Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dog
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Published:
Apr 30, 2018
Keywords:
lumbosacral stenosis intervertebral disc degeneration decompressive surgery dog
Main Article Content
Abstract
Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS) in dogs is a common disorder in large breed dogs. It is characterized by intervertebral disc degeneration, spinal stenosis, and proliferation of bone and soft tissue. Lumbosacral stenosis and compression of the cauda equina caused the low back pain, pelvic limb lameness and neurologic deficits in dogs. Diagnosis of DLSS is based on the history, clinical signs, clinical examination and radiographic findings, and findings from computerized tomography scan (CT scan) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CT scan and MRI provide visualization of the bony and soft tissue changes. Preoperative localization and characterization of the lesion in dogs with DLSS allows surgical treatment to be directed at the compressive lesion. Dorsal decompressive laminectomy is the most common surgical treatment of DLSS. Additional surgical techniques to further relieve cauda equina compression include dorsal fenestration, partial discectomy. Fixation techniques include distraction-fusion procedures, pedicle screw and rod fixation, and titanium intervertebral disc cage to stabilize the lumbosacral junction for improvement of the quality of life in these patients.
Article Details
How to Cite
Thitaram, N. (2018). Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dog. Veterinary Integrative Sciences, 16(1), 47–66. Retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/vis/article/view/142625
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Review Article
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31, 2151-2161.
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1995. Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudal lumbar and lumbosacral spine in 13
dogs (1990–1993). Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 36,
3-13.
Bagley, R.S. 2003. Surgical stabilization of the lumbosacral
joint, In: Slatter, D. (Ed.) Textbook of small
animal surgery. Elsevier Science, Philadelphia,
1238-1243.
Barthez, P.Y., Morgan, J.P., Lipsitz, D., 1994. Discography
and epidurography for evaluation of the
lumbosacral junction in dogs with cauda equina
syndrome. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 35, 152-157.
Benninger, M.I., Seiler, G.S., Robinson, L.E., Ferguson,
S.J., Bonél, H.M., Busato, A.R., Lang, J., 2006.
Effects of anatomic conformation on threedimensional
motion of the caudal lumbar and lumbosacral portions of the vertebral column of
dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 67, 43-50.
Carozzo, C., Cachon, T., Genevois, J.P., Fau, D., Remy,
D., Daniaux, L., Collard, F., Viguier, E., 2008.
Transiliac approach for exposure of lumbosacral
intervertebral disk and foramen: technique
description. Vet. Surg. 37, 27-31.
Damur-Djuric, N., Steffen, F., HÄssig, M., Morgan, J.P.,
FlÜckiger, M.A., 2006. Lumbosacral transitional
vertebrae in dogs: classification, prevalence,
and association with sacroiliac morphology. Vet.
Radiol. Ultrasound 47, 32-38.
Danielsson, F., Sjöström, L., 1999. Surgical treatment of
degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs. Vet.
Surg. 28, 91-98.
De Risio, L., Sharp, N.J., Olby, N.J., Muñana, K.R.,
Thomas, W.B., 2001. Predictors of outcome after
dorsal decompressive laminectomy for
degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs: 69
cases (1987–1997). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.
219, 624-628.
De Risio, L., Thomas, W.B., Sharp, N.J., 2000.
Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet. Clin.
North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 30, 111-132.
DeCamp, C.E.,1997. Kinetic and kinematic gait analysis
and the assessmentof lameness in the dog. Vet.
Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 27, 825-840.
Delamarter, R.B., Bohlman, H., Dodge, L.e.a., Biro, C.,
1990. Experimental lumbar spinal stenosis.
Analysis of the cortical evoked potentials,
microvasculature, and histopathology. J. Bone
Joint Surg. Am. 72, 110-120.
Early, P., Mente, P., Dillard, S., Roe, S., 2013. In vitro
biomechanical comparison of the
flexion/extension mobility of the canine
lumbosacral junction before and after dorsal
laminectomy and partial discectomy. Vet. J. 196,
533-535.
Flückiger, M.A., Damur-Djuric, N., Hassig, M., Morgan,
J.P., Steffen, F., 2006. A lumbosacral transitional
vertebra in the dog predisposes to cauda
equina syndrome. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 47,
39-44.
Goedde, T., Steffen, F., 2007. Surgical treatment of
lumbosacral foraminal stenosis using a lateral
approach in twenty dogs with degenerative
lumbosacral stenosis. Vet. Surg. 36, 705-713.
Hoogendoorn, R.J., Helder, M.N., Wuisman, P.I., Bank,
R.A., Everts, V.E., Smit, T.H., 2008. Adjacent
segment degeneration: observations in a goat
spinal fusion study. Spine 33, 1337-1343.
Indrieri, R.J., 1998. Lumbosacral stenosis and injury of the
cauda equina. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim.
Pract 18, 697-710.
Janssens, L., Beosier, Y., Daems, R., 2009. Lumbosacral
degenerative stenosis in the dog. The results of
epidural infiltration with methylprednisolone
acetate: a retrospective study. Vet. Comp.
Orthop. Traumatol. 22, 486-491.
Janssens, L., Moens, Y., Coppens, P., Peremans, K.,
Vinck, H., 2000. Lumbosacral degenerative
stenosis in the dog: The results of dorsal
decompression with dorsal anulectomy and
nuclectomy. Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol. 13,
97-103.
