Management of Colorectal Cancer with Hepatic Metastasis
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Published:
Sep 20, 2012
Keywords:
colorectal cancer, CRC, hepatic metastasis, tumor resection
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer has become one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. In Thailand, colorectal cancer (CRC) was the most commonly reported gastrointestinal malignancy by the National Cancer Center in 2010. It is the second most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men after lung cancer and in women after breast and cervical cancer.1 Median survival of stage IV CRC without any kind of treatment has been reported to be around 5 to 6 months.2, 3 The liver appears to be the most common organ of distant metastatic spread from colorectal cancer. Approximately 25% of patients present with synchronous disease and an additional 30% to 40% will develop hepatic metastases during the course of their disease.4 In addition, liver metastases are found in over 50% of patients who die from CRC and hepatic involvement is the most implicated reason for their death.5 This review will attempt to give an overview of the treatment alternatives in CRC patients with liver metastasis, with a focus on the updated rationales as well as controversial and current trends in the multidisciplinary approach.
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1.
Hiranyakas A, Maipang T. Management of Colorectal Cancer with Hepatic Metastasis. BKK Med J [Internet]. 2012 Sep. 20 [cited 2024 Nov. 22];4(1):82. Available from: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/bkkmedj/article/view/217985
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References
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5. Foster JH. Treatment of metastatic disease of the liver: a skeptic’s view. Semin Liver Dis 1984;4:170-9.
6. Ward BA, Miller DL, Frank JA, et al. Prospective eval- uation of hepatic imaging studies in the detection of colorectal metastases: correlation with surgical findings. Surgery 1989;105:180-7.
7. Bipat S, van Leeuwen MS, Comans EF, et al. Colorectal liver metastases: CT, MR imaging, and PET for diag- nosis--meta-analysis. Radiology 2005;237:123-31.
8. Engledow AH, Skipworth JR, Pakzad F, et al. The role of 18FDG PET/CT in the management of colorectal liver metastases. HPB (Oxford) 2012;14:20-5.
9. Jones OM, Rees M, John TG, et al. Biopsy of potentially operable hepatic colorectal metastases is not useless but dangerous. BMJ 2004 ;329:1045-6.
10. Jones OM, Rees M, John TG, et al. Biopsy of resect- able colorectal liver metastases causes tumour dissem- ination and adversely affects survival after liver resection. Br J Surg 2005;92:1165-8.
11. Rodgers MS, Collinson R, Desai S, et al. Risk of dissemination with biopsy of colorectal liver metastases. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:454-8.
12. Ohlsson B, Nilsson J, Stenram U, et al. Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis and management of liver tumours. Br J Surg 2002;89:757-62.
13. Eadens MJ, Grothey A. Curable metastatic colorectal cancer. Curr Oncol Rep 2011;13:168-76.
14. Fong Y, Fortner J, Sun RL, et al. Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for meta- static colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 1999;230:309-18.
15. Scheele J, Stang R, Altendorf-Hofmann A, et al. Resection of colorectal liver metastases. World J Surg 1995;19:59-71.
16. Nordlinger B, Guiguet M, Vaillant JC, et al. Surgical resection of colorectal carcinoma metastases to the liver. A prognostic scoring system to improve case selection, based on 1568 patients. Association Francaise de Chirurgie. Cancer 1996;77:1254-62.
17. Choti MA, Sitzmann JV, Tiburi MF, et al. Trends in long-term survival following liver resection for hepatic colorectal metastases. Ann Surg 2002;235:759-66.
18. Robertson DJ, Stukel TA, Gottlieb DJ, et al. Survival after hepatic resection of colorectal cancer metastases: a national experience. Cancer 2009;115:752-9.
19. Manfredi S, Lepage C, Hatem C, et al. Epidemiology and management of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 2006;244:254-9.
20. Tsai MS, Su YH, Ho MC, et al. Clinicopathological features and prognosis in resectable synchronous and metachronous colorectal liver metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 2007;14:786-94.
21. Wagner JS, Adson MA, Van Heerden JA, et al. The natural history of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. A comparison with resective treatment. Ann Surg 1984;199:502-8.
