Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors Associated with Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Women Presenting At “Da Nang Hospital For Women and Children”
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women examined at Da Nang Hospital for Women and Children.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 600 women undergoing examinations at Da Nang Hospital for Women and Children from October 2018 to June 2019. All women were clinically examined and diagnosed with C. trachomatis infection by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to determine the presence of serum IgM and IgG antibodies.
Results: Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) infection rate was 26.0%, of which 70.5% had positive IgG antibodies and 41.6% had positive IgM antibodies, whereas 12.1% had both IgM and IgG antibodies. The majority of patients (49.3%) reported at least three clinical symptoms. The most prevalent clinical and testing manifestations were abnormal vaginal discharge (88.5%), vaginitis (75.0%), cervicitis (65.4%), and Candida co-infection (14.7%). Risk factors associated with C. trachomatis infection included manual laborer (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.4 - 3.2, p = 0.0004), first sexual intercourse age < 18 years (OR = 1.9, 95%CI 1.2 - 2.7, p = 0.0023), pelvic pain (OR = 2.1, 95%CI 1.4 - 3.4, p = 0.0007), vaginitis (OR = 2.0, 95%CI 1.2 - 3.2, p = 0.0076), and cervicitis (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1, 5 - 3.3, p = 0.0001).
Conclusion: C. trachomatis infection accounts for a high percentage of women aged 18 or older who had experienced sexual intercourse presenting at Da Nang Hospital for Women and Children. Following the investigation of the risk factors, clinicians should pay particular attention to high-risk patients (manual laborer, first sexual intercourse age < 18 years, pelvic pain, vaginitis, cervitis) to enhance sensitivity to disease screening and facilitate timely detection and diagnosis.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Korenromp E, Low N, Unemo M, Abu-Raddad LJ, et al. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ 2019;97:548-62.
Piñeiro L, Lekuona A, Cilla G, Lasa I, Martinez-Gallardo LP, Korta J, et al. Prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis infection in parturient women in gipuzkoa, Northern Spain. Springerplus 2016;5:566-71.
Haggerty CL, Gottlieb SL, Taylor BD, Low N, Xu F, Ness RB. Risk of sequelae after Chla-mydia trachomatis genital infection in women. J Infect Dis 2010;201:S134-55.
Poston TB, Gottlieb SL, Darville T. Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Vaccine. 2019;37:7289-94.
Yeow TC, Wong WF, Sabet NS, Sulaiman S, Shahhosseini F, Tan GMY, et al. Prevalence of plasmid-bearing and plasmid-free Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women who visited obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Malaysia. BMC Microbiology 2016;16:45.
Enzyme immunoassays for the diagnosis of Chlamydia infection 2016. Available online:https://www.testlinecd.com/file/479/CHLAMYDIA_AN_2016_web.pdf?version=202111121011 (accessed in 2016).
Ahmadnia E, Kharaghani R, Maleki A, Avazeh A, Mazloomzadeh S, Sedaghatpisheh T, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of genital and sexually transmitted infections in married wom-en of Iran. Oman Med 2016;31:439-445.
Chandeying V, Skov S, Farrell D, Lamlertkittikul S, Lamlertkittikul P, Tabrizi S, et al. A Comparison of firtst-void urine, self-administered low vaginal swab, self-inserted tampon, and endocervical swab using PCR tests for the detection of infection with chlamydia trachomatis in commercial sex workers and women attending gynecology outpatient. Thai J Obstet Gynae-col 2002;14:201-9.
Francis SC, Mthiyane TN, Baisley K, Mchunu SL, Ferguson JB, Smit T, et al. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among young people in South Africa: A nested survey in a health and demographic surveillance site. PLoS Med 2018;15:e1002512.
Puolakkainen M. Laboratory diagnosis of persistent human chlamydial infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013;3:99.
Meyer T. Diagnostic procedures to detect Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Microorganism 2016;4:25.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Workowski KA, Bolan GA. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2015;64:1-134.
Moges B, Yismaw G, Kassu A, Megabiaw B, Alemu S, Amare B, et al. Sexually transmitted infections based on the syndromic approach in Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective study. BMC Public Health 2013;13:143.
Muvunyi CM, Dhont N, Verhelst R, Temmerman M, Claeys G, Padalko E. Chlamydia tra-chomatis infection in fertile and subfertile women in Rwanda: prevalence and diagnostic signifi-cance of IgG and IgA antibodies testing, Human Reproduction 2015;26:3319–26.
Gravningen K, Furberg AS, Simonsen GS, Wilsgaard T. Early sexual behaviour and Chla-mydia trachomatis infection - a population based cross-sectional study on gender differences among adolescents in Norway. BMC Infect Dis 2012;22;12:319.
Torrone E, Papp J, Weinstock H; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Preva-lence of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection among persons aged 14-39 years--United States, 2007-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:834-8.
Lallemand A, Bremer V, Jansen K, Nielsen S, Münstermann D, Lucht A, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women, heterosexual men and MSM visiting HIV counsel-ling institutions in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany - should Chlamydia testing be scaled up? BMC Infect Dis 2016;16:610.
Pinto VM, Tancredi MV, Silva RJ, Khoury Z, Buchalla CM. Prevalence and factors associat-ed with Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women with HIV in São Paulo. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016;49:312-8.
Ginindza TG, Stefan CD, Tsoka-Gwegweni JM, Dlamini X, Jolly PE, Weiderpass E, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among women of reproductive age in Swaziland. Infect Agent Cancer 2017;12:29.
Schoeman SA, Stewart CMW, Booth RA, Smith SD, Wilcox MH, Wilson JD. Assessment of best single sample for finding Chlamydia in women with and without symptoms: a diagnostic test study. BMJ 2012;345:e8013.