Factors associated with irrational antimicrobial use on pig and layer farms in Chiang Mai–Lamphun and Chon Buri provinces, Thailand
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Aug 26, 2020
Keywords:
factor irrational focus group discussion antimicrobial farm Thailand
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Abstract
This research study was conducted to identify the factors associated with irrational antimicrobial use taking place in pig and layer farms in Chiang Mai–Lamphun and Chon Buri Provinces. The approach included twelve focus group discussions (FGDs) occurring among relevant stakeholders. Additionally, a cross-sectional survey of 125 pig and 126 layer farm owners/managers using a validated self-administered questionnaire was performed. Multiple logistics regression was used to investigate associations between factors and good-faire practices. Spearman rank correlation was also applied to analyze the direction and degree of the relationship between knowledge, attitudes and practices. It was revealed that the significantly associated factors included farm patterns with prior contracts of farming and these had fair to good practices by as much as 42.95 times (95%CI: 12.87–143.31, p=0.00001). The adjusted OR was 19.12 (95%CI: 5.55–65.82, p=0.00001) interpreting for the purposes of improved practices in Chon Buri Province. Among the factors that were associated with irrational antimicrobial usage on farms, there were a large number of licensed retail pharmacies, drug stores and other outlets involved in the distribution of antimicrobials throughout the country. Consequently, many antimicrobials can be easily accessed and obtained as over-the-counter substances. It is also common for antimicrobials to be over-prescribed and this is motivated and facilitated by financial incentives, insufficient and poor veterinary services, inadequate monitoring, a poor system of tracking and inspecting drugs along the supply chain, inadequate or weak enforcement regulations pertaining to veterinary pharmaceutical medicines and a weak policy of pharmaco-vigilance, overall.
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Nuangmek, A., Rojanasthien, S., Yamsakul, P., Tadee, P., Thamlikitkul, V. ., Tansakul, N., Suwan, M., Chotinun, S., & Patchanee, P. (2020). Factors associated with irrational antimicrobial use on pig and layer farms in Chiang Mai–Lamphun and Chon Buri provinces, Thailand. Veterinary Integrative Sciences, 18(3), 217–243. Retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/vis/article/view/242669
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References
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Boonyasiri, A., Tangkoskul, T., Seenama, C., Saiyarin, J., Tiengrim, S., Thamlikitkul, V. 2014. Prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in healthy adults, foods, food animals, and the environment in selected areas in Thailand. Pathog Glob Health. 108, 235–245.
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Friedman, D.B., Kanwat, C.P., Headrick, M.L., Patterson, N.J., Neely, J.C., Smith, L.U. 2007. Importance of prudent antibiotic use on dairy farms in South Carolina: a pilot project on farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices. Zoonoses Public Health. 54, 366–375.
Gandra, S., Barter, D.M., Laxminarayan, R. 2014. Economic burden of antibiotic resistance: how much do we really know? Clin Microbiol Infect. 20, 973–980.
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Hinkle, D.E., Weirshmam W., Jurs, S.G. 2003. Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences: Fifth edition. Houghton Mifflin.
Iversen, T., Luras, H. 2000. Economic motives and professional norms: the case of general medical practice. J Econ Behav Organ. 43, 447–470.
Jitraknatee, A. 2011. Antibiotic values. In: Kiatying-Angsulee, N., Kessomboon, N., Maleewong, U., eds. Situation report on drug system 2010: antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use. 21–25.
Kumaranayake, L., Mujinja, P., Hongoro, C., Mpembeni, R. 2000. How do countries regulate the health sector? Evidence from Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Health Policy Plan. 15, 357–367.
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Morgan, D.J., Okeke, I.N., Laxminarayan, R., Perencevich, E.N., Weisenberg, S. 2011. Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 11, 692–701.
Notification of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 2018. On prohibited medicated feed for producing, importing, sale, and administration, Published in the Government Gazette Thailand (26 February B.E. 2561); No. 135, extra Part 73.
