A New Approach to Medicine: the Anti-Aging Framework
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Abstract
Cell degeneration depends on many factors including com- plex genetics that influence aging. All factors leading to aging are partially controllable, and aging is fundamentally a result of controllable abnormal defects. Doctor Denham Harman postulated a “free radical theory of aging”1 more than 50 years ago. With a study of mice exposed to radiation, Dr Harman observed destructive molecules as free radicals that changed the cell function irremediably. Malnutrition and exposure to toxins increases the risk of cell oxidation.2 Previous studies supported the theory that the free radical is a primary cause of common diseases such as brain disease and kidney diseases.
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Virunhagarun T, Wutthikongsombat W, Suvansanya P. A New Approach to Medicine: the Anti-Aging Framework. BKK Med J [Internet]. 2014 Feb. 20 [cited 2024 Apr. 23];7(1):80. Available from: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/bkkmedj/article/view/219621
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References
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2. Yu BP. Free Radicals in Aging. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, Inc.;1993:143-811.
3. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and athero- sclerosis. Circulation 2002;105:1135-43.
4. Frayn KN, Fielding BA, Karpe F. Adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 2005;16:409-15.
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6. Lin RY, Reis ED, Dore AT, et al. Lowering of dietary advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) reduces neointimal formation after arterial injury in genetically hypercholes- terolemic mice. Atherosclerosis 2002;163:303-11.
7. Basta G, Schmidt AM, De Caterina R. Advanced glycation end products and vascular inflammation: implications for accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes. Cardiovasc Res 2004;63:582-92.
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9. Gey KF, Moser UK, Jordan P, et al. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease at suboptimal plasma concentra- tions of essential antioxidants: an epidemiological update with special attention to carotene and vitamin C. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57:787-97.
10. Nickander KK, McPhee BR, Low PA, Tritschler H. Alpha-lipoic acid: antioxidant potency against lipid per oxidation of neural tissues in vitro and implications for diabetic neuropathy. Free Radic Biol Med 1996;21:631-9.
11. Packer L, Tritschler HJ, Wessel K. Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Free Radic Biol Med 1997;22:359-78.
12. Thirunavukkarasu V, Anuradha CV. Influence of alpha- lipoic acid on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence system in blood of insulin-resistant rats. Diabetes Obes Metab 2004;6:200-7.
13. Thirunavukkarasu V, Anitha Nandhini AT, Anuradha CV. Cardiac lipids and antioxidant status in high fructose rats and the effect of alpha-lipoic acid. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2004;14:351-7.
14. Devaraj S, Tang R,Adams-Huet B, et al. Effect of high-dose alpha-tocopherol supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1392-8.
15. Wilkinson IB, Megson IL, MacCallum H, et al. Oral vitamin C reduces arterial stiffness and platelet aggrega- tion in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999;34:690-3.
16. Devaraj S, Leonard S, Traber MG, et al. Gamma-tocopherol supplementation alone and in combination with alpha- tocopherol alters biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2008;44:1203-8.
17. Reiter E, Jiang Q, Christen S. Anti-inflammatory prop- erties of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol. Mol Aspects Med 2007;28:668-91.
18. Helzlsouer KJ, Huang HY, Alberg AJ, et al. Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:2018-23.
19. Dietrich M, Traber MG, Jacques PF, et al. Does gamma- tocopherol play a role in the primary prevention of heart disease and cancer? A review. J Am Coll Nutr 2006;25:292-9.
20. Killilea DW, Ames BN. Magnesium deficiency acceler- ates cellular senescence in cultured human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:5768-73.
21. Frank B, Gupta S. A review of antioxidants and Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2005;17:269-86.
22. Cole GM, Lim GP, Yang F, et al. Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: Omega-3 fatty acid and phenolic anti-oxidant interventions. Neurobiol Aging 2005;26:133-6.
23. Iqbal M, Sharma SD, Okazaki Y, et al. Dietary supple- mentation of curcumin enhances antioxidant and phase II metabolizing enzymes in ddY male mice: possible role in protection against chemical carcinogenesis and toxicity. Pharmacol Toxicol 2003;92:33-8.
24. Religa D, Styczynska M, Peplonska B, et al. Homocysteine apolipoproteine E and methylenetetrahydrofolate reduc- tase in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impair- ment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2003;16:64-70.
25. Selley ML. Increased concentrations of homocysteine and asymmetric dimethylarginine and decreased concentra-tions of nitric oxide in the plasma of patients with Alzheimer’s disease.Neurobiol Aging2003;24:903-7.
26. Reutens S, Sachdev P. Homocysteine in neuropsychiatric disorders of the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;17: 859-64.
27. McCaddon A, Davies G, Hudson P, et al. Total serum homocysteine in senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998;13:235-9.
28. Auer J, Berent R, Weber T, et al. Homocysteine and cardiovascular risk. Wien Med Wochenschr 2001;151:25-8.
29. Dzielinska Z, Kadziela J, Sitkiewicz D, et al. Elevated levels of homocysteine in plasma as a risk factor for coro- nary artery disease. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2000;104:345-53.
30. Kuo HK, Sorond FA, Chen JH, et al. The role of homocys- teine in multisystem age-related problems: a systematic review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60:1190-201.
31. Yuneva MO, Bulygina ER, Gallant SC, et al. Effect of carnosine on age-induced changes in senescence-acceler- ated mice. J Anti-Aging Med 1999;2:337-42
32. Gallant S, Kukley M, Stvolinsky S, et al. Effect of carno- sine on rats under experimental brain ischemic. Tohoku J Exp Med 2000;191:85-99.
33. Munch G, Mayer S, Michaelis J, et al. Influence of advanced glycation end- products and AGE-inhibitors on nucleation-dependent polymerization of beta- amyloid peptide. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997;1360:17-29.
