Prevalence and risk factors of blood parasites infection in backyard chickens in Chiang Mai
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The avian blood parasite is one of the most important diseases that causes of economic loss and impact of the poultry production. The objective of this study was aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of blood parasites of backyard chickens in Chiang Mai. This experiment was collected 856 blood samples from backyard chickens in 15 district areas of Chiang Mai. Then, the thin blood smear slides were prepared with Giemsa stain and were analyzed under light microscope. Moreover, the farmers who have raised the backyard chicken were interviewed using a questionnaire. The results showed the prevalence of blood parasites infection in backyard chickens was 73.95% (633/856) and chickens show no symptoms. The incidence of the most common areas in Maetang and Omkoi district. The results showed that chickens were infected with three kinds of blood parasites which comprised of Leucocytozoon sabrazesi (72.66%), Leucocytozoon caulleryi (0.47%) and Microfilaria (4.56%). It is possible that co-infections were found in backyard chicken (4.67%). In addition, the studies showed that the blood parasite infection in backyard chickens significantly related to the seasons (P < 0.05). The analysis of data on the prevalence of blood parasites infection of backyard chickens in Chiang Mai, Thailand, showed an overall prevalence of summer season infection was found to be 78.57% whereas only 68.52% in rainy season had the blood parasitic infection. Conclusions that blood parasites infection in backyard chickens in Chiang Mai, Thailand were highly infections. Therefore, farmers and related agencies should plan, control, and monitor outbreaks at the appropriate time. However, educating and advising services farmers on production system and management will be way to reduce the incidence of disease in backyard chickens in the future
Article Details
Publishing an article with open access in Veterinary Integrative Sciences leaves the copyright with the author. The article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0), which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited.
References
Awa II, T., Khan, P.V., Tamungang Simon, A., Marcel, D., 2014. Effects of seasonal and site variations on the prevalence of parasites on Black-crowned waxbill (Estrilda nonnula) in Dschang and its environs, Cameroon. J App Biol Biotech. 2, 012016.
Bishop, M.A., Bennett, G.F. 1992. Host-parasite Catalogue of the Avian Haematozoa, Occasional Papers in Biology, In: Newfoundland., Memorial University of Newfoundland.
Chiang Mai Provincial Livestock Office 2015. Provincial Animal Information Report Data processing as of November 12, 2015. (in Thai)
Choochote, W. 2016. Black-fly Fauna of Thailand: Vector Importance and Species Diversity (Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University).
Chumpoochan, T., Prasitirat, P., Mahantachaisakul, C., 1995. Outbreak of Avian Malaria in Broilers National Institutes of Health Newsletters 4. (in Thai)
Dhama, D.N., Darmadi, P., Arsana, I.B., 1985. Filariasis and Microfilariasis in Parrots in The Eastern Island of Indonesia. Avian Dis. 29, 881-885.
Garnham, P.C.C., 1996. Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia. United Kingdom, Oxford
Gimba , F., Zakaria, A., Mugok, L.B., Siong , H.C., Jaafar, N., Moktar, M.A., Abdul Rashid, A.R., Amlizawaty, A., Abu, J., Sani, R.A., AminBabjee, S.M., Sharma, R.S., 2014. Haemoparasites Of Domestic Poultry And Wild Birds In Selangor, Malaysia. MJVR. 5, 43-51.
Ishtiaq, F., Gering, E., Rappole, J.H., Rahmani, A.R., Jhala, Y.V., Dove, C.J., Milensky, C., Olson, S.L., Peirce, M.A., Fleischer, R.C., 2007. Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Hematozoan Parasites in Asia: a Regional Survey. J. Wildl. Dis. 43, 382398.
Jaijan, A., Posuya, W., Saenbuaphan, N., 2012. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Blood Parasites in Indigenous Thai Chickens in Nan Province
During November 2011 to August 2012. Nan Provincial Livestock Office. (in Thai)
Krimahakim, S., Ratanasethakul, C., Klaynil, P., 1975. Pathological Study of Leucocytozoonosis in Chickens. TJVM. 5, 746-760. (in Thai)
Muangyai, M., 2002. Veterinary Protozoology Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 218 p. (in Thai)
Nakamura, K., Prasitiratna, P., Chompoochan, T. 1990. Prevalence and distribution of chicken Leucocytozoonosis in Thailand. In: Proceedings of 7th FAVA Congress., Pattaya Thailand.
