An overview of the antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against fish pathogenic bacteria https://doi.org/10.12982/VIS.2023.009

Main Article Content

M.V.K.S. Wickramanayake
P.M. Kumarage
Sana Majeed
G.J. Heo

Abstract

Plant-derived essential oils as an alternative treatment method for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria have gained interest over the past few decades, particularly in the food and aquaculture industry. Essential oil is considered as a natural, cost-effective compound with a minimum impact on the environment. Studies have suggested the use of essential oils in the treatment and/or prevention of infectious diseases in fish may be a cost-effective alternative to synthetic antimicrobials. In addition to that,hundreds of different chemical profiles have been identified in essential oils. Particularly, in the same essential oil. In contrast to the synthetic antimicrobials that have unique chemical compositions between every product belonging to the same drug, the same essential oil may not perform unique antimicrobial activity every time. Therefore, more studies and concluded data are required for the effective usage of essential oils as an alternative to antimicrobial agents. In this review, we have summarized the studies about the several active essential oils that are known and tested against fish pathogenic bacteria because of their antimicrobial properties

Article Details

How to Cite
Wickramanayake, M. ., Kumarage, P. ., Majeed, S. ., & G.J. Heo. (2023). An overview of the antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against fish pathogenic bacteria: https://doi.org/10.12982/VIS.2023.009. Veterinary Integrative Sciences, 21(1), 99–119. Retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/vis/article/view/260722
Section
Review Article

References

Adukwu, E.C., Bowles, M., Edwards-Jones, V., Bone, H., 2016. Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity and chemical analysis of lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and pure citral. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 100, 9619–9627.

Al-Aamri, M.S., Al-Abousi, N.M., Al-Jabri, S.S., Alam, T., Khan, S.A., 2018. Chemical composition and in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia leaves grown in Eastern Oman. J. Taibah. Univ. Medical. Sci. 13,108–112.

Bachir, R.G., Benali, M., 2012. Antibacterial activity of the essential oils from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Asian. Pac.J. Trop. Biomed. 2, 739–742.

Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M., Ibnsouda, S.K., 2016. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J. Pharm. Anal. 6, 71–79.

Bandeira, G., Pês, T.S., Saccol, E.M.H., Sutili, F.J., Rossi, W.R., Murari, A.L., Heinzmann, B.M., Pavanato, M.A., de Vargas, A.C., de L. Silva, L., Baldisserotto, B., 2017. Potential uses of Ocimum gratissimum and Hesperozygis ringens essential oils in aquaculture. Ind. Crops. Prod. 97, 484–491.

Bharath, M.R., Azeem, M.A., Keerthan, H.V., 2017. Antimicrobial activity of clove extracts against food borne pathogens Escherichia coli, Salmonella tyhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes and GC-MS analysis of extracts. Int. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci. 8, 321–329.

Boudjedjou, L., Ramdani, M., Zeraib, A., Benmeddour, T., Fercha, A., 2019. Chemical composition and biological activities of Algerian Santolina africana essential oil. Sci.Afr. 4, e00090.

Bulfon, C., Volpatti, D., Galeotti, M., 2014. In vitro antibacterial activity of plant ethanolic extracts against fish pathogens. J. World. Aquac. Soc. 45, 545-557.

Burt S., 2004. Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods- A review. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 94, 223–253.

Camus A.C., Durborow R.M., Hemstreet W.G., Thune R. L., Hawke J. P., 1998. Aeromonas bacterial infections - motile Aeromonad septicemia. SRAC, Stoneville, MS.

Carson, C.F., Hammer, K.A. 2010. Chemistry and bioactivity of essential oils. In lipids and essential oils as antimicrobial agents. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, pp. 204-216.

Cavanagh, H.M.A., Wilkinson, J.M., 2002. Biological activities of lavender essential oil.Phytother. Res. 16, 301-308.

Chaieb, K., Hajlaoui, H., Zamantar, T., Kahla-Nakbi, A.B., Rouabhia, M., Mahdouani, K.,Bakhrouf, A., 2007. The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytother. Res. 21, 501–506.

