The Impact of PM 2.5 on Pulmonary Immunophysiology and the Lung Microbiome
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Abstract
Air pollution is a ubiquitous environmental challenge, with fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) being a prominent component, originating from diverse sources including combustion, dust, soil, biological particles, and sea salt aerosols. This review delves into the complex interplay between PM 2.5 and its various sources, elucidating their multifaceted impact on the pulmonary immune system and lung microbiome. PM 2.5, characterized by distinct compositions and biological constituents, can evoke inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and immune dysregulation within the respiratory tract, precipitating a range of respiratory ailments. Concurrently, PM 2.5 can exert influences on the lung microbiome, potentially unsettling microbial equilibrium and compromising its protective functions. Dysbiosis induced by PM 2.5 exposure may not only compromise immune defenses but also extend its influence via the gut-lung axis, impacting systemic health. Addressing the pernicious effects of PM 2.5 necessitates a holistic approach, encompassing stringent air quality regulations, emission reductions, cleaner energy promotion, and public awareness. Moreover, further research endeavors are indispensable to unravel the intricate interactions and develop targeted interventions that mitigate PM 2.5-induced perturbations in lung immunophysiology and the microbiome. This comprehensive understanding is pivotal in fostering cleaner air, healthier lungs, and enhanced overall healthiness on a global scale
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