Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: genetics, current diagnosis and management
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Published:
Apr 28, 2020
Keywords:
feline, HCM, myocardial disease
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Abstract
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic heart problem in cats, especially in Maine Coon, Ragdoll, and Persian cats. Hypertrophy of interventricular septum and left ventricular wall lead to the impediment of the blood ejection. The adverse sequelae of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction contribute to the formation of thrombus and the progression of left side congestive heart failure. Medical management has been performed to manage HCM in cats. Several research studies have been proposed the possible assessments to seek an effective therapeutic for HCM. Furthermore, strategies for slowing the disease progression have been extensively studied to ameliorate the symptoms and prevent sudden cardiac death. This review summarizes the morphology, genetic information, clinical presentation, evaluation methods, management and prognosis indicators of HCM in cats. The genetic investigation may provide an important understanding of the phenotypic variability of HCM and the treatment target to reduce morbidity and mortality of HCM in cats.
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Sukumolanan, P. ., & Petchdee, S. (2020). Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: genetics, current diagnosis and management . Veterinary Integrative Sciences, 18(2), 61–73. Retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/vis/article/view/240614
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Review Article
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References
Reference List
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Acierno, M. J., Brown, S., Coleman, A. E., Jepson, R. E., Papich, M., Stepien, R. L., Syme, H. M., 2018. ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 32, 1803-1822.
Baty, C. J., Malarkey, D. E., Atkins, C. E., DeFrancesco, T. C., Sidley, J., Keene, B. W., 2001. Natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and aortic thromboembolism in a family of domestic shorthair cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 15, 595-599.
Borgeat, K., Casamian-Sorrosal, D., Helps, C., Fuentes, V. L., Connolly, D. J., 2014. Association of the myosin binding protein C3 mutation (MYBPC3 R820W) with cardiac death in a survey of 236 Ragdoll cats. J. Vet. Cardiol., 16, 73-80.
Borgeat, K., Sherwood, K., Payne, J., Luis Fuentes, V., Connolly, D., 2014. Plasma cardiac troponin I concentration and cardiac death in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 28, 1731-1737.
Borgeat, K., Stern, J., Meurs, K. M., Fuentes, V. L., Connolly, D. J., 2015. The influence of clinical and genetic factors on left ventricular wall thickness in Ragdoll cats. J. Vet. Cardiol., 17, S258-S267.
Brizard, Amberger, Hartnack, Doherr, G., Lombard. 2009. Phenotypes and echocardiographic characteristics of a European population of domestic shorthair cats with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd., 151, 529-538.
Brown, S., Atkins, C., Bagley, R., Carr, A., Cowgill, L., Davidson, M., Egner, B., Elliott, J., Henik, R., Labato, M., 2007. Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 21, 542-558.
Butera, G., Bonnet, D., Kachaner, J., Sidi, D., Villain, E., 2003. Heart rate variability in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart, 89, 205-206.
Casamian‐Sorrosal, D., Chong, S., Fonfara, S., Helps, C., 2014. Prevalence and demographics of the MYBPC3‐mutations in ragdolls and Maine coons in the British Isles. J. Small Anim. Pract., 55, 269-273.
Connolly, D. J., Magalhaes, R. J. S., Fuentes, V. L., Boswood, A., Cole, G., Boag, A., Syme, H. M., 2009. Assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of circulating natriuretic peptide concentrations to distinguish between cats with cardiac and non-cardiac causes of respiratory distress. J. Vet. Cardiol., 11, S41-S50.
Dirven, M., Cornelissen, J., Barendse, M., Sterenborg, J., 2010. Cause of heart murmurs in 57 apparently healthy cats. Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd., 135, 840-847.
Elliott, P. M., Anastasakis, A., Borger, M. A., Borggrefe, M., Cecchi, F., Charron, P., Hagege, A. A., Lafont, A., Limongelli, G., 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J., 35, 2733-2779.
Ettinger, S. J., Feldman, E. C., Cote, E., 2017. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine-eBook: Elsevier health sciences.
Ferasin, L., Sturgess, C., Cannon, M., Caney, S., Gruffydd-Jones, T., Wotton, P., 2003. Feline idiopathic cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study of 106 cats (1994–2001). Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery, 5, 151-159.
Fox, P. R., Oyama, M. A., Reynolds, C., Rush, J. E., DeFrancesco, T. C., Keene, B. W., Atkins, C. E., MacDonald, K. A., Schober, K. E., Bonagura, J. D., 2009. Utility of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) to distinguish between congestive heart failure and non-cardiac causes of acute dyspnea in cats. J. Vet. Cardiol., 11, S51-S61.