Chisholm M.G., Wilson M.A., Gaskey G.M., 2003. Characterization of aroma volatiles in key lime essential oils (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). Flavor. Frag. J. 18, 106-115.

Chitanand, M.P., Kadam, T.A., Gyananath, G., Totewad, N.D., Balhal, D.K., 2010. Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of coliforms to identify high-risk contamination sites in aquatic environment. Indian. J. Microbiol. 50, 216–220.

Cortés-Rojas, D.F., de Souza, C.R.F., Oliveira, W.P., 2014. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice. Asian. Pac. J.Trop. Biomed. 4, 90–96.

Costa, R., Bisignanoa, C., Filocamo, A., Grasso, E., Occhiuto, F., Spadaroa, F., 2014. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.). Swingle essential oil from Italian organic crops. J. Essent. Oil. Res. 26, 400-408.

Craske, J.D., Suryadi N., Wootton M.A., 2005. A comparison of the peel oil components of Australian native lime (Microcitrus australe) and Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). J. Sci. Food. Agric. 85, 522-525.

Cunha, J.A., Heinzmann, B.M., Baldisserotto, B., 2018. The effects of essential oils and their major compounds on fish bacterial pathogens – a review. J. Appl. Microbiol. 125,328–344.

Cunha, J.A., Scheeren, C.A., Oliveira, A.M., Sutili, F.J., Pinheiro, C.G., Baldisserotto, B., Heinzmann, B.M., 2016. Toxicity of Tagetes minuta essential oil in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 8, 286–288.

Debbarma, J., Kishore, P., Nayak, B.B., Kannuchamy, N., Gudipati, V., 2013. Antibacterial activity of ginger, eucalyptus and sweet orange peel essential oils on fish-borne bacteria. J. Food. Process. Preserv. 37, 1022–1030.

Devi, K.P., Nisha, S.A., Sakthivel, R., Pandian, S.K., 2010. Eugenol (an essential oil of clove) acts as an antibacterial agent against Salmonella typhi by disrupting the cellular membrane. J. Ethnopharmacol. 130, 107–115.

Dhifi, W., Bellili, S., Jazi, S., Bahloul, N., Mnif, W., 2016. Essential oils’ chemical characterization and investigation of some biological activities: a critical review.Medicines. 3, 25.

Dima, C., Dima, S. 2015. Essential oils in foods: extraction, stabilization, and toxicity. Curr.Opin. Food. Sci. 5, 29–35.

Doleželová, P., Mácová, S., Plhalová, L., Pi_stěková, V., Svobodová Z., 2011. The acute toxicity of clove oil to fish Danio rerio and Poecilia reticulata. Acta. Vet. Brno. 80,305–308.

Fagere, Z.O., Zoheir, A., Magboul, A., 2016. Antibacterial activity of clove oil against some microorganisms at Khartoum State. Adv. Med. Plant. Res. 4, 122–128.

Firmino, D.F., Cavalcante, T.T.A., Gomes, G.A., Firmino, N.C.S., Rosa, L.D., De Carvalho, M.G., Catunda, F.E.A., 2018. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Cinnamomum Sp. essential oil and Cinnamaldehyde: antimicrobial activities. Sci.World. J. 2018, 7405736.

Fisher, K., Phillips C., 2008. Potential application of plant essential oil as natural preservatives against Escherischia coli O157: H7 Pak. J. Biolog. Sci. 11, 2054-2061.

Galluci, M.N., Oliva, M., Casero, C., Dambolena, J., Luna, A., Zygadlo, J., Demo M., 2009. Antimicrobial combined action of terpenes against the food-borne microorganisms Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. Flavor.Frag. J. 24, 348-354.

Goldbeck, J.C., do Nascimento, J.E., Jacob, R.G., Fiorentini, Â.M., da Silva, W.P., 2014. Bioactivity of essential oils from Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus urograndis against planktonic cells and biofilms of Streptococcus mutans. Ind. Crop. Prod. 60, 304–309.

