Perspectives on antimicrobial use in pig and layer farms in thailand: legislation, policy, regulations and potential https://doi.org/10.12982/VIS.2021.001
Article Sidebar
Published:
Aug 28, 2020
Keywords:
regulation veterinary pharmaceutical usage farm Thailand
Main Article Content
Abstract
Irrational use of antimicrobials is a major problem worldwide. The comprehensiveness of the existing legislation and veterinary pharmaceutical regulatory system has been critically evaluated and its practical implementation was assessed in this study. A cross-sectional survey study, and an in-depth interview of key informants involving the layer and pig farm owners/managers of farms located in Chiang Mai, Lamphun and Chonburi Provinces were conducted. The Thai FDA is responsible for pre-marketing and authorizes relevant officials of DLD to enforce drug acts related to the post-marketing of veterinary drugs/biologics. These existing legislations and regulations were comprehensive enough to cover all areas of pharmaceutical activities developed to protect the health of the public and animals in the country; however, the enforcement of these rules may not be properly enforced or may be ineffectively executed. Rules regarding veterinary pharmaceuticals being distributed throughout the country have not been clearly stated. Farmers can easily access veterinary pharmaceuticals, and veterinarian prescriptions were not needed. Additionally, the relevant benefits were among the most important reasons for choosing to use antimicrobials on farms, along with a lack of availability of better alternative products for the treatment of infections. Intensive legislation and regulation enforcement were considered to be the most effective means of reducing antimicrobial usage and abuse in Thailand.
Article Details
How to Cite
Nuangmek, A., Rojanasthien, S., Yamsakul, P., Tadee, P., Eiamsam-ang, T., Thamlikitkul, V., Tansakul, N., Suwan, M. ., Prasertsee, T. ., Chotinun, S., & Patchanee, P. (2020). Perspectives on antimicrobial use in pig and layer farms in thailand: legislation, policy, regulations and potential: https://doi.org/10.12982/VIS.2021.001. Veterinary Integrative Sciences, 19(1), 1–21. Retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/vis/article/view/242671
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Publishing an article with open access in Veterinary Integrative Sciences leaves the copyright with the author. The article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0), which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited.
References
Agresti, A.A. 1992. Survey of exact inference for contingency tables. Statist. Sci. 7, 131–153.
Alan, A., Siraprapha, R., Areeya, P. 2015. Distribution and marketing of drugs in Thailand. Thomson (pp 383–398).UK: Reuters (Professional) UK Limited.
Animal Feed Quality Control Act, B.E. 2558. 2015. Published in the Government Gazette Thailand. (5 march 2015) volume 132, section 15 kor.
Animal Health Products Association [AHPA]. 2013. AHPA Market information. Samut Sakhon, Thailand: A T Printing Co.
Archawakulathep, A., Thi Kim, C.T., Meunsene, D., Handijatno, D., Hassim, H.A., Rovira, H.R.G., Myint, K.S., Baldrias, L.R., Sothy, M., Aung, M., Wahyu, N.H., Chea, R., Boonmasawai, S., Vannamahaxay, S., Angkititrakul, S., Collantes, T.M.A., Van, T.N., Punyapornwithaya, V., Zakaria, Z., Chuanchuen, R. 2014. Perspectives on Antimicrobial resistance in livestock and livestock products in ASEAN countries. Thai J. Vet. Med. 44, 5–13.
Atthachai, H. 2017. Animal Feed Control: An Update on Thailand’s Legislation. Available at: http://www.tilleke.com/resources/animal-feed-control-update-thailand%E2%80%99s-legislation. Accessed January 20, 2018.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. 2014. Epi Info™ 7. Available at: http://wwwn.cdc.gov/epiinfo/7/index.htm. Accessed January 12, 2014.
Dahlberg, K., Drew, N., Nystrom, M. 2001. Reflective Life world Research. Student literature. Lund Sweden. Available at: https://psy.au.dk/fileadmin/site_files/filer_psykologi/dokumenter/CKM/NB37/dahlberg.pdf. Accessed January 12, 2014.