34. Brownson C, Hipkiss AR. Carnosine reacts with a glycated protein. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:1564-70.
35. Hipkiss AR, Brownson C. A possible new role for the anti-aging peptide carnosine. Cell Mol Life Sci 2000;57: 747-53.
2. Yu BP. Free Radicals in Aging. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, Inc.;1993:143-811.
3. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and athero- sclerosis. Circulation 2002;105:1135-43.
4. Frayn KN, Fielding BA, Karpe F. Adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 2005;16:409-15.
5. Trayhurn P, Wood IS. Signalling role of adipose tissue: adipokines and inflammation in obesity. Biochem Soc Trans 2005;33:1078-81.
6. Lin RY, Reis ED, Dore AT, et al. Lowering of dietary advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) reduces neointimal formation after arterial injury in genetically hypercholes- terolemic mice. Atherosclerosis 2002;163:303-11.
7. Basta G, Schmidt AM, De Caterina R. Advanced glycation end products and vascular inflammation: implications for accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes. Cardiovasc Res 2004;63:582-92.
8. Uribarri J, Cai W, Sandu O, et al. Diet-derived advanced glycation end products are major contributors to the body’s AGE pool and induce inflammation in healthy subjects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005;1043:461-6.
9. Gey KF, Moser UK, Jordan P, et al. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease at suboptimal plasma concentra- tions of essential antioxidants: an epidemiological update with special attention to carotene and vitamin C. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57:787-97.
10. Nickander KK, McPhee BR, Low PA, Tritschler H. Alpha-lipoic acid: antioxidant potency against lipid per oxidation of neural tissues in vitro and implications for diabetic neuropathy. Free Radic Biol Med 1996;21:631-9.
11. Packer L, Tritschler HJ, Wessel K. Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Free Radic Biol Med 1997;22:359-78.
12. Thirunavukkarasu V, Anuradha CV. Influence of alpha- lipoic acid on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence system in blood of insulin-resistant rats. Diabetes Obes Metab 2004;6:200-7.
13. Thirunavukkarasu V, Anitha Nandhini AT, Anuradha CV. Cardiac lipids and antioxidant status in high fructose rats and the effect of alpha-lipoic acid. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2004;14:351-7.
14. Devaraj S, Tang R,Adams-Huet B, et al. Effect of high-dose alpha-tocopherol supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1392-8.
15. Wilkinson IB, Megson IL, MacCallum H, et al. Oral vitamin C reduces arterial stiffness and platelet aggrega- tion in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999;34:690-3.
16. Devaraj S, Leonard S, Traber MG, et al. Gamma-tocopherol supplementation alone and in combination with alpha- tocopherol alters biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2008;44:1203-8.
17. Reiter E, Jiang Q, Christen S. Anti-inflammatory prop- erties of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol. Mol Aspects Med 2007;28:668-91.
18. Helzlsouer KJ, Huang HY, Alberg AJ, et al. Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:2018-23.
19. Dietrich M, Traber MG, Jacques PF, et al. Does gamma- tocopherol play a role in the primary prevention of heart disease and cancer? A review. J Am Coll Nutr 2006;25:292-9.
20. Killilea DW, Ames BN. Magnesium deficiency acceler- ates cellular senescence in cultured human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:5768-73.
21. Frank B, Gupta S. A review of antioxidants and Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2005;17:269-86.
22. Cole GM, Lim GP, Yang F, et al. Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: Omega-3 fatty acid and phenolic anti-oxidant interventions. Neurobiol Aging 2005;26:133-6.
23. Iqbal M, Sharma SD, Okazaki Y, et al. Dietary supple- mentation of curcumin enhances antioxidant and phase II metabolizing enzymes in ddY male mice: possible role in protection against chemical carcinogenesis and toxicity. Pharmacol Toxicol 2003;92:33-8.
24. Religa D, Styczynska M, Peplonska B, et al. Homocysteine apolipoproteine E and methylenetetrahydrofolate reduc- tase in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impair- ment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2003;16:64-70.
25. Selley ML. Increased concentrations of homocysteine and asymmetric dimethylarginine and decreased concentra-tions of nitric oxide in the plasma of patients with Alzheimer’s disease.Neurobiol Aging2003;24:903-7.
26. Reutens S, Sachdev P. Homocysteine in neuropsychiatric disorders of the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;17: 859-64.
27. McCaddon A, Davies G, Hudson P, et al. Total serum homocysteine in senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998;13:235-9.
28. Auer J, Berent R, Weber T, et al. Homocysteine and cardiovascular risk. Wien Med Wochenschr 2001;151:25-8.
29. Dzielinska Z, Kadziela J, Sitkiewicz D, et al. Elevated levels of homocysteine in plasma as a risk factor for coro- nary artery disease. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2000;104:345-53.
30. Kuo HK, Sorond FA, Chen JH, et al. The role of homocys- teine in multisystem age-related problems: a systematic review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60:1190-201.
31. Yuneva MO, Bulygina ER, Gallant SC, et al. Effect of carnosine on age-induced changes in senescence-acceler- ated mice. J Anti-Aging Med 1999;2:337-42
32. Gallant S, Kukley M, Stvolinsky S, et al. Effect of carno- sine on rats under experimental brain ischemic. Tohoku J Exp Med 2000;191:85-99.
33. Munch G, Mayer S, Michaelis J, et al. Influence of advanced glycation end- products and AGE-inhibitors on nucleation-dependent polymerization of beta- amyloid peptide. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997;1360:17-29.
34. Brownson C, Hipkiss AR. Carnosine reacts with a glycated protein. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:1564-70.
35. Hipkiss AR, Brownson C. A possible new role for the anti-aging peptide carnosine. Cell Mol Life Sci 2000;57: 747-53.