Gupta, C., Garg, A.P., Uniyal, R.C., Kumari, A., 2008. Comparative analysis of the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon oil and cinnamon extract on some food-borne microbes. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2, 247-251.

Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F., Riley T.V., 1999. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. J. Appl. Microbiol. 86, 985-990.

Hashimoto, G.S.O., Marinho, N.F., Ruiz, M.L., Acchile, M., Chagas, E.C., Chaves,F.C.M., Martins, M.L., 2016. Essential oils of Lippia sidoides and Mentha piperita against monogenean parasites and their influence on the hematology of Nile tilapia.Aquaculture. 450, 182–186.

Hossain, S., De Silva, B., Wimalasena, S., Pathirana, H., Heo, G., 2019. In vitro antibacterial effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) essential oil against fish pathogenic bacteria isolated from farmed olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Korea. Iranian J.Fish. Sci. 18, 386-394.

Howell. M., 2019. It’s complicated – reviewing the use of essential oils in aquaculture. The fish site. Available online: https://thefishsite.com/articles/its-complicated-reviewingthe-use-of-essential-oils-in-aquaculture. (Accessed on December 7, 2022).

Ina-Salwany, M.Y., Al-saari, N., Mohamad, A., Mursidi, F.A., Mohd-Aris, A., Amal, M.N.A.,Kasai, H., Mino, S., Sawabe, T., Zamri-Saad, M., 2019. Vibriosis in fish: a review on disease development and prevention. J. Aquat. Anim. Health. 31(1), 3–22.

Irshad, M., Muhammad, A.S., Saqib, A., Amjad, H., 2019. Biological importance of essential oils, essential oils - oils of nature. Available online: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/ 68027 (Accessed on October 20, 2022).

Jafari, S., Esfahani S., Fazeli M.R., Jamalifar H., Samadi M., Samadi N., Najarian-Toosi A.,Shams A., Khanavi M., 2011. Antimicrobial activity of lime essential oil against food-borne pathogens isolated from cream-filled cakes and pastries. J. Biol. Chem.5, 258-265.

Jianu, C., Pop, G., Gruia, A.T., Horhat, F.G., 2013. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia) grown in Western Romania. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 15,772-776.

Kaloustian, J., Chevalie,r J., Mikail, C., Martino, M., Abou, L., Vergnes, M.F., 2008. Étude de six huiles essentielles: Composition chimique et activité antibactérienne.Phytothérapie. 6, 160–164.

Kaskatepe, V., Kiymaci, M.E., Simsek, D., Erol, H.B., Erdem, S.A., 2016. Comparison of the contents and antimicrobial activities of commercial and natural cinnamon oils.Indian. J. Pharm. Sci. 78, 541-548.

Kim, H.S., Kim, H.J., Choi, D.G., Jang, B., Cho, S.H., Kwon, M.G., Min, B.H., Kim, D.S.,2016. Effect of various sources of dietary additives on growth, body composition,and challenge test survival of juvenile Rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. Turk. J. Fish.Aquat. Sci. 16, 759-766.

Klesius, P.H., Pridgeon, J.W., 2011. Live attenuated bacterial vaccines in aquaculture. In:Liping, L., Fitzsimmons, K. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th international symposium on Tilapia in aquaculture, Shanghai, China, 22-24 April 2011 2011, pp. 20–29.

Majolo, C., da Rocha, S.I.B., Chagas, E.C., Chaves, F.C.M., Bizzo, H.R., 2017. Chemical composition of Lippia spp. essential oil and antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquac. Res. 48(5), 2380-2387.

Majolo, C., Pilarski, F., Chaves, F.C.M., Bizzo, H.R., Chagas, E.C., 2018. Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against Streptococcus agalactiae, an important pathogen for fish farming in Brazil. J. Essent. Oil Res. 30(5), 388–397.

Malheiros, D.F., Maciel, P.O., Videira, M.N., Tavares-Dias, M., 2016. Toxicity of the essential oil of Mentha piperita in Arapaima gigas (pirarucu) and antiparasitic effects on Dawestrema spp. (Monogenea). Aquaculture. 45, 81–86.