Nemi, C.J., 1986. Schalms Veterinary hematology. 4th Edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. P 21-62.
Overgaard, H.J., Ekbom, B., Suwonkerd, W., Takagi, M., 2003. Effect of Landscape Structure on Anopheline Mosquito Diversity and Density in Northern Thailand: Implications for Malaria Transmission and Control. Landsc. Ecol. 18, 605-619.
Permin, A., Hansen, J.W. 1998. The Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Poultry Parasites., 4, ed. (Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation).
Prasittirat, M., Intarachote, U., Vongpakorn, M., Chompoochan, T., Moekaew, K., Sookruen, A., 1997. Treatment of Leucocytozoonosis in Native Chickens by Sulfadimethoxine and Mosquito Nets. Symposium of the 39th Kasetsart University veterinary field., 394-402. (in Thai)
Prasittirat, P. 1998. Avian Malaria in layer chicken. In Documentation of the chicken farmers seminar. Look at the corner chicken egg problem. What is causing the yield to fall. (At Tai-Pan Room, Royal Plaza Hotel, Chachoengsao). (in Thai)
Sasipreeyajan, J., 2010. Disease of Poultry. Thana Press Ltd., Bangkok. (in Thai)
Sehgal, R.N.M., Gediminas, V., Tatjana, A.L., Smith, T.B., 2006. Blood Parasites of Chickens in Uganda and Cameroon with Molecular Descriptions of Leucocytozoon schoutendeni and Trypanosoma gallinarum. Journal Parasitol 92, 1336-1343.
Skidmore, L.V., 1931. Leucocytozoon smithi Infection in Turkeys and Its Transmission by Simulium occidentale Townsend. Journal Parasitol, 130.
Srisuka, W., Takaoka, H., Otsuka, Y., Fukuda, M., Thongsahuan, S., Taai, K., Choochote, W., Saeung, A., 2015. Seasonal Biodiversity of Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and Evaluation of Ecological Factors Influencing Species Distribution at Doi Pha Hom Pok National Park, Thailand. Acta Trop. 149, 212-219.
Takaoka, H., Choochote, W., Aoki, C., Fukuda, M., Bain, O., 2003. Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) Attracted to Humans and Water Buffalos and Natural Infections with Filarial Larvae, Probably Onchocerca sp., in Northern Thailand. Parasite. 10, 3-8.
Valkiunas, G., Sehgal, R.N., Iezhova, T.A., Smith, T.B., 2005. Further Observations on the Blood Parasites of Birds in Uganda. JWD, 41, 580-587.
Vanichbuncha, K., 2008. Logistic Regression Analysis in : Multivariate Data Analysis. Tummasarn Company Limited, Bangkok. (in Thai)
Wongwatcharadamrong, W., Atsawamehta, P., Yuadyong, R., 1980. Preliminary Report on Leucocytozoon
sabrazesi in Blackyard Chickens of Southern Thailand. TJVM, 10. (in Thai)
Worasing, R., Kongkeaw, W., Nithiuthai, S., Sihamart, N. 2004. Preliminary Report of Microfilaria from Chicken in Southern Thailand. In: National Conference on Agriculture / Animal Science, khonkaen University, 470-479. (in Thai)
Worasing, R., Kongkeaw, W., Tiptara, A., Anant, S., 2000. Leucocytozoonosis with Avian Malaria in Layer Chicken and Treatmen. Epidemiological Surveillance Report 10. (in Thai)
Yano, T., Chotinun, S., Numee, S., 2005. Prevalence of Leucocytozoon spp. in Native Chickens in Chiang Mai. (in Thai)
Zamora-Vilchis, I., Williams, S.E., Johnson, C.N., 2012. Environmental Temperature Affects Prevalence of Blood Parasites of Birds on an Elevation Gradient: Implications for Disease in a Warming Climate. PLoS One 7, e39208.
Zhao, W., Pang, Q., Xu, R., Liu, J., Liu, S., Li, J., Su, X.Z., 2016. Monitoring the Prevalence of Leucocytozoon sabrazesi in Southern China and Testing Tricyclic Compounds Against Gametocytes. PLoS One 11.