Fox, P. R., Schober, K. E., 2015. Management of asymptomatic (occult) feline cardiomyopathy: challenges and realities. J. Vet. Cardiol., 17, S150-S158.
Fries, R., Heaney, A. M., Meurs, K., 2008. Prevalence of the myosin‐binding protein C mutation in Maine Coon cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 22, 893-896.
Fuentes, V. L., Wilkie, L. J., 2017. Asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: diagnosis and therapy. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., 47, 1041-1054.
Godiksen, M. T., Granstrøm, S., Koch, J., Christiansen, M., 2011. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in young Maine Coon cats caused by the p. A31P cMyBP-C mutation-the clinical significance of having the mutation. Acta Vet. Scand., 53, 7.
Granström, S., Godiksen, M., Christiansen, M., Pipper, C. B., Martinussen, T., Møgelvang, R., Søgaard, P., Willesen, J., Koch, J., 2015. Genotype–phenotype correlation between the cardiac myosin binding protein C mutation A31P and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a cohort of Maine Coon cats: a longitudinal study. J. Vet. Cardiol., 17, S268-S281.
Granström, S., Nyberg Godiksen, M., Christiansen, M., Pipper, C. B., Willesen, J., Koch, J., 2011. Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a cohort of British Shorthair cats in Denmark. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 25, 866-871.
Green, E. M., Wakimoto, H., Anderson, R. L., Evanchik, M. J., Gorham, J. M., Harrison, B. C., Henze, M., Kawas, R., Oslob, J. D., Rodriguez, H. M., 2016. A small-molecule inhibitor of sarcomere contractility suppresses hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in mice. Science, 351, 617-621.
Häggström, J., Fuentes, V. L., Wess, G., 2015. Screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats. J. Vet. Cardiol., 17, S134-S149.
Hsu, A., Kittleson, M. D., Paling, A., 2009. Investigation into the use of plasma NT-proBNP concentration to screen for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Vet. Cardiol., 11, S63-S70.
Jackson, B. L., Lehmkuhl, L. B., Adin, D. B., 2014. Heart rate and arrhythmia frequency of normal cats compared to cats with asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Vet. Cardiol., 16, 215-225.
Kittleson, M. D., Meurs, K. M., Munro, M. J., Kittleson, J. A., Liu, S.-K., Pion, P. D., Towbin, J. A., 1999. Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in maine coon cats: an animal model of human disease. Circulation, 99, 3172-3180.
Langhorn, R., Tarnow, I., Willesen, J., Kjelgaard‐Hansen, M., Skovgaard, I., Koch, J., 2014. Cardiac troponin I and T as prognostic markers in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 28, 1485-1491.
Longeri, M., Ferrari, P., Knafelz, P., Mezzelani, A., Marabotti, A., Milanesi, L., Pertica, G., Polli, M., Brambilla, P., Kittleson, M., 2013. Myosin‐Binding Protein C DNA Variants in Domestic Cats (A 31 P, A 74 T, R 820 W) and their Association with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 27, 275-285.
Maron, B. J., 2004. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an important global disease. Am. j. Med., 116, 63-65.
Mary, J., Chetboul, V., Sampedrano, C. C., Abitbol, M., Gouni, V., Trehiou-Sechi, E., Tissier, R., Queney, G., Pouchelon, J.-L., Thomas, A., 2010. Prevalence of the MYBPC3-A31P mutation in a large European feline population and association with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Maine Coon breed. J. Vet. Cardiol., 12, 155-161.
Nakamura, R. K., Rishniw, M., King, M. K., Sammarco, C. D., 2011. Prevalence of echocardiographic evidence of cardiac disease in apparently healthy cats with murmurs. J. Feline Med. Surg., 13, 266-271.
O'Mahony, C., Jichi, F., Pavlou, M., Monserrat, L., Anastasakis, A., Rapezzi, C., Biagini, E., Gimeno, J. R., Limongelli, G., McKenna, W. J., 2013. A novel clinical risk prediction model for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM risk-SCD). Eur. Heart J., 35, 2010-2020.
Paige, C. F., Abbott, J. A., Elvinger, F., Pyle, R. L., 2009. Prevalence of cardiomyopathy in apparently healthy cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass., 234, 1398-1403.
