Detection of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus in Asian elephant from organs and trunk swap samples
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Published:
Dec 31, 2015
Keywords:
Asian elephant Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus PCR Trunk swab
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Abstract
Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV) is one of the major causes of severe death in Asian elephants worldwide. Early detection of infected elephants helps in saving their lives. In the present study, 2 identified EEHV-1 isolates causing death of two Asian elephants and one EEHV-1 isolate from trunk swab of a clinically healthy elephant in Northeast of Thailand were studied by using PCR techniques. Nucleotides of the three isolates were compared with reference virus, EEHV 1A at the gene of DNA polymerase. Three newly designed primer sets that specific to genes of terminase, thymidine kinase, and glycoprotein B were also applied to the three isolates. The results revealed that all identified viruses were EEHV 1A. Similarity at 100% of the identified viruses with reference virus at the glycoprotein B genes suggested a usefulness of the developed primer sets for the virus gene. Furthermore, the discovery of EEHV from trunk swab could prove its effectiveness in collecting samples from live elephants and be tested against the primers of glycoprotein B genes which yielded a short, but specific product for further development of other methods to increase rapidness and specification of EEHV diagnosis in live elephants.
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How to Cite
Puyati, B., Charoenphan, P., Boonyasart, B., Kanistanon, K., & Kampa, J. (2015). Detection of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus in Asian elephant from organs and trunk swap samples. Veterinary Integrative Sciences, 13(3), 153–163. Retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/vis/article/view/146234
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Research Articles
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References
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Sripiboon, S., Tankaew, P., Lungka, G., & Thitaram, C. (2013). The occurrence of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): first case of EEHV4 in Asia. J Zoo Wildl Med, 44(1), 100-104.
Stanton, J., Eng, C., Mejia, A., Zong, J., Herron, A. J., Hayward, G. S. et al. (2011). Clinical and Subclinical Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Infection in Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 50(5), 799-800.
Stanton, J. J., Zong, J. C., Eng, C., Howard, L., Flanagan, J., Stevens, M. et al. (2013). Kinetics of viral loads and genotypic analysis of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus-1 infection in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). J Zoo Wildl Med, 44(1), 42-54.
Van den Doel, P. B., Prieto, V. R., van Rossum-Fikkert, S. E., Schaftenaar, W., Latimer, E., Howard, L., et al. (2015). A novel antigen capture ELISA for the specific detection of IgG antibodies to elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus. BMC Vet Res. 14;11:203.
Wilkie, G. S., Davison, A. J., Watson, M., Kerr, K., Sanderson, S., Bouts, T. et al. (2013). Complete genome sequences of elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses 1A and 1B determined directly from fatal cases. J Virol, 87(12), 6700-6712.
Zachariah, A., Zong, J. C., Long, S. Y., Latimer, E. M., Heaggans, S. Y., Richman, L. K. et al. (2013). Fatal herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease in wild and orphan asian elephants in southern India. J Wildl Dis, 49(2), 381-393.
Bennett, L., Dunham, S., Chapman, S., Robinson, R., Kenaghan, M., Purdie, L. et al. (2015). Update on EEHV research at the university of Nottingham, United Kingdom. Proceeding in 10th International Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV) Workshop. Houston, Texas, USA. 17th – 18th February 17th 2015.
Bouchard, B., Xaymountry, B., Thongtip, N., Lertwatcharasarakul, P., & Wajjwalku, W. (2014). First reported case of elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus infection in Laos. J Zoo Wildl Med, 45(3), 704-707.
Chi, J., Gu, B., Zhang, C., Peng, G., Zhou, F., Chen, Y. et al. (2012). Human herpesvirus 6 latent infection in patients with glioma. J Infect Dis, 206(9), 13941398. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis513
Garner, M. M., Helmick, K., Ochsenreiter, J., Richman, L. K., Latimer, E., Wise, A. G. et al. (2009). Clinicopathologic features of fatal disease attributed to new variants of endotheliotropic herpesviruses in two Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Vet Pathol, 46(1), 97-104.
Hall, T.A. (1999). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor v. 5.0.9. Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser(41), 95–98.
Hayward, G. S. (2012). Conservation: clarifying the risk from herpesvirus to captive Asian elephants. Vet Rec, 170(8), 202-203.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (2015). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-3.
Kondo, K. (1998). Persistent/latent infection of human betaherpesvirus. Nihon Rinsho, 56(1), 83-89.
