Feline upper respiratory tract disease: feline herpesvirus-1
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Published:
Dec 30, 2014
Keywords:
Feline herpesvirus-1 pathogenesis clinical signs diagnosis treatment
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Abstract
Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) is recognized as one of the most important pathogens of feline upper respiratory tract infections with clinical sign of conjunctivitis and keratitis. After the initial infection, cats are unable to eliminate the virus and develop a carrier state, with intermittent episodes of virus shedding. This article discusses pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease caused by FHV-1 infection.
Article Details
How to Cite
Sodarat, C. (2014). Feline upper respiratory tract disease: feline herpesvirus-1. Veterinary Integrative Sciences, 12(3), 191–199. Retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/vis/article/view/146502
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Review Article
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References
Beaumont, S. L., Maggs, D. J., & Clarke, H. E. (2003). Effects of bovine lactoferrin on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 6, 245–250.
Binns, S. H., Dawson, S., Speakman, A. J., Cuevas, L. E., Hart, C. A., Gaskell, C. J., … Gaskell, R. M. (2000). A study of feline upper respiratory tract disease with reference to prevalence and risk factors for infection with feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 2, 123–133.
Chvala-Mannsberger, S., Bago, Z., & Weissenbock, H. (2009). Occurrence, morphological characterization and antigen localization of felid herpesvirus-induced pneumonia in cats: a retrospective study (2000-2006). Journal of Comparative Patholog., 141, 163–169.
Dean, E., & Meunier, V. (2013). Feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis: a retrospective study of 45 cases (56 eyes). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15, 661–666.
DiGangi, B. A., Levy, J. K., Griffi n, B., McGorray, S. P., Dubovi, E. J., Dingman, P. A., & Tucker, S. J. (2012). Prevalence of serum antibody titers against feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus 1, and feline calicivirus in cats entering a Florida animal shelter. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 241, 1320–1325.
Drazenovich, T. L., Fascetti, A. J., Westermeyer, H. D., Sykes, J. E., Bannasch, M. J., Kass, P. H., … Maggs, D. J. (2009). Effects of dietary lysine supple mentation on upper respiratory and ocular disease and detection of infectious organisms in cats within an animal shelter. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 70, 1391–1400.
Driciru, M., Siefert, L., Prager, K. C., Dubovi, E., Sande, R., Princee, F. et al. (2006). A serosurvey of viral infections in lions (Panthera leo), from Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. Journal of Wildlife disease. 42, 667-671.
Fontenelle, J. P., Powell, C. C., Veir, J. K., Radecki, S. V., & Lappin, M. R. (2008). Effect of topical ophthalmic application of cidofovir on experimentally induced primary ocular feline herpesvirus-1 infection in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 69, 289–293.
Gaskell, R., Dawson, S., Radford, A., & Thiry, E. (2007). Feline herpesvirus. Veterinary Research, 38, 337–354.
Gaskell, R. M., & Povey, R. C. (1982). Transmission of feline viral rhinotracheitis. Veterinary Record, 111, 359–362.
Gourkow, N., Lawson, J. H., Hamon, S. C., & Phillips, C. J. (2013). Descriptive epidemiology of upper respiratory disease and associated risk factors in cats in an animal shelter in coastal western Canada. The Canadian Veterinary Journal., 54, 132–138.
Hargis, A. M., & Ginn, P. E. (1999). Feline herpesvirus 1-associated facial and nasal dermatitis and stomatitis in domestic cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 29, 1281–1290.
Hartmann, A. D., Hawley, J., Werckenthin, C., Lappin, M. R., & Hartmann, K. (2010). Detection of bacterial and viral organisms from the conjunctiva of cats with conjunctivitis and upper respiratory tract disease. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 12, 775–782.
Johnson, L. R., Foley, J. E., De Cock, H. E., Clarke, H. E., & Maggs, D. J. (2005). Assessment of infectious organisms associated with chronic rhinosinusitis in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 227, 579–585.
Johnson, R. P., & Povey, R. C. (1985). Vaccination against feline viral rhinotracheitis in kittens with maternally derived feline viral rhinotracheitis antibodies. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 186, 149–152.
Kang, B. T., & Park, H. M. (2008). Prevalence of feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus and Chlamydophila felis in clinically normal cats at a Korean animal shelter. Journal of Veterinary Science, 9, 207–209.
