Holter monitoring in dogs and cats
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Published:
Aug 28, 2015
Keywords:
Holter monitoring dog cat veterinary
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Abstract
A Holter monitoring is a noninvasive method that continuously records the electrocardiogram (ECG) for 24 hours or longer, using a special portable electrocardiograph recording device called a Holter monitor. A Holter monitor is a small, light and wearable device that can be done in a clinic setting without general anesthesia and surgery. Human and animal patients wear the Holter monitor while carrying out their normal daily activities and sleep, thus have more chance to detect arrhythmias than conventional ECG examination. Currently, in veterinary medicine, Holter monitoring has been widely used to diagnose and assess the severity and frequency of cardiac arrhythmia, assessing the need for antiarrhythmic therapy, monitoring and assessing the efficacy of antiarrhythmic therapy. This article presents the history of Holter monitoring, benefit and clinical indications, Holter mornitor for animals, procedures, user guideline during Holter monitoring, analysis of the recording and limitations of Holter monitoring in dogs and cats.
Article Details
How to Cite
Pirintr, P. (2015). Holter monitoring in dogs and cats. Veterinary Integrative Sciences, 13(2), 103–115. Retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/vis/article/view/146341
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Review Article
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References
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Adin, D. (2009). Holter Monitoring in dogs and cats. In Fall update - MEDICAL & CANCER CENTER FOR PETS. COLUMBUS. Worthington, Ohio. 2-3.
Bright, J. M., & Cali, J. V. (2000). Clinical usefulness of cardiac event recording in dogs and cats examined because of syncope, episodic collapse, or intermittent weakness: 60 cases (1997-1999). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 216(7), 1110-1104.
Bruce, D. M. (2005). The history of clinical holter monitoring. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology. 10(2), 226-230.
Calvert, C. A., Jacobs, G. J., Smith, D. D., Rathbun, S. L., & Pickus, C. W. (2000). Association between results of ambulatory electrocardiography and development of cardiomyopathy during long-term follow-up of Doberman pinchers. Journal of the American Veterinary Association. 216(1), 34-39.
Calvert, C. A., & Wall, M. (2001). Results of ambulatory electrocardiography in overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers with equivocal echocardiographic evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American Veterinary Association. 219(6), 782-784.
Crawford, M. H., Bernstein, S. J., Deedwania, P. C., DiMarco, J. P., Ferrick, K. J., Garson, A., ……… & Tracy, C. M. (1999). ACC/AHA guidelines for ambulatory electrocardiography. A report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the Guidelines for Ambulatory Electrocardiography). Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 34(3), 912-948.
Fukuda Denshi. (2003). Holter Software SCM-510 Operation Manual. Japan. 264-265. Goodwin, J. K. (1998). Holter monitoring and cardiac event recording. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 28(6), 1391-1407.
Holter, N. J. (1961). New method for heart studies continuous electrocardiography of active subjects. Science. 134, 12141220. Häggström, J., Hamlin, R. L., Hansson, K. & Kvart, C. (1996). Heart rate variability in relation to severity of mitral regurgitation in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 37(2), 69-75.
Kennedy, H. L., & Wiens, R. D. (1987). Ambulatory (Holter) electrocardiography using real time analysis. American journal of Cardiology. 59, 1190-1195. Mackie, B. A., Stepien, R. L., & Kellihan, H. B. (2010). Retrospective analysis of an implantable loop recorder for evaluation of syncope, collapse, or intermittent weakness in 23 dogs (2004-2008). Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 12(1), 2533.
Mason, J. W. (1993). ESVEM Investigators. A comparison of electrophysiologic testing with Holter monitoring to predict antiarrhythmic drug efficacy for ventricular tachyarrhythmia. The New England Journal of Medicine. 329, 445-451.
Meurs, K. M., Spier, A. W., Wright, N. A., & Hamlin, R. L. (2001). Comparison of in-hospital versus 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography for detection of ventricular premature complexes in mature Boxers. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 218(2), 222-224.
Miller, R. H., Lehmkuhl, L. B., Bonagura, J. D., & Beall, M. J. (1999). Retrospective analysis of the clinical utility of ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) recording in syncopal dogs: 44 case (1991-1995). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 13(2), 111-122.
Petrie, J. P. (2005). Practical application of holter monitoring in dogs and cats. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice, 20, 173-181.
Piccirillo, G., Ogawa, M., Song, J., Chong, V. J., Joung, B., Han, S. et al. (2009). Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability and autonomic nervous system activity measured directly in healthy 58 dogs and dogs with tachycardia-induced heart failure. Heart Rhythm. 6(4): 546-552.
Pirintr, P., Chansaisakorn, W., Trisiriroj, M., Kalandakanond-Thongsong, S. & Buranakarl, C. (2012). Heart rate variability and plasma norepinephrine concentration in diabetic dogs at rest. Veterinary Research Communications. 36(4), 207214.
Scalvini, S., Zanelli, E., Martinelli, G., Baratti, D., Giordano, A., & Glisenti, F. (2005). Cardiac event recording yields more diagnoses than 24-hour Holter monitoring in patients with palpitations. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 1, 14-16.
Seung-Hyun K., Shin-Ae P., Jae-Hyoung C., Ki-Ho S., Kun-Ho Y., Bong-Yun C. et al. (2008). Progression of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 7-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care. 31(9), 1832– 1836.
