid receptors in trabecular meshwork cells mediate JWH015-induced enhancement of aqueous humor outflow facility. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(6):1988-92. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0651
Njie YF, Qiao Z, Xiao Z, Wang W, Song ZH. N-arachidonylethanolamide-induced increase in aqueous humor outflow facility. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(10):4528-34. doi:10.1167/iovs.07-1537
Njie YF, Kumar A, Qiao Z, Zhong L, Song ZH. Noladin ether acts on trabecular meshwork cannabinoid (CB1) receptors to enhance aqueous humor outflow facility. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(5):1999- 2005. doi:10.1167/iovs.05-0729
McDonald TF, Cheeks L, Slagle T, Green K. Marijuana-derived material-induced changes in monkey ciliary processes differ from those in rabbit ciliary processes. Curr Eye Res. 1991;10(4):305-12. doi:10.3109/02713689108996336
Green K, Pederson JE. Effect of 1 -tetrahydrocannabinol on aqueous dynamics and ciliary body permeability in the rabbit. Exp Eye Res. 1973;15(4):499-507. doi:10.1016/0014-4835(73)90142-5
Laine K, Järvinen K, Järvinen T. Topically administered CB(2)-receptor agonist, JWH-133, does not decrease intraocular pressure (IOP) in normotensive rabbits. Life Sci. 2003;72(7):837-42. doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02339-1
Fischer KM, Ward DA, Hendrix DV. Effects of a topically applied 2% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ophthalmic solution on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor flow rate in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2013;74(2):275-80. doi:10.2460/
ajvr.74.2.275
Pate DW, Järvinen K, Urtti A, et al. Effects of topical anandamides on intraocular pressure in normotensive rabbits. Life Sci. 1996;58(21):1849-60. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(96)00169-5
Hippalgaonkar K, Gul W, ElSohly MA, Repka MA, Majumdar S. Enhanced solubility, stability, and transcorneal permeability of δ-8-tetrahydrocannabinol in the presence of cyclodextrins. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2011;12(2):723-31. doi:10.1208/s12249-011-9639-5
Kearse EC, Green K. Effect of vehicle upon in vitro transcorneal permeability and intracorneal content of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Curr Eye Res. 2000;20(6):496-501.Jarho P, Pate DW, Brenneisen R, Järvinen T. Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and its combination with hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose increases aqueous solubility of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Life Sci. 1998;63(26):PL381-PL384. doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00528-1
McGilveray IJ. Pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids. Pain Res Manag. 2005;10 Suppl A:15A-22A. doi:10.1155 /2005/242516
Wall ME, Sadler BM, Brine D, Taylor H, Perez-Reyes M. Metabolism, disposition, and kinetics of delta- 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in men and women. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1983;34(3):352-63. doi:10.1038/ clpt.1983.179
Plange N, Arend KO, Kaup M, et al. Dronabinol and retinal hemodynamics in humans. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(1):173-4. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2006.07.053
Hommer N, Kallab M, Szegedi S, et al. The Effect of Orally Administered Dronabinol on Optic Nerve Head Blood Flow in Healthy Subjects-A Randomized Clinical Trial [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jan 24]. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020;10.1002/ cpt.1797. doi:10.1002/cpt.1797
Tomida I, Azuara-Blanco A, House H, Flint M, Pertwee RG, Robson PJ. Effect of sublingual application of cannabinoids on intraocular pressure: a pilot study. J Glaucoma. 2006;15(5):349-53. doi:10.1097/01. ijg.0000212260.04488.60
Huestis MA. Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chem Biodivers. 2007;4(8):1770-804. doi:10.1002/ cbdv.200790152
Flom MC, Adams AJ, Jones RT. Marijuana smoking and reduced pressure in human eyes: drug action or epiphenomenon?. Invest Ophthalmol. 1975;14(1):52-5.
Hepler RS, Frank IR. Marihuana smoking and intraocular pressure. JAMA. 1971;217(10):1392.
Brown B, Adams AJ, Haegerstrom-Portnoy G, Jones RT, Flom MC. Pupil size after use of marijuana and alcohol. Am J Ophthalmol. 1977;83(3):350-4. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(77)90732-2
Merritt JC, Crawford WJ, Alexander PC, Anduze AL, Gelbart SS. Effect of marihuana on intraocular and blood pressure in glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1980;87(3):222-8. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(80) 35258-5
Hashibe M, Ford DE, Zhang ZF. Marijuana smoking and head and neck cancer. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;42(S1):103S-7. doi:10.1002/j.1552- 4604.2002. tb06010.x
D’Souza DC, Perry E, MacDougall L, et al. Thepsychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(8):1558-72. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300496
Tamm ER, Schmetterer L, Grehn F. Status and perspectives of neuroprotective therapies in glaucoma: the European Glaucoma Society White Paper. Cell Tissue Res. 2013;353(2):347-54. doi:10.1007/ s00441-013-1637-3
Levin LA. Direct and indirect approaches to neuroprotective therapy of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Surv Ophthalmol. 1999;43 Suppl 1:S98- 101. doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(99)00027-2
Yazulla S. Endocannabinoids in the retina: from marijuana to neuroprotection. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2008;27(5):501-26. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres. 2008.07.002
Mechoulam R, Panikashvili D, Shohami E. Cannabinoids and brain injury: therapeutic implications. Trends Mol Med. 2002;8(2):58-61. doi:10.1016/s1471- 4914(02)02276-1
Gray GA, Battistini B, Webb DJ. Endothelins are potent vasoconstrictors, and much more besides. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2000;21(2):38-40. doi:10.1016/ s0165-6147(99)01431-5
Turbert D, Gudgel D. Does marijuana help treat glaucoma or other eye conditions?. [online] American Academy of Ophthalmology. 2019 Available at: <https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tipsprevention/medical-marijuana-glaucoma-treament>
[Accessed 16 May 2020].
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The Thai Journal of Ophthalmology (TJO) is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal published biannually for the Royal College of Ophthalmologists of Thailand. The objectives of the journal is to provide up to date scientific knowledge in the field of ophthalmology, provide ophthalmologists with continuing education, promote cooperation, and sharing of opinion among readers.
The copyright of the published article belongs to the Thai Journal of Ophthalmology. However the content, ideas and the opinions in the article are from the author(s). The editorial board does not have to agree with the authors’ ideas and opinions.
The authors or readers may contact the editorial board via email at admin@rcopt.org.