Lappin, M. R., Sebring, R. W., Porter, M., Radecki, S. J., & Veir, J. (2006). Effects of a single dose of an intranasal feline herpesvirus 1, calicivirus, and panleukopenia vaccine on clinical signs and virus shedding after challenge with virulent feline herpesvirus 1. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 8, 158–163.
Maes, R. (2012). Felid herpesvirus type 1 infection in cats: a natural host model for alphaherpesvirus pathogenesis. SRN Veterinary Science, 2012
Maggs, D. J. (2005). Update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of feline herpesvirus type 1. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice., 20, 94–101.
Maggs, D. J., & Clarke, H. E. (2005). Relative sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction assays used for detection of feline herpesvirus type 1 DNA in clinical samples and commercial vaccines. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 66, 1550–1555.
Maggs, D. J., Lappin, M. R., Reif, J. S., Collins, J. K., Carman, J., Dawson, D. A., & Bruns, C. (1999). Evaluation of serologic and viral detection methods for diagnosing feline herpesvirus-1 infection in cats with acute respiratory tract or chronic ocular disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 214, 502–507.
Nasisse, M. P., Glover, T. L., Moore, C. P., & Weigler, B. J. (1998). Detection of feline herpesvirus 1 DNA in corneas of cats with eosinophilic keratitis or corneal sequestration. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59, 856–858.
Parzefall, B., Schmahl, W., Fischer, A., Blutke, A., Truyen, U., & Matiasek, K. (2010). Evidence of feline herpesvirus-1 DNA in the vestibular ganglion of domestic cats. Veterinary Journal, 184, 371–372.
Pedersen, N. C., Sato, R., Foley, J. E., & Poland, A. M. (2004). Common virus infections in cats, before and after being placed in shelters, with emphasis on feline enteric coronavirus. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 6, 83–88.
Rees, T. M., & Lubinski, J. L. (2008). Oral supplementation with L-lysine did not prevent upper respiratory infection in a shelter population of cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 10, 510–513.
Richter, M., Schudel, L., Tobler, K., Matheis, F., Vogtlin, A., Vanderplasschen, A., … Ackermann, M. (2009). Clinical, virological, and immunological parameters associated with superinfection of latently with FeHV-1 infected cats. Veterinary Microbiology, 138, 205–216.
Sandmeyer, L. S., Keller, C. B., & Bienzle, D. (2005). Effects of interferon-alpha on cytopathic changes and titers for feline herpesvirus-1 in primary cultures of feline corneal epithelial cells. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 66, 210–216.
Sandmeyer, L. S., Waldner, C. L., Bauer, B. S., Wen, X., & Bienzle, D. (2010). Comparison of polymerase chain reaction tests for diagnosis of feline herpesvirus, Chlamydophila felis, and Mycoplasma spp. infection in cats with ocular disease in Canada. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 51, 629–633.
Scherk, M. A., Ford, R. B., Gaskell, R. M., Hartmann, K., Hurley, K. F., Lappin, M. R., … Sparkes, A. H. (2013). 2013 AAFP Feline Vaccination Advisory Panel Report. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15, 785–808.
Siebeck, N., Hurley, D. J., Garcia, M., Greene, C. E., Kostlin, R. G., Moore, P. A., & Dietrich, U. M. (2006). Effects of human recombinant alpha-2b interferon and feline recombinant omega interferon on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus-1. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 67, 1406–1411.
Slack, J. M., Stiles, J., Leutenegger, C. M., Moore, G. E., & Pogranichniy, R. M. (2013). Effects of topical ocular administration of high doses of human recombinant interferon alpha-2b and feline recombinant interferon omega on naturally occurring viral keratoconjunctivitis in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 74, 281–289.
Stiles, J. (2013). Ocular manifestations of feline viral diseases. The Veterinary Journal, 1532-2971. Stiles, J., Gwin, W., & Pogranichniy, R. (2010). Stability of 0.5% cidofovir stored under various conditions for up to 6 months. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 13, 275–277.
Stiles, J., Townsend, W. M., Rogers, Q. R., & Krohne, S. G. (2002). Effect of oral administration of L-lysine on conjunctivitis caused by feline herpesvirus in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63, 99–103.