22. Dhir M, Lyden ER, Wang A, et al. Influence of margins on overall survival after hepatic resection for colorectal metastasis: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg 2011;254:234-42.
23. Muratore A, Ribero D, Zimmitti G, et al. Resection margin and recurrence-free survival after liver resec- tion of colorectal metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17:1324-9.
24. Pawlik TM, Scoggins CR, Zorzi D, et al. Effect of surgical margin status on survival and site of recur- rence after hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. Ann Surg 2005;241:715-22.
25. Arru M, Aldrighetti L, Castoldi R, et al. Analysis of prognostic factors influencing long-term survival after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Surg 2008;32:93-103.
26. Vandeweyer D, Neo EL, Chen JW, et al. Influence of resection margin on survival in hepatic resections for colorectal liver metastases. HPB (Oxford) 2009;11:499-504.
27. Gomez D, Cameron IC. Prognostic scores for colorectal liver metastasis: clinically important or an academic exercise? HPB (Oxford) 2010;12:227-38.
28. Fortner JG. Recurrence of colorectal cancer after hepatic resection. Am J Surg 1988;155:378-82.
29. Hughes KS, Simon R, Songhorabodi S, et al. Resection of the liver for colorectal carcinoma metastases: a multi-institutional study of patterns of recurrence. Surgery 1986;100:278-84.
30. Fong Y, Cohen AM, Fortner JG, et al. Liver resection for colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:938-46.
31. Bozzetti F, Doci R, Bignami P, et al. Patterns of failure following surgical resection of colorectal cancer liver metastases. Rationale for a multimodal approach. Ann Surg 1987;205:264-70.
32. Topal B, Kaufman L, Aerts R, et al. Patterns of failure following curative resection of colorectal liver metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol 2003;29:248-53.
33. Metcalfe M, Mann C, Mullin E, et al. Detecting curable disease following hepatectomy for colorectal metastases. ANZ J Surg 2005;75:524-7.
34. Ueno H, Mochizuki H, Hashiguchi Y, et al. Predictors of extrahepatic recurrence after resection of colorectal liver metastases. Br J Surg 2004;91:327-33.
35. Mutsaerts EL, van Ruth S, Zoetmulder FA, et al. Prog- nostic factors and evaluation of surgical management of hepatic metastases from colorectal origin: a 10-year single-institute experience. J Gastrointest Surg 2005;9: 178-86.
36. Takahashi S, Inoue K, Konishi M, et al. Prognostic factors for poor survival after repeat hepatectomy in patients with colorectal liver metastases. Surgery 2003; 133:627-34.
37. Chua TC, Saxena A, Chu F, et al. Predictors of cure after hepatic resection of colorectal liver metastases: an analysis of actual 5- and 10-year survivors. J Surg Oncol 2011;103:796-800.
38. Bhattacharjya S, Aggarwal R, Davidson BR. Intensive follow-up after liver resection for colorectal liver metas- tases: results of combined serial tumour marker estima- tions and computed tomography of the chest and abdomen - a prospective study. Br J Cancer 2006;95:21-6.
39. Yamada H, Katoh H, Kondo S, et al. Repeat hepatectomy for recurrent hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 2001;48:828-30.
40. Nishio H, Hamady ZZ, Malik HZ, et al. Outcome following repeat liver resection for colorectal liver metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007;33:729-34.
41. de Jong MC, Mayo SC, Pulitano C, et al. Repeat curative intent liver surgery is safe and effective for recurrent colorectal liver metastasis: results from an international multi-institutional analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2009;13: 2141-51.
42. Charnsangavej C, Clary B, Fong Y, et al. Selection of patients for resection of hepatic colorectal metastases: expert consensus statement. Ann Surg Oncol 2006;13: 1261-8.
43. Kemeny N, Huang Y, Cohen AM, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of chemotherapy after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1999;341:2039-48.
44. Kemeny N. Management of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Oncology (Williston Park) 2006; 20:1161-76.