Nuangmek, A., Rojanasthien, S., Chotinun, S., Yansakul, P., Tadee, P., Thamlikitkul, V., Tansakul, N., Patchanee, P. 2018. Antimicrobial Resistance in ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Layer and Pig Farms in Thailand. Acta Sci Vet. 46, 1538.
Nuangmek, A., Rojanasthien, S., Patchanee, P., Yano, T., Yansakul, P., Chotinun, S., Tadee, P. 2018. Knowledge, attitudes and practices toward antimicrobial usage: a cross-sectional study of layer and pig farm owners/managers in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Chonburi provinces, Thailand, May 2014 to February 2016. Korean J Vet Res. 58, 17–25.
Ocan, M., Obuku, E.A., Bwanga, F., Akena, D., Richard, S., Ogwal-Okeng, J., Obua, C. 2015. Household antimicrobial self-medication: a systematic review and metaanalysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries. BMC Public Health. 15, 742.
Padungtod, P., Kaneene, J.B., Hanson, R., Morita, Y., Boonmar, S. 2006. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolated from food animals and humans in northern Thailand. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 47, 217–225.
Sommanustweechai, A., Chanvatik, S., Sermsinsiri, V., Sivilaikul, S., Patcharanarumol, W., Yeung, S., Tangcharoensathien, V. 2018. Antibiotic distribution channels in Thailand: results of key-informant interviews, reviews of drug regulations and database searches. Bull World Health Organ. 96, 101–109.
Stille, C.J., Rifas-Shiman, S.L., Kleinman, K., Kotch, J.B., Finkelstein, J.A. 2008. Physician responses to a community-level trial promoting judicious antibiotic use. Ann Fam Med. 6, 206–212.
Suleman, S., Woliyi, A., Woldemichael, K., Tushune, K., Duchateau, L., Degroote, A., Vancauwenberghe, R., Bracke, N., De Spiegeleer, B. 2016. Pharmaceutical regulatory framework in Ethiopia: a critical evaluation of its legal basis and implementation. Ethiop J Health Sci. 26, 259–276.
Teerawattananon, Y., Tangcharoensathien, V., Tantivess, S., Mills, A. 2003. Health sector regulation in Thailand: recent progress and the future agenda. Health Policy. 63, 323–338.
The drug Act, B.E. 2510. 1967. [Internet]. Thailand: Thailaws.com. Available at: http://www.thailaws.com/law/t_laws/tlaw0071_1.pdf. Accessed March 19, 2018.
Vincent ter, B. 2017. Antimicrobial reduction in the spotlight at VIV Asia. Pig Progress; Available at: http://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2017/4/Antimicrobial-reduction-in-the-spotlight-at-VIV-Asia-115220E/. Accessed March 19, 2018.
WEF. 2016. The Global Risks Report, 11th Ed. 2016. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risksreport-2016. Accessed March 15, 2018.
WHO. 2001. Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation. Available at: http://www.who.int/drugresistance/WHO_Global_Strategy_English.pdf. Accessed September 22, 2015.
WHO. 2010. Medicines: rational use of medicines. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs338/en/index.html. Accessed March 15, 2018.
WHO. 2015. Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/193736/1/9789241509763_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed March 15, 2018.
Willock, J., Deary, I.J., McGregor, M.M., Sutherland, A., Edwards-Jones, G., Morgan, O., Dent, B., Grieve, R., Gibson, G., Austin, E. 1999. Farmers' attitudes, objectives, behaviors, and personality traits: The Edinburgh study of decision making on farms. J Vocat Behav. 54, 5–36.
ACFS; National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards. 2008. Ministry of agriculture and cooperatives. Thai agricultural standard (TAS 6403-2009) B.E.2551 (2008): Good agricultural practice for pig farm; 28 December B.E. 2551 (2008).
ACFS; National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards. 2009. Thai Agricultural Standard TAS 9032-2009. Code of Practice for Control of the use of Veterinary Drugs: National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. The Royal Gazette Vol.126 Special Section 187D.
