HIV Infection and the Abnormal Cervical Cytology
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Published:
May 4, 2019
Keywords:
HIV infection Human immunodeficiency virus
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been known as a chronic, immunocompromising condition, which accelerates the natural history of many diseases, including cervical cancer. As known, human papillomavirus (HPV) is the principal etiologic cause and its persistent infection can transform normal cervical cells to cancers. HPV and HIV possibly co-facilitate the transmission of each other. In addition, the co-existence of oncogenic and non-oncogenic HPV appears very common. In 2018, the recommendations provided by the Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents for screening cervical cancer in HIV-infected women were launched. In contrast to the previous guideline by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2009) which showed that the screening interval was one year once the first three Pap tests were negative, that in the recent recommendations is three years. Moreover, new techniques such as co-testing are taken into consideration. The article aims to share our experience at the Siriraj Female Sexually transmitted Diseases Clinic, Siriraj Hospital, which has been taking care of this special group of population for nearly two decades.
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How to Cite
(1)
Chayachinda, C.; Jirattigalachote, A.; Chuenchoo, S.; Poorichitiporn, A.; Thamkhantho, M. HIV Infection and the Abnormal Cervical Cytology. Thai J Obstet Gynaecol 2019, 27, 56-62.
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References
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2. Kiertiburanakul S, Likhitpongwit S, Ratanasiri S, Sungkanuparph S. Malignancies in HIV-infected Thai patients. HIV Med. 2007;8(5):322-3.
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8. D'Costa ZJ, Jolly C, Androphy EJ, Mercer A, Matthews CM, Hibma MH. Transcriptional repression of E-cadherin by human papillomavirus type 16 E6. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48954.
9. Monnier-Benoit S, Mauny F, Riethmuller D, Guerrini JS, Capilna M, Felix S, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets in high risk human papillomavirus-associated pre-malignant and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;102(1):22-31.
10. Liu G, Sharma M, Tan N, Barnabas RV. HIV-positive women have higher risk of human papilloma virus infection, precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer. AIDS. 2018;32(6):795-808.
11. Doorbar J. Latent papillomavirus infections and their regulation. Curr Opin Virol. 2013;3(4):416-21.
12. Tugizov SM, Herrera R, Chin-Hong P, Veluppillai P, Greenspan D, Michael Berry J, et al. HIV-associated disruption of mucosal epithelium facilitates paracellular penetration by human papillomavirus. Virology. 2013;446(1-2):378-88.
13. Barillari G, Palladino C, Bacigalupo I, Leone P, Falchi M, Ensoli B. Entrance of the Tat protein of HIV-1 into human uterine cervical carcinoma cells causes upregulation of HPV-E6 expression and a decrease in p53 protein levels. Oncol Lett. 2016;12(4):2389-94.
14. Massad LS, Seaberg EC, Wright RL, Darragh T, Lee YC, Colie C, et al. Squamous cervical lesions in women with human immunodeficiency virus: long-term follow-up. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(6):1388-93.
15. Chaturvedi AK, Madeleine MM, Biggar RJ, Engels EA. Risk of human papillomavirus-associated cancers among persons with AIDS. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(16):1120-30.
16. Massad LS, Riester KA, Anastos KM, Fruchter RG, Palefsky JM, Burk RD, et al. Prevalence and predictors of squamous cell abnormalities in Papanicolaou smears from women infected with HIV-1. Women's Interagency HIV Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;21(1):33-41.
17. Minkoff HL, Eisenberger-Matityahu D, Feldman J, Burk R, Clarke L. Prevalence and incidence of gynecologic disorders among women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(4):824-36.
18. Sirivongrangson P, Bollen LJ, Chaovavanich A, Suksripanich O, Virapat P, Tunthanathip P, et al. Screening HIV-infected women for cervical cancer in Thailand: findings from a demonstration project. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34(2):104-7.
19. Chalermchockcharoenkit A, Sirimai K, Chaisilwattana P. High prevalence of cervical squamous cell abnormalities among HIV-infected women with immunological AIDS-defining illnesses. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2006;32(3):324-9.
20. Laiwejpithaya S, Benjapibal M, Laiwejpithaya S, Wongtiraporn W, Sangkarat S, Rattanachaiyanont M. Performance and cost analysis of Siriraj liquid-based cytology: a direct-to-vial study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009;147(2):201-5.
21. Kaplan JE, Benson C, Holmes KK, Brooks JT, Pau A, Masur H, et al. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009;58(RR-4):1-207; quiz CE1-4.
22. Chalermchockcharoenkit A, Chayachinda C, Thamkhantho M, Komoltri C. Prevalence and cumulative incidence of abnormal cervical cytology among HIV-infected Thai women: a 5.5-year retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:8.
23. Chayachinda C, Boriboonhirunsarn D, Thamkhantho M, Nuengton C, Chalermchockcharoenkit A. Number of external anogenital warts is associated with the occurrence of abnormal cervical cytology. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(3):1177-80.
24. Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. Practice Bulletin No. 168: Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016;128(4):e111-30.
25. Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the
prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents:
recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes
of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.2018 15 February 2019. Available from: https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf. .
26. Ghebre R, Grover S, Xu M, Chuang L, Simonds H. Cervical cancer control in HIV-infected women: Past, present and future. Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2017:101-8.
27. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(2):87-108.
28. Lam JU, Rebolj M, Dugue PA, Bonde J, von Euler-Chelpin M, Lynge E. Condom use in prevention of Human Papillomavirus infections and cervical neoplasia: systematic review of longitudinal studies. J Med Screen. 2014;21(1):38-50.
