Factors Explaining Postpartum Depression among Thai Adolescent Mothers

Authors

  • Waraphorn Sunthorn RN, PhD (Candidate), Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
  • Darawan Thapinta RN, PhD, Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
  • Sirirat Panuthai RN, PhD, Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
  • Piyanut Xuto RN, PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.

Keywords:

Adolescent mothers, Marital satisfaction, Parenting, Stressors, Postpartum depression, Self-esteem, Stress Process Model

Abstract

            Adolescent mothers are at risk of postpartum depression because they are presented with stressful situations due to role transition. Understanding factors explaining the stress outcomes is necessary to design effective interventions to help this group of adolescent mothers. This predictive correlational study examined whether socio-economic status, intended pregnancy, marital satisfaction, parenting stress, self-esteem, and received postpartum social support could explain postpartum depression among Thai adolescent mothers. The Stress Process Model was used as the framework for the study. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 220 adolescent mothers who attended antenatal care clinics and family planning clinics at ten hospitals in northern Thailand. Data were collected using six self-report instruments which included a Personal Information Questionnaire, the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale, the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, the postpartum Support Questionnaire, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and hierarchical multiple regression.
               Results revealed that all factors could explain only 25% of the total variance in postpartum depression among the participants. The strongest, significant factors were marital status, followed by parenting stress and self-esteem, however, socio-economic status, intentional pregnancy, and received postpartum social support did not significantly explain postpartum depression, so clearly other factors are at work. The usefulness of model outcomes in this study are therefore limited, and further development is needed including investigation of the roleof other stressors, physical causes, and postpartum symptoms. However, we emphasized that the implications for nursing practice are supported, that is to help strengthen and support the relationships of adolescent couples, promote father’s in helping to take care of children, and utilize a range of strategies to support young mothers to help reduce the potential for postpartum depression.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Dinwiddie KJ, Schillerstrom TL, Schillerstrom JE. Postpartum depression in adolescent mothers. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;39(3):168-75. doi:10.1080/0167482X.2017. 1334051.

Zhang Y, Jin S. The impact of social support on postpartum depression: the mediator role of self-efficacy. J Health Psychol. 2016;21(5). doi:10.1177/1359105314536454.

Duan KM, Ma JH, Wang SY, Huang Z, Zhou Y, Yu H. The role of tryptophan metabolism in postpartum depression. Metab Brain Dis. 2018;33(3):647-60. doi:10.1007/s11011-017-0178-y.

American Psychiatric Association. A diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2013.

Hymas R, Girard LC. Predicting postpartum depression among adolescent mothers: a systematic review of risk. J Affect Disord. 2019;246:873-85. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.041.

Kleiber BV, Dimidjian S. Postpartum depression among adolescent mothers: a comprehensive review of prevalence, course, correlates, consequences, and interventions. Clin Psychol Sci Pr. 2014;21(1):48-66. doi:10.1111/cpsp.12055.

Kendall-Tackett KA, editor. Depression in new mothers: causes, consequences, and treatment alternatives. New York: Rout ledge. 2017.

Palladino E, Varin M, Lary T, Baker MM. Thoughts of self-harm and associated risk factors among postpartum women in Canada. J Affect Disord. 2020; 270:69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.054

Yan Q. Psychoneuroimmunology of Depression. In: Yan Q, editor. Psychoneuroimmunology: systems biology approaches to mind-body medicine. Cham Springer International Publishing. 2016. p. 43-52.

Pearlin LI, Lieberman MA, Menaghan EG, Mullan JT. The stress process. J Health Soc Behav. 1981;22(4):337-56. doi: 10.2307/2136676.

Kim Y, Dee V. Sociodemographic and obstetric factors related to symptoms of postpartum depression in Hispanic women in rural California. J Obst Gyn Neo. 2018;47(1):23-31. https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.jogn.2017.11.012

Pearlin LI, Mullan JT, Semple SJ, Skaff MM. Caregiving and the stress process: an overview of concepts and their measures. The Gerontologist. 1990;30(5):583-94. doi:10.1093/geront/30.5.583.

Abajobir AA, Maravilla JC, Alati R, Najman JM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association

between unintended pregnancy and perinatal depression. J Affect Disord. 2016;192:56-63. https://doi.

org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.008

Schumm WR, Scanlon ED, Crow CL, Green DM, Buckler DL. Characteristics of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale in a sample of 79 married couples. Psychol Rep. 1983;53(2):583-8. doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1983.53.2.583.

Bahro M. The impact of paternal support and marital satisfaction on the development of maternal postpartum depression [Thesis]. Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. 2019. Available from: https://www.lsmuni.lt/cris/bitstream/ 20.500.12512/105330/1/bioetikai_PD_EN

Abidin R. Parenting Stress Index Professional Manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1995.