Kumar, S., Tamura, K., & Nei, M. (1994). MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software for microcomputers. Comput Appl Biosci, 10(2), 189-191.
Latimer, E., Zong, J. C., Heaggans, S. Y., Richman, L. K., & Hayward, G. S. (2011). Detection and evaluation of novel herpesviruses in routine and pathological samples from Asian and African elephants: identification of two new probosciviruses (EEHV5 and EEHV6) and two new gammaherpesviruses (EGHV3B and EGHV5). Vet Microbiol, 147(1-2), 28-41.
Lertwatcharasarakul, P., Sanyathitiseeree, P., Thongtip, N., Charoenphan, P., Boonyasart, B., Maneewan, N. et al. (2015). Genetic variant of Eephant Endotheliottropic Herpesvirus detected from Captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Thailand from 2007 to 2013. Thai J Vet Med, 45(1), 73-79.
Pintavongs, W., Chueplaivej, P., Boonyasart, B., Kidyhoo, P., & Pravai, W. (2014). Domestic elephant population structure and health status in
Thailand. Journal of Kasetsart Veterinarians, 24(1), 16 - 24. (in Thai)
Reid, C. E., Hildebrandt, T. B., Marx, N., Hunt, M., Thy, N., Reynes, J. M. et al. (2006). Endotheliotropic elephant herpes virus (EEHV) infection. The first PCR-confirmed fatal case in Asia. Vet Q, 28(2), 61-64.
Richman, L. K., Montali, R. J., Garber, R. L., Kennedy, M. A., Lehnhardt, J., Hildebrandt, T. et al. (1999). Novel endotheliotropic herpesviruses fatal for Asian and African elephants. Science, 283(5405), 11711176.
Richman, L.K., Zong, J.C., Latimer, E., Heaggans, S.Y. & Hayward, G.S. (2012). The Genomes of Seven Distinct Elephant Herpesviruses Associated with Hemorrhagic Disease are Highly Diverged from Both Cytomegaloviruses and Roseoloviruses and Form a New Proboscivirus. Retrieved https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/jq300082.1 , from National Center for Biotechnology Information Sanyathitiseeree,
P., Lertwatcharasarakul, P., Phatthanakunanan, S. & Jala, S. (2010). Diagnosis of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpes Virus (EEHV) in Thailand. Proceeding in EU AsiaLink Project Symposium Health and Reproduction of Asian Elephant. Chiang Mai, Thailand. 31th May - 2nd June 2010.
Sariya, L., Chatsirivech, J., Suksai, P., Wiriyarat, W., Songjaeng, A., Tangsudjai, S. et al. (2012). Development of a SYBR Green I-based real-time PCR for detection of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1 infection in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). J Virol Methods, 185(1), 160-165.
Sripiboon, S., Lungka, G. & Thitaram, C. (2011). Two types of EEHVin Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) elephant in Thailand. Proceeding in Internationam conference on elephant and wildlife health management in Asia, Kasetsart University, Bangkok Thaialnd. 5th – 9th September 2011.
Sripiboon, S., Tankaew, P., Lungka, G., & Thitaram, C. (2013). The occurrence of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): first case of EEHV4 in Asia. J Zoo Wildl Med, 44(1), 100-104.
Stanton, J., Eng, C., Mejia, A., Zong, J., Herron, A. J., Hayward, G. S. et al. (2011). Clinical and Subclinical Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Infection in Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 50(5), 799-800.
Stanton, J. J., Zong, J. C., Eng, C., Howard, L., Flanagan, J., Stevens, M. et al. (2013). Kinetics of viral loads and genotypic analysis of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus-1 infection in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). J Zoo Wildl Med, 44(1), 42-54.
Van den Doel, P. B., Prieto, V. R., van Rossum-Fikkert, S. E., Schaftenaar, W., Latimer, E., Howard, L., et al. (2015). A novel antigen capture ELISA for the specific detection of IgG antibodies to elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus. BMC Vet Res. 14;11:203.
Wilkie, G. S., Davison, A. J., Watson, M., Kerr, K., Sanderson, S., Bouts, T. et al. (2013). Complete genome sequences of elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses 1A and 1B determined directly from fatal cases. J Virol, 87(12), 6700-6712.
Zachariah, A., Zong, J. C., Long, S. Y., Latimer, E. M., Heaggans, S. Y., Richman, L. K. et al. (2013). Fatal herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease in wild and orphan asian elephants in southern India. J Wildl Dis, 49(2), 381-393.