Swenson, C. L., Gardner, K., & Arnoczky, S. P. (2012). Infectious feline herpesvirus detected in distant bone and tendon following mucosal inoculation of specifi c pathogen-free cats. Veterinary Microbiology, 160, 484–487.
Sykes, J. E., Anderson, G. A., Studdert, V. P., & Browning, G. F. (1999). Prevalence of feline Chlamydia psittaci and feline herpesvirus 1 in cats with upper respiratory tract disease. The Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 13, 153–162.
Thalwitzer, S., Wachter, B., Robert, N., Wibbelt, G., Muller, T., Lonzer, J. et al. (2010). Seroprevalences to viral pathogens in free-ranging and captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) on Namibian Farmland. Clininal Vaccine Immunology, 17, 232-238.
Tham, K. M., & Studdert, M. J. (1987). Antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to feline herpesvirus 1 following inactivated vaccine and challenge. Zentralbl.Veterinarmed.B, 34, 585–597.
Thiry, E., Addie, D., Belak, S., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Egberink, H., Frymus, T., Horzinek, M. C. (2009). Feline herpesvirus infection. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 11, 547–555.
Thomasy, S. M., Maggs, D. J., Moulin, N. K., & Stanley, S. D. (2007). Pharmacokinetics and safety of penciclovir following oral administration of famciclovir to cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 68, 1252–1258.
Thomasy, S. M., Whittem, T., Bales, J. L., Ferrone, M., Stanley, S. D., & Maggs, D. J. (2012). Pharmacokinetics of penciclovir in healthy cats following oral administration of famciclovir or intravenous infusion of penciclovir. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 73, 1092–1099.
Townsend, W. M., Jacobi, S., Tai, S. H., Kiupel, M., Wise, A. G., & Maes, R. K. (2013). Ocular and neural distribution of feline herpesvirus-1 during active and latent experimental infection in cats. BMC Veterinary Research, 9,1746-6148.
Townsend, W. M., Stiles, J., Guptill-Yoran, L., & Krohne, S. G. (2004). Development of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay to detect feline herpesvirus-1 latency-associated transcripts in the trigeminal ganglia and corneas of cats that did not have clinical signs of ocular disease. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 65, 314–319.
Vogtlin, A., Fraefel, C., Albini, S., Leutenegger, C. M., Schraner, E., Spiess, B., Ackermann, M. (2002). Quantifi cation of feline herpesvirus 1 DNA in ocular fl uid samples of clinically diseased cats by real-time TaqMan PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40, 519–523.
Wong, W. T., Kelman, M., & Ward, M. P. (2013). Surveillance of upper respiratory tract disease in owned cats in Australia, 2009-2012. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 112, 150–155.
Binns, S. H., Dawson, S., Speakman, A. J., Cuevas, L. E., Hart, C. A., Gaskell, C. J., … Gaskell, R. M. (2000). A study of feline upper respiratory tract disease with reference to prevalence and risk factors for infection with feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 2, 123–133.
Chvala-Mannsberger, S., Bago, Z., & Weissenbock, H. (2009). Occurrence, morphological characterization and antigen localization of felid herpesvirus-induced pneumonia in cats: a retrospective study (2000-2006). Journal of Comparative Patholog., 141, 163–169.
Dean, E., & Meunier, V. (2013). Feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis: a retrospective study of 45 cases (56 eyes). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15, 661–666.
DiGangi, B. A., Levy, J. K., Griffi n, B., McGorray, S. P., Dubovi, E. J., Dingman, P. A., & Tucker, S. J. (2012). Prevalence of serum antibody titers against feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus 1, and feline calicivirus in cats entering a Florida animal shelter. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 241, 1320–1325.
Drazenovich, T. L., Fascetti, A. J., Westermeyer, H. D., Sykes, J. E., Bannasch, M. J., Kass, P. H., … Maggs, D. J. (2009). Effects of dietary lysine supple mentation on upper respiratory and ocular disease and detection of infectious organisms in cats within an animal shelter. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 70, 1391–1400.
Driciru, M., Siefert, L., Prager, K. C., Dubovi, E., Sande, R., Princee, F. et al. (2006). A serosurvey of viral infections in lions (Panthera leo), from Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. Journal of Wildlife disease. 42, 667-671.
Fontenelle, J. P., Powell, C. C., Veir, J. K., Radecki, S. V., & Lappin, M. R. (2008). Effect of topical ophthalmic application of cidofovir on experimentally induced primary ocular feline herpesvirus-1 infection in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 69, 289–293.