Department of Livestock Development [DLD], Thailand. 2013. Thai livestock farmer database system. Available at: http://ict.dld.go.th/th2/index.php/th/report/276-report-thailand-livestock/reportsurvey56/480-report-survey56-2. Accessed December 21, 2013.
Eltayb, A., Barakat, S., Marrone, G., Shaddad, S., Lundborg, C.S. 2012. Antibiotic use and resistance in animal farming: A quantitative and qualitative study on knowledge and practices among farmers in Khartoum, Sudan. Zoonoses Public Health. 59, 330–338.
European commission. 2014. Regulation of the European parliament and of the council on the manufacture, placing on the market and use of medicated feed and repealing. Council Directive 90/167/EEC. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/animal-feed-medic-12328-acte-v_e-greffe_en.pdf. Accessed December 20, 2013.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. 2012. Country report, Thailand. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Use of Antimicrobials in Livestock Production and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Asia-Pacific Region (pp.99–104). Negombo, Sri Lanka.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. 2014. Rationale for Size Category. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-x6170e/x6170e0t.htm. Accessed January 20, 2014.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization [FAO/WHO]. 2004. Joint FAO/WHO Technical workshop on residues of veterinary drugs without ADI/MRL: Final Report. Bangkok, Thailand.
Food and Drug Administration [FDA]. 2009. Republic Act No. 9711: An act strengthening and rationalizing the regulatory capacity of the Bureau of Food and Drugs: Republic of the Philippines Congress of the Philippines Metro Manila.
Gandra, S., Barter, D.M., Laxminarayan, R. 2014. Economic burden of antibiotic resistance: how much do we really know?. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20, 973–980.
Graneheim, U.H., Lundman, B. 2004. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ. Today. 24, 105–112.
Hsieh, H.F., Shannon, S.E. 2005. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 15, 1277–1288.
Metlay, J.P., Powers, J.H. Dudley, M.N., Christiansen, K., Finch, R.G. 2006. On behalf of the second colloquium of the international forum on antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial drug resistance, regulation and research. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12, 183–190.
Ministry of Health [MOH]. 2009. Registration guideline of Veterinary products (REGOVP): National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau, Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards [ACFS]. 2002. Ministry of agriculture and cooperatives. Thai agricultural standard: Good agricultural practice for broiler farm, May B.E. 2545 (May 2002).
National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards [ACFS]. 2003a. Ministry of agriculture and cooperatives. Thai agricultural standard: Good agricultural practice for chicken breeder, May B.E. 2546 (May 2003).
National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards [ACFS]. 2003b. Ministry of agriculture and cooperatives. Thai agricultural standard: Good agricultural practice for layer farm, May B.E. 2546 (May 2003).
National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards [ACFS]. 2003c. Ministry of agriculture and cooperatives. Thai agricultural standard: Good agricultural practice for poultry hatchery, May B.E. 2546 (May 2003).
National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards [ACFS]. 2003d. Ministry of agriculture and cooperatives. Thai agricultural standard: Good agricultural practice for duck breeder and duck farm, May B.E. 2546 (May 2003).
National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards [ACFS]. 2008. Ministry of agriculture and cooperatives. Thai agricultural standard (TAS 6403-2009) B.E.2551 (2008): Good agricultural practice for pig farm; 28 December B.E. 2551 (2008).
National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards [ACFS]. 2009. Thai Agricultural Standard TAS 9032-2009. Code of Practice for Control of the use of Veterinary Drugs: National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. The Royal Gazette Vol.126 Special Section 187D.
Notification of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 1999. On Livestock Farm Standard. Published in the Government Gazette Thailand. (3 November B.E. 2542), Thailand.
Notification of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 2015. On name, category, type, characteristic or attributes of prohibited material in animal feed mixture, Published in the Government Gazette Thailand (21 August B.E. 2558). No. 132, Part 193.