Payne, J., Borgeat, K., Connolly, D., Boswood, A., Dennis, S., Wagner, T., Menaut, P., Maerz, I., Evans, D., Simons, V., 2013. Prognostic indicators in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 27, 1427-1436.
Payne, J., Luis Fuentes, V., Boswood, A., Connolly, D., Koffas, H., Brodbelt, D., 2010. Population characteristics and survival in 127 referred cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (1997 to 2005). J. Small Anim. Pract., 51, 540-547.
Payne, J. R., Brodbelt, D. C., Fuentes, V. L., 2015. Cardiomyopathy prevalence in 780 apparently healthy cats in rehoming centres (the CatScan study). J. Vet. Cardiol., 17, S244-S257.
Richardson, P., 1996. Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the definition and classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation, 93, 841-842.
Rishniw, M., Thomas, W. P., 2002. Dynamic right ventricular outflow obstruction: a new cause of systolic murmurs in cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 16, 547-552.
Rush, J. E., Freeman, L. M., Fenollosa, N. K., Brown, D. J., 2002. Population and survival characteristics of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 260 cases (1990–1999). J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass., 220, 202-207.
Semsarian, C., Ingles, J., Maron, M. S., Maron, B. J., 2015. New perspectives on the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 65, 1249-1254.
Singh, M. K., Cocchiaro, M. F., Kittleson, M. D., 2010. NT-proBNP measurement fails to reliably identify subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Maine Coon cats. J. Feline Med. Surg., 12, 942-947.
Smith, S. A., Tobias, A. H., Jacob, K. A., Fine, D. M., Grumbles, P. L., 2003. Arterial thromboembolism in cats: acute crisis in 127 cases (1992–2001) and long‐term management with low‐dose aspirin in 24 cases. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 17, 73-83.
Stern, J. A., Markova, S., Ueda, Y., Kim, J. B., Pascoe, P. J., Evanchik, M. J., Green, E. M., Harris, S. P., 2016. A small molecule inhibitor of sarcomere contractility acutely relieves left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. PLoS One, 11.
Walsh, R., Rutland, C., Thomas, R., Loughna, S., 2010. Cardiomyopathy: a systematic review of disease-causing mutations in myosin heavy chain 7 and their phenotypic manifestations. j. Cardiol., 115, 49-60.
Ward, J. L., Lisciandro, G. R., Ware, W. A., Viall, A. K., Aona, B. D., Kurtz, K. A., Reina‐Doreste, Y., DeFrancesco, T. C., 2018. Evaluation of point‐of‐care thoracic ultrasound and NT‐proBNP for the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in cats with respiratory distress. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 32, 1530-1540.
Wess, G., Schinner, C., Weber, K., Küchenhoff, H., Hartmann, K., 2010. Association of A31P and A74T polymorphisms in the myosin binding protein C3 gene and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Maine Coon and other breed cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 24, 527-532.
Abbott, J. A., 2010. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an update. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., 40, 685-700.
Acierno, M. J., Brown, S., Coleman, A. E., Jepson, R. E., Papich, M., Stepien, R. L., Syme, H. M., 2018. ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 32, 1803-1822.
Baty, C. J., Malarkey, D. E., Atkins, C. E., DeFrancesco, T. C., Sidley, J., Keene, B. W., 2001. Natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and aortic thromboembolism in a family of domestic shorthair cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 15, 595-599.
Borgeat, K., Casamian-Sorrosal, D., Helps, C., Fuentes, V. L., Connolly, D. J., 2014. Association of the myosin binding protein C3 mutation (MYBPC3 R820W) with cardiac death in a survey of 236 Ragdoll cats. J. Vet. Cardiol., 16, 73-80.
Borgeat, K., Sherwood, K., Payne, J., Luis Fuentes, V., Connolly, D., 2014. Plasma cardiac troponin I concentration and cardiac death in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 28, 1731-1737.
Borgeat, K., Stern, J., Meurs, K. M., Fuentes, V. L., Connolly, D. J., 2015. The influence of clinical and genetic factors on left ventricular wall thickness in Ragdoll cats. J. Vet. Cardiol., 17, S258-S267.
Brizard, Amberger, Hartnack, Doherr, G., Lombard. 2009. Phenotypes and echocardiographic characteristics of a European population of domestic shorthair cats with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd., 151, 529-538.
Brown, S., Atkins, C., Bagley, R., Carr, A., Cowgill, L., Davidson, M., Egner, B., Elliott, J., Henik, R., Labato, M., 2007. Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 21, 542-558.