45. Kemeny MM, Adak S, Gray B, et al. Combined-modality treatment for resectable metastatic colorectal carcinoma to the liver: surgical resection of hepatic metastases in combination with continuous infusion of chemotherapy- -an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1499-505.
46. Headrick JR, Miller DL, Nagorney DM, et al. Surgical treatment of hepatic and pulmonary metastases from colon cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71:975-9.
47. Adam R, de Haas RJ, Wicherts DA, et al. Is hepatic resection justified after chemotherapy in patients with colorectal liver metastases and lymph node involvement? J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3672-80.
48. Giacchetti S, Perpoint B, Zidani R, et al. Phase III multicenter randomized trial of oxaliplatin added to chronomodulated fluorouracil-leucovorin as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:136-47.
49. Adam R, Avisar E, Ariche A, et al. Five-year survival following hepatic resection after neoadjuvant therapy for nonresectable colorectal. Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:347-53.
50. Alberts SR, Horvath WL, Sternfeld WC, et al. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for patients with unresectable liver-only metastases from colorectal cancer: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:9243-9.
51. ismuth H, Adam R, Levi F, et al. Resection of nonre- sectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ann Surg 1996;224:509-20.
52. rdlinger B, Sorbye H, Glimelius B, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX4 and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC Intergroup trial 40983): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371:1007-16.
53. Bokemeyer C, Cutsem EV, Rougier P, et al. Addition of cetuximab to chemotherapy as first-line treatment for KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: Pooled analysis of the CRYSTAL and OPUS randomised clinical trials. Eur J Cancer 2012;48:1466-75.
54. Van Cutsem E, Verslype C, Beale P, et al. A phase Ib dose-escalation study of erlotinib, capecitabine and oxaliplatin in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2008;19:332-9.
55. Falcone A, Masi G, Loupakis F, et al. FOLFOXIRI (irinotecan, oxaliplatin, and infusional 5FU/LV) in combination with bevacizumab (BV) in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): A phase II study by the G.O.N.O. group. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:abstr 4031.
56. Garufi C, Torsello A, Tumolo S, et al. POCHER (preoperative chemotherapy for hepatic resection) with cetuximab (Cmab) plus CPT-11/5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/ leucovorin(FA)/oxaliplatin (L-OHP) (CPT-11-FFL) in unresectable colorectal liver metastases (CLM). J Clin Oncol 2009;27:abstr e15020.
57. Folprecht G, Gruenberger T, Bechstein WO, et al. Tumour response and secondary resectability of colorectal liver metastases following neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cetuximab: the CELIM randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:38-47.
58. Wu YZ, Li B, Wang T, et al. Radiofrequency ablation vs hepatic resection for solitary colorectal liver metastasis: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:4143-8.
59. Pathak S, Jones R, Tang JM, et al. Ablative therapies for colorectal liver metastases: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis 2011;13:e252-65.
60. Ruers T, Punt C, Van Coevorden F, et al. Radiofrequency ablation combined with systemic treatment versus systemic treatment alone in patients with non-resect- able colorectal liver metastases: a randomized EORTC Intergroup phase II study (EORTC 40004). Ann Oncol 2012.
61. Gillams AR, Lees WR. Radiofrequency ablation of colorectal liver metastases. Abdom Imaging 2005;30: 419-26.
62. Livraghi T, Solbiati L, Meloni F, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of liver metastases in potential candidates for resection: the “test-of-time approach”. Cancer 2003;97:3027-35.
63. Rivoire M, De Cian F, Meeus P, et al. Combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cryotherapy and surgical resection for the treatment of unresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 95:2283-92.
64. Coster HG. A quantitative analysis of the voltagecurrent relationships of fixed charge membranes and the associated property of “punch-through”. Biophys J 1965;5:669-86.
65. Neumann E, Rosenheck K. Permeability changes induced by electric impulses in vesicular membranes. J Membr Biol 1972;10:279-90.
66. Crowley JM. Electrical breakdown of bimolecular lipid membranes as an electromechanical instability. Biophys J 1973;13:711-24.