Gaskell, R., Dawson, S., Radford, A., & Thiry, E. (2007). Feline herpesvirus. Veterinary Research, 38, 337–354.
Gaskell, R. M., & Povey, R. C. (1982). Transmission of feline viral rhinotracheitis. Veterinary Record, 111, 359–362.
Gourkow, N., Lawson, J. H., Hamon, S. C., & Phillips, C. J. (2013). Descriptive epidemiology of upper respiratory disease and associated risk factors in cats in an animal shelter in coastal western Canada. The Canadian Veterinary Journal., 54, 132–138.
Hargis, A. M., & Ginn, P. E. (1999). Feline herpesvirus 1-associated facial and nasal dermatitis and stomatitis in domestic cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 29, 1281–1290.
Hartmann, A. D., Hawley, J., Werckenthin, C., Lappin, M. R., & Hartmann, K. (2010). Detection of bacterial and viral organisms from the conjunctiva of cats with conjunctivitis and upper respiratory tract disease. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 12, 775–782.
Johnson, L. R., Foley, J. E., De Cock, H. E., Clarke, H. E., & Maggs, D. J. (2005). Assessment of infectious organisms associated with chronic rhinosinusitis in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 227, 579–585.
Johnson, R. P., & Povey, R. C. (1985). Vaccination against feline viral rhinotracheitis in kittens with maternally derived feline viral rhinotracheitis antibodies. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 186, 149–152.
Kang, B. T., & Park, H. M. (2008). Prevalence of feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus and Chlamydophila felis in clinically normal cats at a Korean animal shelter. Journal of Veterinary Science, 9, 207–209.
Lappin, M. R., Sebring, R. W., Porter, M., Radecki, S. J., & Veir, J. (2006). Effects of a single dose of an intranasal feline herpesvirus 1, calicivirus, and panleukopenia vaccine on clinical signs and virus shedding after challenge with virulent feline herpesvirus 1. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 8, 158–163.
Maes, R. (2012). Felid herpesvirus type 1 infection in cats: a natural host model for alphaherpesvirus pathogenesis. SRN Veterinary Science, 2012
Maggs, D. J. (2005). Update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of feline herpesvirus type 1. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice., 20, 94–101.
Maggs, D. J., & Clarke, H. E. (2005). Relative sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction assays used for detection of feline herpesvirus type 1 DNA in clinical samples and commercial vaccines. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 66, 1550–1555.
Maggs, D. J., Lappin, M. R., Reif, J. S., Collins, J. K., Carman, J., Dawson, D. A., & Bruns, C. (1999). Evaluation of serologic and viral detection methods for diagnosing feline herpesvirus-1 infection in cats with acute respiratory tract or chronic ocular disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 214, 502–507.
Nasisse, M. P., Glover, T. L., Moore, C. P., & Weigler, B. J. (1998). Detection of feline herpesvirus 1 DNA in corneas of cats with eosinophilic keratitis or corneal sequestration. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59, 856–858.
Parzefall, B., Schmahl, W., Fischer, A., Blutke, A., Truyen, U., & Matiasek, K. (2010). Evidence of feline herpesvirus-1 DNA in the vestibular ganglion of domestic cats. Veterinary Journal, 184, 371–372.
Pedersen, N. C., Sato, R., Foley, J. E., & Poland, A. M. (2004). Common virus infections in cats, before and after being placed in shelters, with emphasis on feline enteric coronavirus. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 6, 83–88.
Rees, T. M., & Lubinski, J. L. (2008). Oral supplementation with L-lysine did not prevent upper respiratory infection in a shelter population of cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 10, 510–513.
Richter, M., Schudel, L., Tobler, K., Matheis, F., Vogtlin, A., Vanderplasschen, A., … Ackermann, M. (2009). Clinical, virological, and immunological parameters associated with superinfection of latently with FeHV-1 infected cats. Veterinary Microbiology, 138, 205–216.
Sandmeyer, L. S., Keller, C. B., & Bienzle, D. (2005). Effects of interferon-alpha on cytopathic changes and titers for feline herpesvirus-1 in primary cultures of feline corneal epithelial cells. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 66, 210–216.