Alan, A., Siraprapha, R., Areeya, P. 2015. Distribution and marketing of drugs in Thailand. Thomson (pp. 383–98).UK: Reuters (Professional) UK Limited.
Alhojailan, M.I., 2012. Thematic Analysis: A Critical Review of its Process and Evaluation. WEI International European Academic Conference Proceedings. https://www.westeastinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/ZG12-191-Mohammed-Ibrahim-Alhojailan-Full-Paper.pdf. Accessed March 15, 2015
AHPA; Animal Health Products Association. 2013. AHPA Market information. A T Printing Co., Samut Sakhon, Thailand. 361 p.
Animal Feed Quality Control Act, B.E. 2558. 2015. Published in the Government Gazette Thailand. (5 march 2015) volume 132, section 15 kor.
Boonyasiri, A., Tangkoskul, T., Seenama, C., Saiyarin, J., Tiengrim, S., Thamlikitkul, V. 2014. Prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in healthy adults, foods, food animals, and the environment in selected areas in Thailand. Pathog Glob Health. 108, 235–245.
CDC; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. Epi Info™ 7. CDC. Available at: http://wwwn.cdc.gov/epiinfo/7/index.htm. Accessed September 22, 2015.
Davey, P., Pagliari, C., Hayes, A. 2002. The patient's role in the spread and control of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Infect. 8, 43–68.
DLD; Department of livestock development. 2013. Thai livestock farmer database system. Information Technology Center; http://ict.dld.go.th/th2/index.php/th/report/276-report-thailand-livestock/reportsurvey56/480-report-survey56-2. Accessed September 22, 2015.
FAO. 2014. Rationale for Size Category. FAO. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-x6170e/x6170e0t.htm. Accessed September 22, 2015.
Food and Drug Administration. 2017. Medicine registration. Nonthaburi. Available at: http://www.fda.moph.go.th/sites/drug/Shared%20Documents/Statistic/registration55-59.pdf. Accessed March 15, 2018.
Friedman, D.B., Kanwat, C.P., Headrick, M.L., Patterson, N.J., Neely, J.C., Smith, L.U. 2007. Importance of prudent antibiotic use on dairy farms in South Carolina: a pilot project on farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices. Zoonoses Public Health. 54, 366–375.
Gandra, S., Barter, D.M., Laxminarayan, R. 2014. Economic burden of antibiotic resistance: how much do we really know? Clin Microbiol Infect. 20, 973–980.
Garforth, C.J., Bailey, A.P., Tranter, R.B. 2013. Farmers' attitudes to disease risk management in England: a comparative analysis of sheep and pig farmers. Prev Vet Med. 110, 456–466.
Hinkle, D.E., Weirshmam W., Jurs, S.G. 2003. Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences: Fifth edition. Houghton Mifflin.
Iversen, T., Luras, H. 2000. Economic motives and professional norms: the case of general medical practice. J Econ Behav Organ. 43, 447–470.
Jitraknatee, A. 2011. Antibiotic values. In: Kiatying-Angsulee, N., Kessomboon, N., Maleewong, U., eds. Situation report on drug system 2010: antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use. 21–25.
Kumaranayake, L., Mujinja, P., Hongoro, C., Mpembeni, R. 2000. How do countries regulate the health sector? Evidence from Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Health Policy Plan. 15, 357–367.
Mao, W., Vu, H., Xie, Z., Chen, W., Tang, S. 2015. Systematic Review on Irrational Use of Medicines in China and Vietnam. PLoS ONE. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117710
Marshall, C., Rossman, G.B. 2006. Designing qualitative research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications; p. 154–63.
McNulty, C.A., Boyle, P., Nichols, T., Clappison, P., Davey, P. 2007. Don't wear me out–the public's knowledge of and attitudes to antibiotic use. J Antimicrob Chemother. 59, 727–738.
Mehta, C.R., Patel, N.R. 1996. Exact test. In: SPSS exact test 7.0 for windows. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
Metlay, J.P., Powers, J.H., Dudley, M.N., Christiansen, K., Finch, R.G. 2006. On behalf of the second colloquium of the international forum on antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial drug resistance, regulation and research. Emerg Infect Dis. 12, 183–190.