67. Zimmermann U, Pilwat G, Riemann F. Dielectric breakdown of cell membranes. Biophys J 1974;14:881-99.
68. Rubinsky B, Onik G, Mikus P. Irreversible electro- poration: a new ablation modality--clinical implications. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2007;6:37-48.
69. Davalos RV, Mir IL, Rubinsky B. Tissue ablation with irreversible electroporation. Ann Biomed Eng 2005; 33:223-31.
70. Edd JF, Horowitz L, Davalos RV, et al. In vivo results of a new focal tissue ablation technique: irreversible electroporation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2006;53: 1409-15.
2. Labianca R, Beretta GD, Kildani B, et al. Colon cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2010;74:106-33.
3. StatBite. At what stage are colorectal cancer patients diagnosed? J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101:1114.
4. Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 2005;55:10-30.
5. Foster JH. Treatment of metastatic disease of the liver: a skeptic’s view. Semin Liver Dis 1984;4:170-9.
6. Ward BA, Miller DL, Frank JA, et al. Prospective eval- uation of hepatic imaging studies in the detection of colorectal metastases: correlation with surgical findings. Surgery 1989;105:180-7.
7. Bipat S, van Leeuwen MS, Comans EF, et al. Colorectal liver metastases: CT, MR imaging, and PET for diag- nosis--meta-analysis. Radiology 2005;237:123-31.
8. Engledow AH, Skipworth JR, Pakzad F, et al. The role of 18FDG PET/CT in the management of colorectal liver metastases. HPB (Oxford) 2012;14:20-5.
9. Jones OM, Rees M, John TG, et al. Biopsy of potentially operable hepatic colorectal metastases is not useless but dangerous. BMJ 2004 ;329:1045-6.
10. Jones OM, Rees M, John TG, et al. Biopsy of resect- able colorectal liver metastases causes tumour dissem- ination and adversely affects survival after liver resection. Br J Surg 2005;92:1165-8.
11. Rodgers MS, Collinson R, Desai S, et al. Risk of dissemination with biopsy of colorectal liver metastases. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:454-8.
12. Ohlsson B, Nilsson J, Stenram U, et al. Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis and management of liver tumours. Br J Surg 2002;89:757-62.
13. Eadens MJ, Grothey A. Curable metastatic colorectal cancer. Curr Oncol Rep 2011;13:168-76.
14. Fong Y, Fortner J, Sun RL, et al. Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for meta- static colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 1999;230:309-18.
15. Scheele J, Stang R, Altendorf-Hofmann A, et al. Resection of colorectal liver metastases. World J Surg 1995;19:59-71.
16. Nordlinger B, Guiguet M, Vaillant JC, et al. Surgical resection of colorectal carcinoma metastases to the liver. A prognostic scoring system to improve case selection, based on 1568 patients. Association Francaise de Chirurgie. Cancer 1996;77:1254-62.
17. Choti MA, Sitzmann JV, Tiburi MF, et al. Trends in long-term survival following liver resection for hepatic colorectal metastases. Ann Surg 2002;235:759-66.
18. Robertson DJ, Stukel TA, Gottlieb DJ, et al. Survival after hepatic resection of colorectal cancer metastases: a national experience. Cancer 2009;115:752-9.
19. Manfredi S, Lepage C, Hatem C, et al. Epidemiology and management of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 2006;244:254-9.
20. Tsai MS, Su YH, Ho MC, et al. Clinicopathological features and prognosis in resectable synchronous and metachronous colorectal liver metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 2007;14:786-94.
21. Wagner JS, Adson MA, Van Heerden JA, et al. The natural history of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. A comparison with resective treatment. Ann Surg 1984;199:502-8.
22. Dhir M, Lyden ER, Wang A, et al. Influence of margins on overall survival after hepatic resection for colorectal metastasis: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg 2011;254:234-42.
23. Muratore A, Ribero D, Zimmitti G, et al. Resection margin and recurrence-free survival after liver resec- tion of colorectal metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17:1324-9.
24. Pawlik TM, Scoggins CR, Zorzi D, et al. Effect of surgical margin status on survival and site of recur- rence after hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. Ann Surg 2005;241:715-22.