29. Wilkin TJ, Chen H, Cespedes MS, Leon-Cruz JT, Godfrey C, Chiao EY, et al. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults Aged 27 Years or Older: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol A5298. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(9):1339-46.
2. Kiertiburanakul S, Likhitpongwit S, Ratanasiri S, Sungkanuparph S. Malignancies in HIV-infected Thai patients. HIV Med. 2007;8(5):322-3.
3. Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Caughey AB, et al. Screening for Cervical Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2018;320(7):674-86.
4. Nayar R, Wilbur DC. The Pap Test and Bethesda 2014. "The reports of my demise have been greatly exaggerated." (after a quotation from Mark Twain). Acta Cytol. 2015;59(2):121-32.
5. Lissouba P, Van de Perre P, Auvert B. Association of genital human papillomavirus infection with HIV acquisition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2013;89(5):350-6.
6. Hubert P, Herman L, Maillard C, Caberg JH, Nikkels A, Pierard G, et al. Defensins induce the recruitment of dendritic cells in cervical human papillomavirus-associated (pre)neoplastic lesions formed in vitro and transplanted in vivo. FASEB J. 2007;21(11):2765-75.
7. Laurson J, Khan S, Chung R, Cross K, Raj K. Epigenetic repression of E-cadherin by human papillomavirus 16 E7 protein. Carcinogenesis. 2010;31(5):918-26.
8. D'Costa ZJ, Jolly C, Androphy EJ, Mercer A, Matthews CM, Hibma MH. Transcriptional repression of E-cadherin by human papillomavirus type 16 E6. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48954.
9. Monnier-Benoit S, Mauny F, Riethmuller D, Guerrini JS, Capilna M, Felix S, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets in high risk human papillomavirus-associated pre-malignant and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;102(1):22-31.
10. Liu G, Sharma M, Tan N, Barnabas RV. HIV-positive women have higher risk of human papilloma virus infection, precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer. AIDS. 2018;32(6):795-808.
11. Doorbar J. Latent papillomavirus infections and their regulation. Curr Opin Virol. 2013;3(4):416-21.
12. Tugizov SM, Herrera R, Chin-Hong P, Veluppillai P, Greenspan D, Michael Berry J, et al. HIV-associated disruption of mucosal epithelium facilitates paracellular penetration by human papillomavirus. Virology. 2013;446(1-2):378-88.
13. Barillari G, Palladino C, Bacigalupo I, Leone P, Falchi M, Ensoli B. Entrance of the Tat protein of HIV-1 into human uterine cervical carcinoma cells causes upregulation of HPV-E6 expression and a decrease in p53 protein levels. Oncol Lett. 2016;12(4):2389-94.
14. Massad LS, Seaberg EC, Wright RL, Darragh T, Lee YC, Colie C, et al. Squamous cervical lesions in women with human immunodeficiency virus: long-term follow-up. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(6):1388-93.
15. Chaturvedi AK, Madeleine MM, Biggar RJ, Engels EA. Risk of human papillomavirus-associated cancers among persons with AIDS. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(16):1120-30.
16. Massad LS, Riester KA, Anastos KM, Fruchter RG, Palefsky JM, Burk RD, et al. Prevalence and predictors of squamous cell abnormalities in Papanicolaou smears from women infected with HIV-1. Women's Interagency HIV Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;21(1):33-41.
17. Minkoff HL, Eisenberger-Matityahu D, Feldman J, Burk R, Clarke L. Prevalence and incidence of gynecologic disorders among women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(4):824-36.
18. Sirivongrangson P, Bollen LJ, Chaovavanich A, Suksripanich O, Virapat P, Tunthanathip P, et al. Screening HIV-infected women for cervical cancer in Thailand: findings from a demonstration project. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34(2):104-7.
19. Chalermchockcharoenkit A, Sirimai K, Chaisilwattana P. High prevalence of cervical squamous cell abnormalities among HIV-infected women with immunological AIDS-defining illnesses. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2006;32(3):324-9.
20. Laiwejpithaya S, Benjapibal M, Laiwejpithaya S, Wongtiraporn W, Sangkarat S, Rattanachaiyanont M. Performance and cost analysis of Siriraj liquid-based cytology: a direct-to-vial study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009;147(2):201-5.
21. Kaplan JE, Benson C, Holmes KK, Brooks JT, Pau A, Masur H, et al. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009;58(RR-4):1-207; quiz CE1-4.
22. Chalermchockcharoenkit A, Chayachinda C, Thamkhantho M, Komoltri C. Prevalence and cumulative incidence of abnormal cervical cytology among HIV-infected Thai women: a 5.5-year retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:8.
23. Chayachinda C, Boriboonhirunsarn D, Thamkhantho M, Nuengton C, Chalermchockcharoenkit A. Number of external anogenital warts is associated with the occurrence of abnormal cervical cytology. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(3):1177-80.
24. Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. Practice Bulletin No. 168: Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016;128(4):e111-30.
25. Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the
prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents:
recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes
of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.2018 15 February 2019. Available from: https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf. .
26. Ghebre R, Grover S, Xu M, Chuang L, Simonds H. Cervical cancer control in HIV-infected women: Past, present and future. Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2017:101-8.
27. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(2):87-108.
28. Lam JU, Rebolj M, Dugue PA, Bonde J, von Euler-Chelpin M, Lynge E. Condom use in prevention of Human Papillomavirus infections and cervical neoplasia: systematic review of longitudinal studies. J Med Screen. 2014;21(1):38-50.
29. Wilkin TJ, Chen H, Cespedes MS, Leon-Cruz JT, Godfrey C, Chiao EY, et al. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults Aged 27 Years or Older: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol A5298. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(9):1339-46.