Morgan, D.J., Okeke, I.N., Laxminarayan, R., Perencevich, E.N., Weisenberg, S. 2011. Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 11, 692–701.
Notification of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 2018. On prohibited medicated feed for producing, importing, sale, and administration, Published in the Government Gazette Thailand (26 February B.E. 2561); No. 135, extra Part 73.
Nuangmek, A., Rojanasthien, S., Chotinun, S., Yansakul, P., Tadee, P., Thamlikitkul, V., Tansakul, N., Patchanee, P. 2018. Antimicrobial Resistance in ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Layer and Pig Farms in Thailand. Acta Sci Vet. 46, 1538.
Nuangmek, A., Rojanasthien, S., Patchanee, P., Yano, T., Yansakul, P., Chotinun, S., Tadee, P. 2018. Knowledge, attitudes and practices toward antimicrobial usage: a cross-sectional study of layer and pig farm owners/managers in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Chonburi provinces, Thailand, May 2014 to February 2016. Korean J Vet Res. 58, 17–25.
Ocan, M., Obuku, E.A., Bwanga, F., Akena, D., Richard, S., Ogwal-Okeng, J., Obua, C. 2015. Household antimicrobial self-medication: a systematic review and metaanalysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries. BMC Public Health. 15, 742.
Padungtod, P., Kaneene, J.B., Hanson, R., Morita, Y., Boonmar, S. 2006. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolated from food animals and humans in northern Thailand. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 47, 217–225.
Sommanustweechai, A., Chanvatik, S., Sermsinsiri, V., Sivilaikul, S., Patcharanarumol, W., Yeung, S., Tangcharoensathien, V. 2018. Antibiotic distribution channels in Thailand: results of key-informant interviews, reviews of drug regulations and database searches. Bull World Health Organ. 96, 101–109.
Stille, C.J., Rifas-Shiman, S.L., Kleinman, K., Kotch, J.B., Finkelstein, J.A. 2008. Physician responses to a community-level trial promoting judicious antibiotic use. Ann Fam Med. 6, 206–212.
Suleman, S., Woliyi, A., Woldemichael, K., Tushune, K., Duchateau, L., Degroote, A., Vancauwenberghe, R., Bracke, N., De Spiegeleer, B. 2016. Pharmaceutical regulatory framework in Ethiopia: a critical evaluation of its legal basis and implementation. Ethiop J Health Sci. 26, 259–276.
Teerawattananon, Y., Tangcharoensathien, V., Tantivess, S., Mills, A. 2003. Health sector regulation in Thailand: recent progress and the future agenda. Health Policy. 63, 323–338.
The drug Act, B.E. 2510. 1967. [Internet]. Thailand: Thailaws.com. Available at: http://www.thailaws.com/law/t_laws/tlaw0071_1.pdf. Accessed March 19, 2018.
Vincent ter, B. 2017. Antimicrobial reduction in the spotlight at VIV Asia. Pig Progress; Available at: http://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2017/4/Antimicrobial-reduction-in-the-spotlight-at-VIV-Asia-115220E/. Accessed March 19, 2018.
WEF. 2016. The Global Risks Report, 11th Ed. 2016. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risksreport-2016. Accessed March 15, 2018.
WHO. 2001. Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation. Available at: http://www.who.int/drugresistance/WHO_Global_Strategy_English.pdf. Accessed September 22, 2015.
WHO. 2010. Medicines: rational use of medicines. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs338/en/index.html. Accessed March 15, 2018.
WHO. 2015. Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/193736/1/9789241509763_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed March 15, 2018.
Willock, J., Deary, I.J., McGregor, M.M., Sutherland, A., Edwards-Jones, G., Morgan, O., Dent, B., Grieve, R., Gibson, G., Austin, E. 1999. Farmers' attitudes, objectives, behaviors, and personality traits: The Edinburgh study of decision making on farms. J Vocat Behav. 54, 5–36.