Sandmeyer, L. S., Waldner, C. L., Bauer, B. S., Wen, X., & Bienzle, D. (2010). Comparison of polymerase chain reaction tests for diagnosis of feline herpesvirus, Chlamydophila felis, and Mycoplasma spp. infection in cats with ocular disease in Canada. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 51, 629–633.
Scherk, M. A., Ford, R. B., Gaskell, R. M., Hartmann, K., Hurley, K. F., Lappin, M. R., … Sparkes, A. H. (2013). 2013 AAFP Feline Vaccination Advisory Panel Report. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15, 785–808.
Siebeck, N., Hurley, D. J., Garcia, M., Greene, C. E., Kostlin, R. G., Moore, P. A., & Dietrich, U. M. (2006). Effects of human recombinant alpha-2b interferon and feline recombinant omega interferon on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus-1. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 67, 1406–1411.
Slack, J. M., Stiles, J., Leutenegger, C. M., Moore, G. E., & Pogranichniy, R. M. (2013). Effects of topical ocular administration of high doses of human recombinant interferon alpha-2b and feline recombinant interferon omega on naturally occurring viral keratoconjunctivitis in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 74, 281–289.
Stiles, J. (2013). Ocular manifestations of feline viral diseases. The Veterinary Journal, 1532-2971. Stiles, J., Gwin, W., & Pogranichniy, R. (2010). Stability of 0.5% cidofovir stored under various conditions for up to 6 months. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 13, 275–277.
Stiles, J., Townsend, W. M., Rogers, Q. R., & Krohne, S. G. (2002). Effect of oral administration of L-lysine on conjunctivitis caused by feline herpesvirus in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63, 99–103.
Swenson, C. L., Gardner, K., & Arnoczky, S. P. (2012). Infectious feline herpesvirus detected in distant bone and tendon following mucosal inoculation of specifi c pathogen-free cats. Veterinary Microbiology, 160, 484–487.
Sykes, J. E., Anderson, G. A., Studdert, V. P., & Browning, G. F. (1999). Prevalence of feline Chlamydia psittaci and feline herpesvirus 1 in cats with upper respiratory tract disease. The Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 13, 153–162.
Thalwitzer, S., Wachter, B., Robert, N., Wibbelt, G., Muller, T., Lonzer, J. et al. (2010). Seroprevalences to viral pathogens in free-ranging and captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) on Namibian Farmland. Clininal Vaccine Immunology, 17, 232-238.
Tham, K. M., & Studdert, M. J. (1987). Antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to feline herpesvirus 1 following inactivated vaccine and challenge. Zentralbl.Veterinarmed.B, 34, 585–597.
Thiry, E., Addie, D., Belak, S., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Egberink, H., Frymus, T., Horzinek, M. C. (2009). Feline herpesvirus infection. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 11, 547–555.
Thomasy, S. M., Maggs, D. J., Moulin, N. K., & Stanley, S. D. (2007). Pharmacokinetics and safety of penciclovir following oral administration of famciclovir to cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 68, 1252–1258.
Thomasy, S. M., Whittem, T., Bales, J. L., Ferrone, M., Stanley, S. D., & Maggs, D. J. (2012). Pharmacokinetics of penciclovir in healthy cats following oral administration of famciclovir or intravenous infusion of penciclovir. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 73, 1092–1099.
Townsend, W. M., Jacobi, S., Tai, S. H., Kiupel, M., Wise, A. G., & Maes, R. K. (2013). Ocular and neural distribution of feline herpesvirus-1 during active and latent experimental infection in cats. BMC Veterinary Research, 9,1746-6148.
Townsend, W. M., Stiles, J., Guptill-Yoran, L., & Krohne, S. G. (2004). Development of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay to detect feline herpesvirus-1 latency-associated transcripts in the trigeminal ganglia and corneas of cats that did not have clinical signs of ocular disease. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 65, 314–319.
Vogtlin, A., Fraefel, C., Albini, S., Leutenegger, C. M., Schraner, E., Spiess, B., Ackermann, M. (2002). Quantifi cation of feline herpesvirus 1 DNA in ocular fl uid samples of clinically diseased cats by real-time TaqMan PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40, 519–523.
Wong, W. T., Kelman, M., & Ward, M. P. (2013). Surveillance of upper respiratory tract disease in owned cats in Australia, 2009-2012. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 112, 150–155.