Butera, G., Bonnet, D., Kachaner, J., Sidi, D., Villain, E., 2003. Heart rate variability in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart, 89, 205-206.
Casamian‐Sorrosal, D., Chong, S., Fonfara, S., Helps, C., 2014. Prevalence and demographics of the MYBPC3‐mutations in ragdolls and Maine coons in the British Isles. J. Small Anim. Pract., 55, 269-273.
Connolly, D. J., Magalhaes, R. J. S., Fuentes, V. L., Boswood, A., Cole, G., Boag, A., Syme, H. M., 2009. Assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of circulating natriuretic peptide concentrations to distinguish between cats with cardiac and non-cardiac causes of respiratory distress. J. Vet. Cardiol., 11, S41-S50.
Dirven, M., Cornelissen, J., Barendse, M., Sterenborg, J., 2010. Cause of heart murmurs in 57 apparently healthy cats. Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd., 135, 840-847.
Elliott, P. M., Anastasakis, A., Borger, M. A., Borggrefe, M., Cecchi, F., Charron, P., Hagege, A. A., Lafont, A., Limongelli, G., 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J., 35, 2733-2779.
Ettinger, S. J., Feldman, E. C., Cote, E., 2017. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine-eBook: Elsevier health sciences.
Ferasin, L., Sturgess, C., Cannon, M., Caney, S., Gruffydd-Jones, T., Wotton, P., 2003. Feline idiopathic cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study of 106 cats (1994–2001). Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery, 5, 151-159.
Fox, P. R., Oyama, M. A., Reynolds, C., Rush, J. E., DeFrancesco, T. C., Keene, B. W., Atkins, C. E., MacDonald, K. A., Schober, K. E., Bonagura, J. D., 2009. Utility of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) to distinguish between congestive heart failure and non-cardiac causes of acute dyspnea in cats. J. Vet. Cardiol., 11, S51-S61.
Fox, P. R., Schober, K. E., 2015. Management of asymptomatic (occult) feline cardiomyopathy: challenges and realities. J. Vet. Cardiol., 17, S150-S158.
Fries, R., Heaney, A. M., Meurs, K., 2008. Prevalence of the myosin‐binding protein C mutation in Maine Coon cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 22, 893-896.
Fuentes, V. L., Wilkie, L. J., 2017. Asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: diagnosis and therapy. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., 47, 1041-1054.
Godiksen, M. T., Granstrøm, S., Koch, J., Christiansen, M., 2011. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in young Maine Coon cats caused by the p. A31P cMyBP-C mutation-the clinical significance of having the mutation. Acta Vet. Scand., 53, 7.
Granström, S., Godiksen, M., Christiansen, M., Pipper, C. B., Martinussen, T., Møgelvang, R., Søgaard, P., Willesen, J., Koch, J., 2015. Genotype–phenotype correlation between the cardiac myosin binding protein C mutation A31P and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a cohort of Maine Coon cats: a longitudinal study. J. Vet. Cardiol., 17, S268-S281.
Granström, S., Nyberg Godiksen, M., Christiansen, M., Pipper, C. B., Willesen, J., Koch, J., 2011. Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a cohort of British Shorthair cats in Denmark. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 25, 866-871.
Green, E. M., Wakimoto, H., Anderson, R. L., Evanchik, M. J., Gorham, J. M., Harrison, B. C., Henze, M., Kawas, R., Oslob, J. D., Rodriguez, H. M., 2016. A small-molecule inhibitor of sarcomere contractility suppresses hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in mice. Science, 351, 617-621.
Häggström, J., Fuentes, V. L., Wess, G., 2015. Screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats. J. Vet. Cardiol., 17, S134-S149.
Hsu, A., Kittleson, M. D., Paling, A., 2009. Investigation into the use of plasma NT-proBNP concentration to screen for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Vet. Cardiol., 11, S63-S70.
Jackson, B. L., Lehmkuhl, L. B., Adin, D. B., 2014. Heart rate and arrhythmia frequency of normal cats compared to cats with asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Vet. Cardiol., 16, 215-225.
Kittleson, M. D., Meurs, K. M., Munro, M. J., Kittleson, J. A., Liu, S.-K., Pion, P. D., Towbin, J. A., 1999. Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in maine coon cats: an animal model of human disease. Circulation, 99, 3172-3180.
Langhorn, R., Tarnow, I., Willesen, J., Kjelgaard‐Hansen, M., Skovgaard, I., Koch, J., 2014. Cardiac troponin I and T as prognostic markers in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 28, 1485-1491.