Notification of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 2016a. On prohibited material in animal feed mixture. Published in the Government Gazette Thailand. (22 January B.E. 2559) No. 133, Part 18.
Notification of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 2016b. On the farmer who producing controlled animal feed for raise owner animals. Published in the Government Gazette Thailand. (7 July B.E. 2559). No. 133, Part 152.
Notification of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 2016c. On the person who shall not apply to produce controlled animal feed, Published in the Government Gazette Thailand. (27 April B.E. 2559). No. 133, Part 96.
Nuangmek, A., Rojanasthien, S., Chotinun, S., Yamsakul, P., Tadee, P., Thamlikitkul, V., Tansakul, N., Patchanee, P. 2018a. Antimicrobial Resistance in ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Layer and Pig Farms in Thailand. Acta Sci. Vet. 46, 1538.
Nuangmek, A., Rojanasthien, S., Patchanee, P., Yano, T., Yamsakul, P., Chotinun, S., Tadee, P. 2018b. Knowledge, attitudes and practices toward antimicrobial usage: a cross-sectional study of layer and pig farm owners/managers in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Chonburi provinces, Thailand, May 2014 to February 2016. Korean J. Vet. Res. 58, 17–25
Office International des Epizooties [OIE]. 2003. OIE International Standards on Antimicrobial Resistance. ISBN 92-9044-601-3. Paris, OIE Headquarters.
Office International des Epizooties [OIE]. 2007. Performance, Vision and Strategy A tool for the governance of Veterinary Service. Paris, OIE Headquarters.
Padungtod, P., Kaneene, J.B., Hanson, R., Morita, Y., Boonmar, S. 2006. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolated from food animals and humans in northern Thailand. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 47, 217–225.
Stür, W., Gray, D., Bastin, G. 2002. Review of the Livestock Sector in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. International Livestock Research Institute, Metro Manila, Philippines.
The drug Act B.E. 2510. 1967. [Internet]. Thailand: Thailaws.com. Available at: www.thailaws.com/law/t_laws/tlaw0071_1.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2018.
Veterinary profession Act B.E. 2545. 2002. Published in the Government Gazette Thailand. (23rd April B.E. 2545 (2002).) No. 119, Part 36a.
Vincent ter, B. 2017. Antimicrobial reduction in the spotlight at VIV Asia. Pig Progress. Available at: http://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2017/4/Antimicrobial-reduction-in-the-spotlight-at-VIV-Asia-115220E/. Accessed March 20, 2018.
Vivianne, N.H.V., Danise, M.I., Annette, R., Stephanie, H., Xaver, S., Michael, S. 2014. Swiss pig farmers’ perception and usage of antibiotic during the fattening period. Livest. Sci. 162, 223–232.
World Health Organization [WHO]. 2001. Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
World Health Organization [WHO]. 2008. Practical guide for conducting review based on WHO Data collection tool for the review of drug regulatory system, Module 3: National regulatory authority. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/regulation_legislation/ENdatacollectiontool.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2018.
World Health Organization [WHO]. 2010. Medicines: rational use of medicines. WHO, Editor. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs338/en/index.html. Accessed March 20, 2018.
Alan, A., Siraprapha, R., Areeya, P. 2015. Distribution and marketing of drugs in Thailand. Thomson (pp 383–398).UK: Reuters (Professional) UK Limited.
Animal Feed Quality Control Act, B.E. 2558. 2015. Published in the Government Gazette Thailand. (5 march 2015) volume 132, section 15 kor.
Animal Health Products Association [AHPA]. 2013. AHPA Market information. Samut Sakhon, Thailand: A T Printing Co.
Archawakulathep, A., Thi Kim, C.T., Meunsene, D., Handijatno, D., Hassim, H.A., Rovira, H.R.G., Myint, K.S., Baldrias, L.R., Sothy, M., Aung, M., Wahyu, N.H., Chea, R., Boonmasawai, S., Vannamahaxay, S., Angkititrakul, S., Collantes, T.M.A., Van, T.N., Punyapornwithaya, V., Zakaria, Z., Chuanchuen, R. 2014. Perspectives on Antimicrobial resistance in livestock and livestock products in ASEAN countries. Thai J. Vet. Med. 44, 5–13.