Marino, M., Bersani, C., Comi, G., 2016. Impedance measurements to study the antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Lamiaceae and Compositae. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 7,187–95.

Mittal, R.P., Abhilash, R., Vikas, J., 2019. Essential oils: an impending substitute of synthetic antimicrobial agents to overcome antimicrobial resistance. Curr. Drug. Targets. 20,605- 624.

Mulyaningsih, S., Sporer, F., Zimmermann, S., Reichling, J., Wink, M., 2010. Synergistic properties of the terpenoids aromadendrene and 1,8-cineole from the essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Phytomedicine. 17, 1061–1066.

Nampoothiri, S.V., Venugopalam, V.V., Joy, B., Sreekuman, M.M., Menon, A.N., 2012.Comparison of essential oil composition of three ginger cultivars from sub himalayan region. Asian. Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2, 1347-1350.

Nashwa, F.S.M., 2017. Chemical Structure, Quality Indices and Bioactivity of Essential Oil Constituents. In: El-Shemy, H.A. (Ed.), Active Ingredients from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants. Available online: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53045.

Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., Martino, L.D., Coppola, R., de Feo V., 2013. Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals. 6, 1451-1474.

Noel-Martinez, K.C., Francisco Cruz, G.J., Solis-Castro, R.L., 2021. Bursera graveolens essential oil: Physicochemical characterization and antimicrobial activity in pathogenic microorganisms found in Kajikia audax. Sci. Agropecu, 12(3), 303–309.

Nya, E.J., Austin, B., 2009. Use of garlic, Allium sativum, to control Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). J. Fish Dis. 32,963-970.

Ontas, C., Esin, B., Kaplaner, E., 2016. Antibacterial activity of Citrus limon Peel essential oil and Argania spinosa Oil Against Fish Pathogenic Bacteria. Kafkas. Üniv. Vet. Fak. 22, 741-749.

Oyedemi, S.O., Okoh, A.I., Mabinya, L.V., Pirochenva, G., Afolayan, A.J., 2009. The proposed mechanism of bactericidal action of eugenol, terpineol and γ-terpinene against Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8, 1280–1286.

Park, J.W., Wendt, M., Heo, G.J., 2016. Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus against fish pathogenic bacteria. Lab. Anim. Res. 32, 87-90.

Park, Y.H., Hwang, S.Y., Hong, M.K., Kwon, K.H., 2012. Use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture that affect therapeutic options. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 31,189–197.

Park., S.B., Kwon, K., Cha, I.S., Jang, H.B., Nho, S.W., Fagutao, F.F., Kim, Y.K., Yu, J.E.,Jung, T.S., 2014. Development of a multiplex PCR assay to detect Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus parauberis, and Streptococcus iniae in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). J. Vet. Sci. 15, 163.

Pathirana, H.N.K.S., Wimalasena, S.H.M.P., De Silva, B.C.J., Hossain, S., Heo, G.-J., 2018. Antibacterial activity of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) essential oil and limonene against fish pathogenic bacteria isolated from cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Fish. Aquat. Life. 26, 131-139.

Pathirana, H., Wimalasena, S., Silva, B.D., Hossain, S., Heo, G.J., 2019a. Antibacterial activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) essential oil and cinnamaldehyde against fish pathogenic bacteria isolated from cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Indian. J. Fish. 66, 86-92.

Pathirana, H.N.K.S., Wimalasena, S.H.M.P., De Silva, B.C.J., Hossain, S., Heo, G.-J., 2019b. Determination of the in vitro effect of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) oil against fish pathogenic bacteria isolated from cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Slov. Vet. Res. 56, 125–131.

Pathirana, H.N.K.S., Wimalasena, S.H.M.P., De Silva, B.C.J., Hossain, S., Heo, G.-J., 2019c. Antibacterial activity of clove essential oil and eugenol against fish pathogenic bacteria isolated from cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Slov. Vet.Res. 56, 31–38.

Pawar, V.C., Thaker, V.S., 2006. In vitro efficacy of 75 essential oils against Aspergillus niger Mycoses. 49, 316 –323.

