Temporal trend and high-risk areas of rabies occurrences in animals in Nepal from 2005 to 2018 https://doi.org/10.12982/VIS.2023.029
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Rabies is an important zoonosis in both the public and animal health domains. The occurrences of animal rabies have been continuously reported in Nepal. For the effective control and management of animal rabies, a better understanding of rabies epidemiology is essential. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the spatial distribution and to describe the epidemiological characteristics of animal rabies occurrences in Nepal. Official reports of rabies occurrences from 2005 to 2018 were analyzed using the Global Moran’s Index and Local Moran’s Index. The study revealed an increasing trend in the later years of the study period after 2014 with occurrences clustered around the southern region of the country. For the overall period, the high—high clustering areas were mostly found in Dailekh and Kailali. In addition, different areas were visualized as high-risk areas in various years. This study identified the high-risk areas of rabies; thus, authorities and stakeholders can utilize this finding in enhancing the rabies control program in the country
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Publishing an article with open access in Veterinary Integrative Sciences leaves the copyright with the author. The article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0), which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited.
References
Abedi, M., Doosti-Irani, A., Jahanbakhsh, F., Sahebkar, A., 2019. Epidemiology of animal bite in iran during a 20-year period (1993-2013): a meta-analysis. Trop. Med. Health.47, 55.
Acharya, K.P., Acharya, N., Phuyal, S., Upadhyaya, M., Lasee, S., 2020. One-health approach: A best possible way to control rabies. One Health. 10, 100161.
Acharya, K.P., Adhikari, N., Tariq, M., 2019. Fight against rabies in Nepal: immediate need for government intervention. One Health. 9, 100114.
Allendorf, T.D., 2010. A framework for the park–people relationship: insights from protected areas in Nepal and Myanmar. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World. Ecol. 17(5), 417-422.
Annual Report, 2018. D.o.H. Services. Available online: https://dohs.gov.np/wp-content /uploads/2019/07/DoHS-Annual-Report-FY-2074-75-date-22-Ashad-2076-for-web-1.pdf.
Anselin, L., 2020a. Global spatial autocorrelation (1). GeoDa. Available online: https://geoda center.github.io/workbook/5a_global_auto/lab5a.html (Accessed on August 15,2022).
Anselin, L., 2020b. Local Spatial Autocorrelation (1). GeoDa. Available online: https://geoda
center.github.io/workbook/6a_local_auto/lab6a.html (Accessed on August 15, 2022).
Baker, L., Matthiopoulos, J., Müller, T., Freuling, C., Hampson, K., 2019. Optimizing spatial and seasonal deployment of vaccination campaigns to eliminate wildlife rabies.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. 374(1776), 20180280.
Baral, N., Heinen, J.T., 2007. Resources use, conservation attitudes, management intervention and park-people relations in the Western Terai landscape of Nepal. Environ. Conserv.34(1), 64-72.
Bouslama, Z., Belkhiria, J.A., Turki, I., Kharmachi, H., 2020. Spatio-temporal evolution of canine rabies in Tunisia, 2011-2016. Prev. Vet. Med. 185, 105195.
Carpenter, T.E., 2001. Methods to investigate spatial and temporal clustering in veterinary epidemiology. Prev. Vet. Med. 48(4), 303-320.
Devleesschauwer, B., Aryal, A., Sharma, B.K., Ale, A., Declercq, A., Depraz, S., Gaire, T.N.,Gongal, G., Karki, S., Pandey, B.D., Pun, S.B., Duchateau, L., Dorny, P.,Speybroeck, N., 2016. Epidemiology, impact and control of rabies in Nepal: asystematic review. PLoS Negl Trop. Dis. 10(2), e0004461.
Epidemiology and burden of disease, 2022. World Health Organization. Available online: https://www.who.int/activities/improving-data-on-rabies/rabies-epidemiology-andburden#:~:text=Rabies%20is%20a%20major%20burden,US%24%201.5%20
billion%20per%20year. (Accessed on May 15, 2022).