25. Arru M, Aldrighetti L, Castoldi R, et al. Analysis of prognostic factors influencing long-term survival after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Surg 2008;32:93-103.
26. Vandeweyer D, Neo EL, Chen JW, et al. Influence of resection margin on survival in hepatic resections for colorectal liver metastases. HPB (Oxford) 2009;11:499-504.
27. Gomez D, Cameron IC. Prognostic scores for colorectal liver metastasis: clinically important or an academic exercise? HPB (Oxford) 2010;12:227-38.
28. Fortner JG. Recurrence of colorectal cancer after hepatic resection. Am J Surg 1988;155:378-82.
29. Hughes KS, Simon R, Songhorabodi S, et al. Resection of the liver for colorectal carcinoma metastases: a multi-institutional study of patterns of recurrence. Surgery 1986;100:278-84.
30. Fong Y, Cohen AM, Fortner JG, et al. Liver resection for colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:938-46.
31. Bozzetti F, Doci R, Bignami P, et al. Patterns of failure following surgical resection of colorectal cancer liver metastases. Rationale for a multimodal approach. Ann Surg 1987;205:264-70.
32. Topal B, Kaufman L, Aerts R, et al. Patterns of failure following curative resection of colorectal liver metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol 2003;29:248-53.
33. Metcalfe M, Mann C, Mullin E, et al. Detecting curable disease following hepatectomy for colorectal metastases. ANZ J Surg 2005;75:524-7.
34. Ueno H, Mochizuki H, Hashiguchi Y, et al. Predictors of extrahepatic recurrence after resection of colorectal liver metastases. Br J Surg 2004;91:327-33.
35. Mutsaerts EL, van Ruth S, Zoetmulder FA, et al. Prog- nostic factors and evaluation of surgical management of hepatic metastases from colorectal origin: a 10-year single-institute experience. J Gastrointest Surg 2005;9: 178-86.
36. Takahashi S, Inoue K, Konishi M, et al. Prognostic factors for poor survival after repeat hepatectomy in patients with colorectal liver metastases. Surgery 2003; 133:627-34.
37. Chua TC, Saxena A, Chu F, et al. Predictors of cure after hepatic resection of colorectal liver metastases: an analysis of actual 5- and 10-year survivors. J Surg Oncol 2011;103:796-800.
38. Bhattacharjya S, Aggarwal R, Davidson BR. Intensive follow-up after liver resection for colorectal liver metas- tases: results of combined serial tumour marker estima- tions and computed tomography of the chest and abdomen - a prospective study. Br J Cancer 2006;95:21-6.
39. Yamada H, Katoh H, Kondo S, et al. Repeat hepatectomy for recurrent hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 2001;48:828-30.
40. Nishio H, Hamady ZZ, Malik HZ, et al. Outcome following repeat liver resection for colorectal liver metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007;33:729-34.
41. de Jong MC, Mayo SC, Pulitano C, et al. Repeat curative intent liver surgery is safe and effective for recurrent colorectal liver metastasis: results from an international multi-institutional analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2009;13: 2141-51.
42. Charnsangavej C, Clary B, Fong Y, et al. Selection of patients for resection of hepatic colorectal metastases: expert consensus statement. Ann Surg Oncol 2006;13: 1261-8.
43. Kemeny N, Huang Y, Cohen AM, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of chemotherapy after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1999;341:2039-48.
44. Kemeny N. Management of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Oncology (Williston Park) 2006; 20:1161-76.
45. Kemeny MM, Adak S, Gray B, et al. Combined-modality treatment for resectable metastatic colorectal carcinoma to the liver: surgical resection of hepatic metastases in combination with continuous infusion of chemotherapy- -an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1499-505.
46. Headrick JR, Miller DL, Nagorney DM, et al. Surgical treatment of hepatic and pulmonary metastases from colon cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71:975-9.
47. Adam R, de Haas RJ, Wicherts DA, et al. Is hepatic resection justified after chemotherapy in patients with colorectal liver metastases and lymph node involvement? J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3672-80.