Atthachai, H. 2017. Animal Feed Control: An Update on Thailand’s Legislation. Available at: http://www.tilleke.com/resources/animal-feed-control-update-thailand%E2%80%99s-legislation. Accessed January 20, 2018.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. 2014. Epi Info™ 7. Available at: http://wwwn.cdc.gov/epiinfo/7/index.htm. Accessed January 12, 2014.
Dahlberg, K., Drew, N., Nystrom, M. 2001. Reflective Life world Research. Student literature. Lund Sweden. Available at: https://psy.au.dk/fileadmin/site_files/filer_psykologi/dokumenter/CKM/NB37/dahlberg.pdf. Accessed January 12, 2014.
Department of Livestock Development [DLD], Thailand. 2013. Thai livestock farmer database system. Available at: http://ict.dld.go.th/th2/index.php/th/report/276-report-thailand-livestock/reportsurvey56/480-report-survey56-2. Accessed December 21, 2013.
Eltayb, A., Barakat, S., Marrone, G., Shaddad, S., Lundborg, C.S. 2012. Antibiotic use and resistance in animal farming: A quantitative and qualitative study on knowledge and practices among farmers in Khartoum, Sudan. Zoonoses Public Health. 59, 330–338.
European commission. 2014. Regulation of the European parliament and of the council on the manufacture, placing on the market and use of medicated feed and repealing. Council Directive 90/167/EEC. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/animal-feed-medic-12328-acte-v_e-greffe_en.pdf. Accessed December 20, 2013.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. 2012. Country report, Thailand. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Use of Antimicrobials in Livestock Production and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Asia-Pacific Region (pp.99–104). Negombo, Sri Lanka.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. 2014. Rationale for Size Category. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-x6170e/x6170e0t.htm. Accessed January 20, 2014.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization [FAO/WHO]. 2004. Joint FAO/WHO Technical workshop on residues of veterinary drugs without ADI/MRL: Final Report. Bangkok, Thailand.
Food and Drug Administration [FDA]. 2009. Republic Act No. 9711: An act strengthening and rationalizing the regulatory capacity of the Bureau of Food and Drugs: Republic of the Philippines Congress of the Philippines Metro Manila.
Gandra, S., Barter, D.M., Laxminarayan, R. 2014. Economic burden of antibiotic resistance: how much do we really know?. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20, 973–980.
Graneheim, U.H., Lundman, B. 2004. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ. Today. 24, 105–112.
Hsieh, H.F., Shannon, S.E. 2005. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 15, 1277–1288.
Metlay, J.P., Powers, J.H. Dudley, M.N., Christiansen, K., Finch, R.G. 2006. On behalf of the second colloquium of the international forum on antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial drug resistance, regulation and research. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12, 183–190.
Ministry of Health [MOH]. 2009. Registration guideline of Veterinary products (REGOVP): National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau, Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards [ACFS]. 2002. Ministry of agriculture and cooperatives. Thai agricultural standard: Good agricultural practice for broiler farm, May B.E. 2545 (May 2002).
National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards [ACFS]. 2003a. Ministry of agriculture and cooperatives. Thai agricultural standard: Good agricultural practice for chicken breeder, May B.E. 2546 (May 2003).
National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards [ACFS]. 2003b. Ministry of agriculture and cooperatives. Thai agricultural standard: Good agricultural practice for layer farm, May B.E. 2546 (May 2003).
National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards [ACFS]. 2003c. Ministry of agriculture and cooperatives. Thai agricultural standard: Good agricultural practice for poultry hatchery, May B.E. 2546 (May 2003).
National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards [ACFS]. 2003d. Ministry of agriculture and cooperatives. Thai agricultural standard: Good agricultural practice for duck breeder and duck farm, May B.E. 2546 (May 2003).