Gibson, A.D., Yale, G., Corfmat, J., Appupillai, M., Gigante, C.M., Lopes, M., Betodkar,U., Costa, N.C., Fernandes, K.A., Mathapati, P., Suryawanshi, P.M., Otter, N.,Thomas, G., Ohal, P., Airikkala-Otter, I., Lohr, F., Rupprecht, C.E., King, A., Sutton,D., Deuzeman, I., Li, Y., Wallace, R.M., Mani, R.S., Gongal, G., Handel, I.G.,Bronsvoort, M., Naik, V., Desai, S., Mazeri, S., Gamble, L., Mellanby, R.J., 2022.
Elimination of human rabies in Goa, India through an integrated one health approach. Nat Commun. 13(1), 2788.
Gongal, G., 2006. The epidemiological trend of animal rabies in Nepal and future control strategy. APCRI Journal, 8(1).
Gongal, G., Wright, A.E., 2011. Human rabies in the WHO Southeast Asia Region: forward steps for elimination. Adv. Prev. Med. 2011, 383870.
Gongal, G.N., Rai, J.N., Dodet, B., Meslin, F., Heseltine, E., 2001. Human rabies in Nepal.Rabies Control in Asia. Fourth International Symposium on Rabies Control in Asia.John Libbey Eurotext, Paris.
Grover, M., Bessell, P.R., Conan, A., Polak, P., Sabeta, C.T., Reininghaus, B., Knobel, D.L.,2018. Spatiotemporal epidemiology of rabies at an interface between domestic dogs and wildlife in South Africa. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 10864.
Guo, D., Yin, W., Yu, H., Thill, J.C., Yang, W., Chen, F., Wang, D., 2018. The role of socioeconomic and climatic factors in the spatio-temporal variation of human rabies in China. BMC Infect. Dis., 18(1), 526.
Guo, D., Zhou, H., Zou, Y., Yin, W., Yu, H., Si, Y., Li, J., Zhou, Y., Zhou, X., Magalhaes, R.J., 2013. Geographical analysis of the distribution and spread of human rabies in china from 2005 to 2011. PLoS One, 8(8), e72352.
India sees 1.75 million dog bites every year, yet we face up to 80% shortage of anti-rabies vaccines., 2018. Available online: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/india-sees-1-75-million-dog-bites-every-year-yet-we-face-up-to-80-shortage-of-antirabies-vaccines-61298 (Accessed on December 23, 2022).
Janrabelge, K.H.U., 2019. Spatio-temporal epidemiology, dog immunity, and awareness of people of canine rabies in Srilanka using community based active survey approaches. Chiang Mai University.
Kalthoum, S., Guesmi, K., Gharbi, R., Baccar, M.N., Seghaier, C., Zrelli, M., Bahloul, C.,2021. Temporal and spatial distributions of animal and human rabies cases during 2012 and 2018, in Tunisia. Vet. Med. Sci. 7(3), 686-696.
Karki, S., Thakuri, K., 2010. Epidemiological situation of animal rabies and its control strategy in Nepal. In Proceedings of the 9th Conference of Nepal Veterinary Association. Kathmandu, Kathmandu, Nepal, 22-24 April, 2010.
Kiratitana-olan, K., Chaisowwong, W., Thongkorn, K., Kreausukon, K., 2022. One Health perspectives on sustainable rabies prevention in Thailand: a qualitative interview study. Veterinary Integrative Sciences, 20(2), 443–457.
Kumar Pant, D., Tenzin, T., Chand, R., Kumar Sharma, B., Raj Bist, P., 2017. Spatio-temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in Nepal, 2007-2015. PLoS One, 12(7),e0180591.
Ma, X., Blanton, J.D., Millien, M.F., Medley, A.M., Etheart, M.D., Fénelon, N., Wallace, R.M., 2020. Quantifying the risk of rabies in biting dogs in Haiti. Sci. Rep. 10(1),1062.
Ollech, D., Webel, K., 2020. A random forest-based approach to identifying the most informative seasonality tests. SSRN Elect. J
Pal, P., Yawongsa, A., Bhatta, R., Shimoda, H., Rukkwamsuk, T., 2021. Animal rabies epidemiology in Nepal from 2005 to 2017. Int. J. One. Health. 7(2), 190-195.
Pal, P., Yawongsa, A., Bhusal, T.N., Bashyal, R., Rukkwamsuk, T., 2021. Knowledge, attitude,and practice about rabies prevention and control: A community survey in Nepal. Vet.World. 14(4), 933-942.