48. Giacchetti S, Perpoint B, Zidani R, et al. Phase III multicenter randomized trial of oxaliplatin added to chronomodulated fluorouracil-leucovorin as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:136-47.
49. Adam R, Avisar E, Ariche A, et al. Five-year survival following hepatic resection after neoadjuvant therapy for nonresectable colorectal. Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:347-53.
50. Alberts SR, Horvath WL, Sternfeld WC, et al. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for patients with unresectable liver-only metastases from colorectal cancer: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:9243-9.
51. ismuth H, Adam R, Levi F, et al. Resection of nonre- sectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ann Surg 1996;224:509-20.
52. rdlinger B, Sorbye H, Glimelius B, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX4 and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC Intergroup trial 40983): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371:1007-16.
53. Bokemeyer C, Cutsem EV, Rougier P, et al. Addition of cetuximab to chemotherapy as first-line treatment for KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: Pooled analysis of the CRYSTAL and OPUS randomised clinical trials. Eur J Cancer 2012;48:1466-75.
54. Van Cutsem E, Verslype C, Beale P, et al. A phase Ib dose-escalation study of erlotinib, capecitabine and oxaliplatin in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2008;19:332-9.
55. Falcone A, Masi G, Loupakis F, et al. FOLFOXIRI (irinotecan, oxaliplatin, and infusional 5FU/LV) in combination with bevacizumab (BV) in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): A phase II study by the G.O.N.O. group. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:abstr 4031.
56. Garufi C, Torsello A, Tumolo S, et al. POCHER (preoperative chemotherapy for hepatic resection) with cetuximab (Cmab) plus CPT-11/5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/ leucovorin(FA)/oxaliplatin (L-OHP) (CPT-11-FFL) in unresectable colorectal liver metastases (CLM). J Clin Oncol 2009;27:abstr e15020.
57. Folprecht G, Gruenberger T, Bechstein WO, et al. Tumour response and secondary resectability of colorectal liver metastases following neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cetuximab: the CELIM randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:38-47.
58. Wu YZ, Li B, Wang T, et al. Radiofrequency ablation vs hepatic resection for solitary colorectal liver metastasis: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:4143-8.
59. Pathak S, Jones R, Tang JM, et al. Ablative therapies for colorectal liver metastases: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis 2011;13:e252-65.
60. Ruers T, Punt C, Van Coevorden F, et al. Radiofrequency ablation combined with systemic treatment versus systemic treatment alone in patients with non-resect- able colorectal liver metastases: a randomized EORTC Intergroup phase II study (EORTC 40004). Ann Oncol 2012.
61. Gillams AR, Lees WR. Radiofrequency ablation of colorectal liver metastases. Abdom Imaging 2005;30: 419-26.
62. Livraghi T, Solbiati L, Meloni F, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of liver metastases in potential candidates for resection: the “test-of-time approach”. Cancer 2003;97:3027-35.
63. Rivoire M, De Cian F, Meeus P, et al. Combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cryotherapy and surgical resection for the treatment of unresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 95:2283-92.
64. Coster HG. A quantitative analysis of the voltagecurrent relationships of fixed charge membranes and the associated property of “punch-through”. Biophys J 1965;5:669-86.
65. Neumann E, Rosenheck K. Permeability changes induced by electric impulses in vesicular membranes. J Membr Biol 1972;10:279-90.
66. Crowley JM. Electrical breakdown of bimolecular lipid membranes as an electromechanical instability. Biophys J 1973;13:711-24.
67. Zimmermann U, Pilwat G, Riemann F. Dielectric breakdown of cell membranes. Biophys J 1974;14:881-99.
68. Rubinsky B, Onik G, Mikus P. Irreversible electro- poration: a new ablation modality--clinical implications. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2007;6:37-48.
69. Davalos RV, Mir IL, Rubinsky B. Tissue ablation with irreversible electroporation. Ann Biomed Eng 2005; 33:223-31.
70. Edd JF, Horowitz L, Davalos RV, et al. In vivo results of a new focal tissue ablation technique: irreversible electroporation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2006;53: 1409-15.