Sztajzel, J. (2004). Heart rate variability:a noninvasive electrocardiographic method to measure the autonomic nervous system. Swiss Medical Weekly. 134(35-36), 514–522.
Van Ravenswaaij-Arts, C. M., Kollée, L. A., Hopman, J. C., Stoelinga, G. B., & van Geijn H. P. (1993). Heart rate variability. Annals of Internal Medicine. 118, 436–447.
Wess, G., Schulze, A., Geraghty, N., & Hartmann, K. (2010). Ability of a 5-minute electrocardiography (ECG) for predicting arrhythmias in Doberman Pinschers with cardiomyopathy in comparison with a 24-hour ambulatory ECG. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 24(2), 367-371.
Adin, D. (2009). Holter Monitoring in dogs and cats. In Fall update - MEDICAL & CANCER CENTER FOR PETS. COLUMBUS. Worthington, Ohio. 2-3.
Bright, J. M., & Cali, J. V. (2000). Clinical usefulness of cardiac event recording in dogs and cats examined because of syncope, episodic collapse, or intermittent weakness: 60 cases (1997-1999). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 216(7), 1110-1104.
Bruce, D. M. (2005). The history of clinical holter monitoring. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology. 10(2), 226-230.
Calvert, C. A., Jacobs, G. J., Smith, D. D., Rathbun, S. L., & Pickus, C. W. (2000). Association between results of ambulatory electrocardiography and development of cardiomyopathy during long-term follow-up of Doberman pinchers. Journal of the American Veterinary Association. 216(1), 34-39.
Calvert, C. A., & Wall, M. (2001). Results of ambulatory electrocardiography in overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers with equivocal echocardiographic evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American Veterinary Association. 219(6), 782-784.
Crawford, M. H., Bernstein, S. J., Deedwania, P. C., DiMarco, J. P., Ferrick, K. J., Garson, A., ……… & Tracy, C. M. (1999). ACC/AHA guidelines for ambulatory electrocardiography. A report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the Guidelines for Ambulatory Electrocardiography). Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 34(3), 912-948.
Fukuda Denshi. (2003). Holter Software SCM-510 Operation Manual. Japan. 264-265. Goodwin, J. K. (1998). Holter monitoring and cardiac event recording. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 28(6), 1391-1407.
Holter, N. J. (1961). New method for heart studies continuous electrocardiography of active subjects. Science. 134, 12141220. Häggström, J., Hamlin, R. L., Hansson, K. & Kvart, C. (1996). Heart rate variability in relation to severity of mitral regurgitation in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 37(2), 69-75.
Kennedy, H. L., & Wiens, R. D. (1987). Ambulatory (Holter) electrocardiography using real time analysis. American journal of Cardiology. 59, 1190-1195. Mackie, B. A., Stepien, R. L., & Kellihan, H. B. (2010). Retrospective analysis of an implantable loop recorder for evaluation of syncope, collapse, or intermittent weakness in 23 dogs (2004-2008). Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 12(1), 2533.
Mason, J. W. (1993). ESVEM Investigators. A comparison of electrophysiologic testing with Holter monitoring to predict antiarrhythmic drug efficacy for ventricular tachyarrhythmia. The New England Journal of Medicine. 329, 445-451.
Meurs, K. M., Spier, A. W., Wright, N. A., & Hamlin, R. L. (2001). Comparison of in-hospital versus 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography for detection of ventricular premature complexes in mature Boxers. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 218(2), 222-224.
Miller, R. H., Lehmkuhl, L. B., Bonagura, J. D., & Beall, M. J. (1999). Retrospective analysis of the clinical utility of ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) recording in syncopal dogs: 44 case (1991-1995). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 13(2), 111-122.
Petrie, J. P. (2005). Practical application of holter monitoring in dogs and cats. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice, 20, 173-181.
Piccirillo, G., Ogawa, M., Song, J., Chong, V. J., Joung, B., Han, S. et al. (2009). Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability and autonomic nervous system activity measured directly in healthy 58 dogs and dogs with tachycardia-induced heart failure. Heart Rhythm. 6(4): 546-552.
Pirintr, P., Chansaisakorn, W., Trisiriroj, M., Kalandakanond-Thongsong, S. & Buranakarl, C. (2012). Heart rate variability and plasma norepinephrine concentration in diabetic dogs at rest. Veterinary Research Communications. 36(4), 207214.
Scalvini, S., Zanelli, E., Martinelli, G., Baratti, D., Giordano, A., & Glisenti, F. (2005). Cardiac event recording yields more diagnoses than 24-hour Holter monitoring in patients with palpitations. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 1, 14-16.
Seung-Hyun K., Shin-Ae P., Jae-Hyoung C., Ki-Ho S., Kun-Ho Y., Bong-Yun C. et al. (2008). Progression of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 7-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care. 31(9), 1832– 1836.
Sztajzel, J. (2004). Heart rate variability:a noninvasive electrocardiographic method to measure the autonomic nervous system. Swiss Medical Weekly. 134(35-36), 514–522.
Van Ravenswaaij-Arts, C. M., Kollée, L. A., Hopman, J. C., Stoelinga, G. B., & van Geijn H. P. (1993). Heart rate variability. Annals of Internal Medicine. 118, 436–447.
Wess, G., Schulze, A., Geraghty, N., & Hartmann, K. (2010). Ability of a 5-minute electrocardiography (ECG) for predicting arrhythmias in Doberman Pinschers with cardiomyopathy in comparison with a 24-hour ambulatory ECG. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 24(2), 367-371.