Persson, D.B., Aspán, A., Hysing, P., Blomkvist, E., Jansson, E., Orsén, L., Hällbom, H.,Axén, C., 2022. Assessing the presence and spread of Renibacterium salmoninarum between farmed and wild fish in Sweden. J. Fish Dis. 45(5), 613–621.

Pozzo, M.D., Loreto, E.S., Santurio, D.F., Alves, S.H., Rossatto, L., De Vargas, A.C., Viegas,J., Costa, M.M.D., 2012. Antibacterial activity of essential oil of cinnamon and trans-cinnamaldehyde against Staphylococcus spp. isolated from clinical mastitis. Acta Sci. Vet. 40, 1080.

Prashar, A., Locke, I.C., Evans, C.S., 2006. Cytotoxicity of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil and its major components to human skin cells. Cell Prolif. 39, 241–248.

Pridgeon, J.W., Klesius, P.H., 2012. Major bacterial diseases in aquaculture and their vaccine development. CABI Reviews. 7, 1-17.

Raisi, A., Davoodi, F., Afshar-Ghahremani, S., Taheri, S., Sharifi, S., Adel, M., 2019. Evaluation of the Anesthetic and Tranquilizing Effects of Clove Powder (Syzygiuma romaticum) and Lavender Oil (Lavandula officinalis) in Convict Cichlid Fish (Cichlasoma nigrofasciata). Iran. J. Vet. Surg. 15, 1-7.

Rao, P.V., Gan, S.H., 2014. Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evid-based Complement. Altern. Med. 2014, 642942.

Rattanachaikunsopon, P., Phumkhachorn, P., 2009. Protective effects of olive oilsupplemented fish diets on experimental Lactococcus garvieae infection in tilapia. Biotech. 73, 2085-2089.

Raut, J.S., Karuppayil, S.M., 2014. A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils. Ind. Crop. Prod. 62, 250–264.

Rehab, M.A., Zeinab, S.H., 2016. Eugenol and linalool: comparison of their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 10, 1860–1872.

Sarjito, L.A.P., Prayitno, S.B., 2015. The short bathing effect of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) extract on the survival rate and growth rate of gourami (Osphronemus gouramy) infected by Edwardsiella tarda. J. Aqua. Mana. Tech. 4, 31-37.

Seongwei, L., Musa, N., Wee, W., Musa, N., 2009. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum flower bud (clove) against fish systemic bacteria isolated from aquaculture sites. Front. Agric. China. 3, 332–336.

Shehata, S.A., Mohamed, M.S., El-Shafi, S.A., 2013. Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their effects on Nile tilapia fingerlings performance. J. Med Sci. 13, 367-372.

Snoussi, M., Trabelsi, N., Taleb, S.B., Dehmeni, A., Flamini, G., Feo, V.D., 2016. Laurus nobilis, Zingiber officinale and Anethum graveolens essential oils: Composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities against bacteria isolated from fish and shellfish. Molecules. 21, 1414.

Soares, B.V., Tavares-Dias, M., 2013. The Lippia species (Verbenaceae), and its potential bioactive and importance for veterinary medicine and aquaculture. Biota. Amaz. 3,109–123.

Soares, B.V., Cardoso, A.C.F., Campos, R.R., Gonçalves, B.B., Santos, G.G., Chaves, F.C.M., Chagas, E.C., Tavares-Dias, M., 2017b. Antiparasitic, physiological and histological effects of the essential oil of Lippia origanoides (Verbenaceae) in native freshwater fish Colossoma macropomum. Aquaculture. 469, 72–78.

Soares, B.V., Neves, L.R., Ferreira, D.O., Oliveira, M.S.B., Chaves, F.C.M., Chagas, E.C., Gonçalves, R.A., Tavares-Dias, M., 2017a. Antiparasitic activity,histopathology and physiology of Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) exposed to the essential oil of Lippia sidoides (Verbenaceae). Vet. Parasitol. 234, 49–56.