Pantha, S., Subedi, D., Poudel, U., Subedi, S., Kaphle, K., Dhakal, S., 2020. Review of rabies in Nepal. One Health. 10, 100155.
Polupan, I., Bezymennyi, M., Gibaliuk, Y., Drozhzhe, Z., Rudoi, O., Ukhovskyi, V.,Nedosekov, V., De Nardi, M., 2019. An analysis of rabies incidence and its geographic spread in the buffer area among orally vaccinated wildlife in Ukraine from 2012 to 2016. Front. Vet. Sci. 6, 290.
Radhakrishnan, S., Vanak, A.T., Nouvellet, P., Donnelly, C.A., 2020. Rabies as a public health concern in india-a historical perspective. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 5(4), 162.
Raynor, B., De la Puente-León, M., Johnson, A., Díaz, E.W., Levy, M.Z., Recuenco, S.E.,Castillo-Neyra, R., 2020. Movement patterns of free-roaming dogs on heterogeneous urban landscapes: implications for rabies control. Prev. Vet. Med. 178, 104978.
Riccardi, N., Giacomelli, A., Antonello, R.M., Gobbi, F., Angheben, A., 2021. Rabies in Europe: an epidemiological and clinical update. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 88, 15-20.
Robertson, C., Nelson, T.A., 2010. Review of software for space-time disease surveillance. Int. J. Health. Geogr. 9(1), 16.
Santos, B.L., Bruhn, F.R.P., Coelho, A.C.B., Estima-Silva, P., Echenique, J.V., Sallis, E.S.V., Schild, A.L., 2019. Epidemiological study of rabies in cattle in southern Brazil: spatial and temporal distribution from 2008 to 2017. Pesqui. Vet. Bras, 39(7),460-468.
Shrestha, U.B., Shrestha, S., Chaudhary, P., Chaudhary, R.P., 2010. How representative is the protected areas system of Nepal?. Mt. Res. Dev. 30(3), 282-294, 213.
Stevens, K.B., Pfeiffer, D.U., 2011. Spatial modelling of disease using data- and knowledge-driven approaches. Spat. Spatiotemporal. Epidemiol. 2(3), 125-133.
Subedi, D., Chandran, D., Subedi, S., Acharya, K.P., 2022. Ecological and socioeconomic factors in the occurrence of rabies: a forgotten scenario. Infect. Dis. Rep. 14(6),979-986.
Talbi, C., Lemey, P., Suchard, M.A., Abdelatif, E., Elharrak, M., Jalal, N., Faouzi, A., Echevarría, J.E., Vazquez Morón, S., Rambaut, A., Campiz, N., Tatem, A.J., Holmes,E. C., Bourhy, H., 2010. Phylodynamics and human-mediated dispersal of a zoonotic virus. PLoS. Pathog. 6(10), e1001166.
Taylor, L.H., Nel, L.H., 2015. Global epidemiology of canine rabies: past, present, and future prospects. Vet Med (Auckl). 6, 361-371.
Tenzin, Dhand, N.K., Ward, M.P., 2011. Patterns of rabies occurrence in bhutan between 1996 and 2009. Zoonoses. Public. Health. 58(7), 463-471.
Thanapongtharm, W., Suwanpakdee, S., Chumkaeo, A., Gilbert, M., Wiratsudakul, A., 2021.Current characteristics of animal rabies cases in Thailand and relevant risk factors identified by a spatial modeling approach. PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis. 15(12), e0009980.
Townsend, S.E., Lembo, T., Cleaveland, S., Meslin, F.X., Miranda, M.E., Putra, A.A., Haydon, D.T., Hampson, K., 2013. Surveillance guidelines for disease elimination: A case study of canine rabies. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 36(3), 249-261.
Veterinary Epidemiology Center, 2018. Quarterly animal health e-bulletin (Rabies specific) Jan-April, 2018. Available online: http://epivet.gov.np/uploads/files/0936410132.PDF.
Yadav, S., 2012. Animal rabies in Nepal and raccon rabies in Albany County, New York (Master of Public Health Thesis). Kansas State University.