Jeffery, N.D., Barker, A., Harcourt-Brown, T., 2014. What
progress has been made in the understanding
and treatment of degenerative lumbosacral
stenosis in dogs during the past 30 years? Vet.
J. 201, 9-14.
Jones, J.C., Banfield, C.M., Ward, D.L., 2000. Association
between postoperative outcome and results of
magnetic resonance imaging and computed
tomography in working dogs with degenerative
lumbosacral stenosis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.
216, 1769-1774.
Jones, J.C., Inzana, K.D., 2000. Subclinical CT
abnormalities in the lumbosacral spine of older
large-breed dogs. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 41,
19-26.
Jones, J.C., Shires, P.K., Inzana, K.D., Sponenberg, D.P.,
Massicotte, C., Renberg, W., Giroux, A., 1999.
Evaluation of canine lumbosacral stenosis using
intravenous contrast-enhanced computed
tomography. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 40, 108-
114.
Kärkkäinen, M., Punto, L.U., Tulamo, R.M., 1993. Magnetic
resonance imaging of canine degenerative
lumbar spine diseases. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound
34, 399-404.
Kim, N.H., Yang, I.H., 1996. A study of motor and sensory
evoked potentials in chronic cauda equina
compression of the dog. Eur. Spine J. 5, 338-
344.
Lang, J., Jaggy, A., 1993. The radiographic examination
on the canine cauda equina. Eur. J. Comp.
Anim. Pract 3, 40-47.
Linn, L.L., Bartels, K.E., Rochat, M.C., Payton, M.E., Moore,
G.E., 2003. Lumbosacral stenosis in 29 military
working dogs: epidemiologic findings and
outcome after surgical intervention (1990–1999).
Vet. Surg. 32, 21-29.
Mayhew, P.D., Kapatkin, A.S., Wortman, J.A., Vite, C.H.,
2002. Association of cauda equina compression
on magnetic resonance images and clinical
signs in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 38, 555-
562.
McKee, M., 2000. Intervertebral disc disease in the dog 1.
Pathophysiology and diagnosis. In Pract. 22,
355-369.
McLaughlin, R.M., 2001. Kinetic and kinematic gait
analysis in dogs. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small
Anim. Pract 31, 193-201.
Meij, B.P., 1993. Pelvic limb lameness associated with
nerve root compression: diagnosis,
neurosurgery and follow-up in two dogs. Vet.
Surg. 22, 249.
Meij, B.P., Bergknut, N., 2010. Degenerative lumbosacral
stenosis in dogs. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small
Anim. Pract. 40, 983-1009.
Meij, B.P., Suwankong, N., van den Brom, W.E., Venkervan
Haagen, A.J., Hazewinkel, H., 2006. Tibial
nerve somatosensory evoked potentials in dogs
with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet.
Surg. 35, 168-175.
Meij, B.P., Suwankong, N., van der Veen, A.J., Hazewinkel,
H.A.W., 2007. Biomechanical flexion–extension
forces in normal canine lumbosacral cadaver
specimens before and after dorsal
laminectomy–discectomy and pedicle screw–
rod fixation. Vet. Surg. 36, 742-751.
Middleton, D.L., 1993. Radiographic positioning for the
spine and skull. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim.
Pract. 23, 253-268.
Olby, N., Dyce, J., Houlton, J., 1994. Correlation of plain
radiographic and lumbar myelographic findings
with surgical findings in thoracolumbar disc
disease. J. Small Anim. Pract. 35, 345-350.
Olmarker, K., Holm, S., Rosenqvist, A.l., Rydevik, B., 1991.
Experimental nerve root compression: a model
of acute, graded compression of the porcine
cauda equina and an analysis of neural and
vascular anatomy. Spine 16, 61-69.
Quist, J.J., Dhert, W.J.A., Meij, B.P., Visser, W.J., Oner, F.,
Hazewinkel, H.A.W., Verbout, A.J., 1998. The prevention of peridural adhesions. J. Bone Joint
Surg. Br. 80, 520-526.
Raj, P.P., 2008. Intervertebral disc: anatomy-physiologypathophysiology-treatment.
Pain Pract. 8, 18-44.
Ramirez, O., Thrall, D.E., 1998. A review of imaging
techniques for canine cauda equina syndrome.
Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 39, 283-296.
Rossi, F., Seiler, G., Busato, A., Wacker, C., Lang, J., 2004.
Magnetic resonance imaging of articular
process joint geometry and intervertebral disk
degeneration in the caudal lumbar spine (L5–
S1) of dogs with clinical signs of cauda equina
compression. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 45, 381-
387.
Sears, W., 2005. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion for
degenerative spondylolisthesis: restoration of
sagittal balance using insert-and-rotate
interbody spacers. Spine J. 5, 170-179.
Seiler, G.S., Häni, H., Busato, A.R., Lang, J., 2002. Facet
joint geometry and intervertebral disk
degeneration in the L5-S1 region of the vertebral
column in German Shepherd dogs. Am. J. Vet.
Res. 63, 86-90.
Sharp, N.J.H., Wheeler, S.J. 2005. Lumbosacral disease,
In: Sharp, N.J.H., Wheeler, S.J. (Eds.) Small
animal spinal disorders: diagnosis and surgery.
Mosby, St Louis, 181-209.
Sjöström, L. 2003. Lumbosacral disorders. Degenerative
lumbosacral stenosis: Surgical decompression,
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