Longeri, M., Ferrari, P., Knafelz, P., Mezzelani, A., Marabotti, A., Milanesi, L., Pertica, G., Polli, M., Brambilla, P., Kittleson, M., 2013. Myosin‐Binding Protein C DNA Variants in Domestic Cats (A 31 P, A 74 T, R 820 W) and their Association with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 27, 275-285.
Maron, B. J., 2004. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an important global disease. Am. j. Med., 116, 63-65.
Mary, J., Chetboul, V., Sampedrano, C. C., Abitbol, M., Gouni, V., Trehiou-Sechi, E., Tissier, R., Queney, G., Pouchelon, J.-L., Thomas, A., 2010. Prevalence of the MYBPC3-A31P mutation in a large European feline population and association with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Maine Coon breed. J. Vet. Cardiol., 12, 155-161.
Nakamura, R. K., Rishniw, M., King, M. K., Sammarco, C. D., 2011. Prevalence of echocardiographic evidence of cardiac disease in apparently healthy cats with murmurs. J. Feline Med. Surg., 13, 266-271.
O'Mahony, C., Jichi, F., Pavlou, M., Monserrat, L., Anastasakis, A., Rapezzi, C., Biagini, E., Gimeno, J. R., Limongelli, G., McKenna, W. J., 2013. A novel clinical risk prediction model for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM risk-SCD). Eur. Heart J., 35, 2010-2020.
Paige, C. F., Abbott, J. A., Elvinger, F., Pyle, R. L., 2009. Prevalence of cardiomyopathy in apparently healthy cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass., 234, 1398-1403.
Payne, J., Borgeat, K., Connolly, D., Boswood, A., Dennis, S., Wagner, T., Menaut, P., Maerz, I., Evans, D., Simons, V., 2013. Prognostic indicators in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 27, 1427-1436.
Payne, J., Luis Fuentes, V., Boswood, A., Connolly, D., Koffas, H., Brodbelt, D., 2010. Population characteristics and survival in 127 referred cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (1997 to 2005). J. Small Anim. Pract., 51, 540-547.
Payne, J. R., Brodbelt, D. C., Fuentes, V. L., 2015. Cardiomyopathy prevalence in 780 apparently healthy cats in rehoming centres (the CatScan study). J. Vet. Cardiol., 17, S244-S257.
Richardson, P., 1996. Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the definition and classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation, 93, 841-842.
Rishniw, M., Thomas, W. P., 2002. Dynamic right ventricular outflow obstruction: a new cause of systolic murmurs in cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 16, 547-552.
Rush, J. E., Freeman, L. M., Fenollosa, N. K., Brown, D. J., 2002. Population and survival characteristics of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 260 cases (1990–1999). J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass., 220, 202-207.
Semsarian, C., Ingles, J., Maron, M. S., Maron, B. J., 2015. New perspectives on the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 65, 1249-1254.
Singh, M. K., Cocchiaro, M. F., Kittleson, M. D., 2010. NT-proBNP measurement fails to reliably identify subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Maine Coon cats. J. Feline Med. Surg., 12, 942-947.
Smith, S. A., Tobias, A. H., Jacob, K. A., Fine, D. M., Grumbles, P. L., 2003. Arterial thromboembolism in cats: acute crisis in 127 cases (1992–2001) and long‐term management with low‐dose aspirin in 24 cases. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 17, 73-83.
Stern, J. A., Markova, S., Ueda, Y., Kim, J. B., Pascoe, P. J., Evanchik, M. J., Green, E. M., Harris, S. P., 2016. A small molecule inhibitor of sarcomere contractility acutely relieves left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. PLoS One, 11.
Walsh, R., Rutland, C., Thomas, R., Loughna, S., 2010. Cardiomyopathy: a systematic review of disease-causing mutations in myosin heavy chain 7 and their phenotypic manifestations. j. Cardiol., 115, 49-60.
Ward, J. L., Lisciandro, G. R., Ware, W. A., Viall, A. K., Aona, B. D., Kurtz, K. A., Reina‐Doreste, Y., DeFrancesco, T. C., 2018. Evaluation of point‐of‐care thoracic ultrasound and NT‐proBNP for the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in cats with respiratory distress. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 32, 1530-1540.
Wess, G., Schinner, C., Weber, K., Küchenhoff, H., Hartmann, K., 2010. Association of A31P and A74T polymorphisms in the myosin binding protein C3 gene and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Maine Coon and other breed cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med, 24, 527-532.