Lee HY, Edwards RC, Hans SL. Young first-time mothers’ parenting of infants: the role of depression and social support. Matern Child Health J. 2020;24:575-86. doi.10.1007/s10995-019-02849-7.

Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image. NewJersey: Princeton University Press. 1965.

Franck E, Vanderhasselt MA, Goubert L, Loeys T, Temmerman M, De Raedt R. The role of self-esteem

instability in the development of postnatal depression: a prospective study testing a diathesis-stress account. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2016;50:15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.04.010

Pearlin LI, Skaff MM. Stress and the life course: a paradigmatic alliance. The Gerontologist. 1996;36(2):

-47. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/36.2.239

Pearlin LI. The sociological study of stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1989;30(3):241-56. doi:10.2307/2136956.

World Health Organization. Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. 2017 [cited 2017 March 7]. Available from: http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/

Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782-6. doi:10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.

Pitanupong J, Liabsuetrakul T, Vittayanont A. Validation of the Thai Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for screening postpartum depression. Psychiatry Res. 2007;149(1-3):253-9. doi.10.1016/j.psychres.2005.12.011.

Boonnate N, Tiansawad S, Chareonsanti J, Thungjaroenkul P. Factors predicting intimate partner violence during pregnancy among Thai pregnant women. Pacific Rim Int J Nurs Res 2015;19(3):218-31. Available from:https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/PRIJNR/article/view/22478

Omani-Samani R, Maroufizadeh S, Ghaheri A, Amini P, Navid B. Reliability and validity of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMSS) in infertile people. Middle East Fertil. Soc. J. 2018;23(2):154-7. doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2017.10.005.

Aracena M, Gómez Muzzio E, Undurraga C, Leiva L, Marinkovic K, Molina Y. Validity and reliability of the

Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI-SF) applied to a Chilean sample. 2016. Available from:https://doi.

org/10.1007/s10826-016-0520-8

Srisaeng P, Case Western Reserve U. Self-esteem, stressful life events, social support, and postpartum depression in adolescent mothers in Thailand. 2003.

Logsdon MC, Usui WM. The Postpartum Support Questionnaire: psychometric properties in adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2006;19(3):145-56.

doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2006.00062. x.

Nurbaeti I, Deoisres W, Hengudomsub P. Postpartum depression in Indonesian mothers: its changes and predicting factors. Pacific Rim Int J Nurs Res 2018;22(2):93-105. Available from: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/PRIJNR/article/view/84760

Munaf S, Siddiqui B. Relationship of postnatal depression with life and marital satisfaction and its comparison in joint and nuclear family system. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2013;84:733-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.636

Biaggi A, Conroy S, Pawlby S, Pariante CM. Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2016;191:62-77. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.014

Kalomiris AE, Kiel EJ. Maternal anxiety and physiological reactivity as mechanisms to explain overprotective primiparous parenting behaviors. J Fam Psychol. 2016;30(7):791-801. doi:10.1037/fam0000237.

Niyonsenga J, Mutabaruka J. Factors of postpartum depression among teen mothers in Rwanda: a cross-sectional study. J Psychosom Obst Gyn. 2020:1-5. doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2020.1735340.

Venkatesh KK, Phipps MG, Triche EW, Zlotnick C. The relationship between parental stress and postpartum depression among adolescent mothers enrolled in a randomized controlled prevention trial. Matern Child Health J. 2014;18(6):1532-9. doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1394-7.

Chinwe IO, Aroyewun BA, Ifeagwazi CM. Postpartum depression: the role of self-esteem, social support, and age. IFE PsychologIA. 2017;25(2):105-15.

Falah-Hassani K, Shiri R, Dennis C-L. Prevalence and risk factors for comorbid postpartum depressive symptomatology and anxiety. J Affect Disord. 2016;198:142-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.010

Kim THM, Connolly JA, Tamim H. The effect of social support around pregnancy on postpartum depression among Canadian teen mothers and adult mothers in the maternity experiences survey. BMC Pregnancy Childb. 2014; 14:162-9. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-162.

Negron R, Martin A, Almog M, Balbierz A, Howell EA. Social support during the postpartum period: mothers' views on needs, expectations, and mobilization of support. Matern Child Health J. 2013;17(4):616-23. doi: 10.1007/s10995-012-1037-4.

Downloads

Published

2020-12-07

How to Cite

1.
Sunthorn W, Thapinta D, Panuthai S, Xuto P. Factors Explaining Postpartum Depression among Thai Adolescent Mothers. PRIJNR [Internet]. 2020 Dec. 7 [cited 2024 Nov. 22];25(1):48-59. Available from: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/PRIJNR/article/view/240121

Issue

Vol. 25 No. 1 (2021): January-March, 2021

Section

Original paper

License

Copyright: The Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, Thailand Nursing & Midwifery Council has exclusive rights to publish, reproduce and distribute the manuscript and all contents therein.