National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards [ACFS]. 2008. Ministry of agriculture and cooperatives. Thai agricultural standard (TAS 6403-2009) B.E.2551 (2008): Good agricultural practice for pig farm; 28 December B.E. 2551 (2008).
National bureau of agricultural commodity and food standards [ACFS]. 2009. Thai Agricultural Standard TAS 9032-2009. Code of Practice for Control of the use of Veterinary Drugs: National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. The Royal Gazette Vol.126 Special Section 187D.
Notification of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 1999. On Livestock Farm Standard. Published in the Government Gazette Thailand. (3 November B.E. 2542), Thailand.
Notification of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 2015. On name, category, type, characteristic or attributes of prohibited material in animal feed mixture, Published in the Government Gazette Thailand (21 August B.E. 2558). No. 132, Part 193.
Notification of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 2016a. On prohibited material in animal feed mixture. Published in the Government Gazette Thailand. (22 January B.E. 2559) No. 133, Part 18.
Notification of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 2016b. On the farmer who producing controlled animal feed for raise owner animals. Published in the Government Gazette Thailand. (7 July B.E. 2559). No. 133, Part 152.
Notification of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 2016c. On the person who shall not apply to produce controlled animal feed, Published in the Government Gazette Thailand. (27 April B.E. 2559). No. 133, Part 96.
Nuangmek, A., Rojanasthien, S., Chotinun, S., Yamsakul, P., Tadee, P., Thamlikitkul, V., Tansakul, N., Patchanee, P. 2018a. Antimicrobial Resistance in ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Layer and Pig Farms in Thailand. Acta Sci. Vet. 46, 1538.
Nuangmek, A., Rojanasthien, S., Patchanee, P., Yano, T., Yamsakul, P., Chotinun, S., Tadee, P. 2018b. Knowledge, attitudes and practices toward antimicrobial usage: a cross-sectional study of layer and pig farm owners/managers in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Chonburi provinces, Thailand, May 2014 to February 2016. Korean J. Vet. Res. 58, 17–25
Office International des Epizooties [OIE]. 2003. OIE International Standards on Antimicrobial Resistance. ISBN 92-9044-601-3. Paris, OIE Headquarters.
Office International des Epizooties [OIE]. 2007. Performance, Vision and Strategy A tool for the governance of Veterinary Service. Paris, OIE Headquarters.
Padungtod, P., Kaneene, J.B., Hanson, R., Morita, Y., Boonmar, S. 2006. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolated from food animals and humans in northern Thailand. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 47, 217–225.
Stür, W., Gray, D., Bastin, G. 2002. Review of the Livestock Sector in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. International Livestock Research Institute, Metro Manila, Philippines.
The drug Act B.E. 2510. 1967. [Internet]. Thailand: Thailaws.com. Available at: www.thailaws.com/law/t_laws/tlaw0071_1.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2018.
Veterinary profession Act B.E. 2545. 2002. Published in the Government Gazette Thailand. (23rd April B.E. 2545 (2002).) No. 119, Part 36a.
Vincent ter, B. 2017. Antimicrobial reduction in the spotlight at VIV Asia. Pig Progress. Available at: http://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2017/4/Antimicrobial-reduction-in-the-spotlight-at-VIV-Asia-115220E/. Accessed March 20, 2018.
Vivianne, N.H.V., Danise, M.I., Annette, R., Stephanie, H., Xaver, S., Michael, S. 2014. Swiss pig farmers’ perception and usage of antibiotic during the fattening period. Livest. Sci. 162, 223–232.
World Health Organization [WHO]. 2001. Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
World Health Organization [WHO]. 2008. Practical guide for conducting review based on WHO Data collection tool for the review of drug regulatory system, Module 3: National regulatory authority. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/regulation_legislation/ENdatacollectiontool.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2018.
World Health Organization [WHO]. 2010. Medicines: rational use of medicines. WHO, Editor. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs338/en/index.html. Accessed March 20, 2018.