Sotelo Mendez, A.H., Figueroa Cornejo, C.G., Césare Coral, M.F., Alegría Arnedo, M.C., 2017. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of bursera graveolens (burseraceae) from Perú. Indian. J. Pharm. Educ. 51(3),S429–S436.

Spanghero, D.B.N., Spanghero, E.C.A., de M., Pedron, J. dos S., Chagas, E.C., Chaves, F.C.M., Zaniboni-filho, E., 2019. Peppermint essential oil as an anesthetic for and toxicity to juvenile silver catfish. Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. 54, e00367.

Subasinghe, R.P., 2005. Epidemiological approach to aquatic animal health management: opportunities and challenges for developing countries to increase aquatic production through aquaculture. Prev. Vet. Med. 67, 117–24.

Supreetha, S., Sharadadevi, M., Sequeira, P., Simon, J., Shreyas, T., Amit, M., 2011. Antifungal activity of ginger extract on Candida albicans: An in-vitro study. J. Dent.Sci. Res. 2, 1-5.

Sutili, F.J., Cunha, M.A., Ziech, R.E., Krewer, C.C., Zeppenfeld, C.C., Heldwein, C.G.,Gressler, L.T., Heinzmann, B.M., Vargas, A.C., Baldisserotto, B., 2015. Lippia alba essential oil promotes survival of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) infected with Aeromonas sp. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 87(1), 95–100.

Sutili, F.J., Delbert, M.G., Heinzmann, B.M., Baldisserotto, B., 2018. Plant essential oils as fish diet additives: benefits on fish health and stability in feed. Rev. Aqua. 10,716–726.

Tabarraei, H., Hassan, J., Mosavi, S.S., 2019. Determination of LD50 of some essential oils and histopathological changes in short-term exposure to one of them in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxico. Res. App. 3, 1–7.

Tavares-Dias, M., 2018. Current knowledge on use of essential oils as alternative treatment against fish parasites. Aquat. Livin. Res. 31.

Toranzo, A.E., Magariños, B., Romalde, J.L., 2005. A review of the main bacterial fish diseases in mariculture systems. Aquaculture. 246, 37–61.

Trombetta, D., Castelli, F., Sarpietro, M.G., Venuti, V., Cristani, M., Daniele, C., Bisignano, G., 2005. Mechanisms of antibacterial action of three monoterpenes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49, 2474–2478.

Trushenski, J.T., Bowker, J.D., Cooke, S.J., Erdahl, D., Bell, T., Macmillan, J.R., Yanong, R.P., Hill, J.E., Fabrizio, M.C., Garvey, J.E. and Sharon, S., 2013. Issues regarding the use of sedatives in fisheries and the need for immediate-release options. Am.Fish. Soc. 142,156-170.

Turker, H., Yildirim, A.B., Karakas, F.P., 2009. Sensitivity of bacteria isolated from fish to some medicinal plants. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 9, 181–186.

Vimal, M., Vijaya P.P., Mumtaj P., Seema M.S.F., 2013. Antibacterial activity of selected compounds of essential oils from indigenous plants. J. Chem. Pharmaceutic. Res. 5,248-253.

Wimalasena, S.H., Pathirana, H.N., De Silva, B.C.,Hossain, S., Heo, G.J., 2018. Antimicrobial activity of lavender (Lavendula rangustifolia) oil against fish pathogenic bacteria isolated from cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Korea. Indian. J. Fish. 65, 52-56.

Wong, Y.C., Ahmad, M.M.Y., Wan, N.W.A., 2014. Extraction of essential oil from cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). Orient. J. Chem. 30, 37-47.

Xu, T., Zhang, X.H., 2014. Edwardsiella tarda: An intriguing problem in aquaculture. Aquaculture. 431, 129–135.

Yildirim, A., Türker, H., 2018. Antibacterial activity of some aromatic plant essential oils against Fish Pathogenic Bacteria. J. limnol. freshw. Fisheries. res. 4,67–74.

Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Wang, Y., Jiang, P., Quek, S.Y., 2016. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of cinnamon essential oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Food. Control. 59, 282-289.