Prevalence and Antimicrobial-Resistant Patterns of Non-typhoidal Salmonella in Good Agricultural Practice Certified Broiler Farms and Poultry Slaughterhouses in an Intensive Farming Area in Upper Northern Part of Thailand https://doi.org/10.12982/VIS.2023.057
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is still one of the most infectious foodborne pathogens causing problematic health issues worldwide in both human and veterinary medicine. Poultry meat was one of the important sources of NTS spreading and tended to be highly resistant to antibiotics. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, serotypes, and antimicrobial-resistant patterns of Salmonella circulating in broiler farms and poultry slaughterhouses in an intensive farming area in the upper northern part of Thailand from August to October 2019. Fifty samples of boot swabs were collected from 50 broiler farms, 50 cecal samples, and 250 neck skin samples from slaughterhouses. Salmonella was identified by culture method and serum-agglutination and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was tested using the automated VITEK-2 compact system. This study's total prevalence of Salmonella was 53.71% (n=188/350). We found that 53% (159/300) of cecal and neck skins samples were collected from slaughterhouses and 58% (29/50) of boot swabs collected from broiler farms were positive for NTS. Twenty-four serotypes of NTS were identified, the most encountered was S. Kentucky. The antimicrobial-resistant patterns showed that all the strains were non-susceptible to amikacin, cefalexin, cephalothin, and gentamicin and were susceptible to imipenem, neomycin, and nitrofurantoin. The NTS prevalence in samples from broiler farms was slightly higher than in poultry slaughterhouses indicating that there was contamination in the farming and slaughtering process. Therefore, both hygienic measurements in poultry production and antimicrobial usage in the poultry industry should be considered.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Publishing an article with open access in Veterinary Integrative Sciences leaves the copyright with the author. The article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0), which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited.
References
Aguerre, M.J., Capozzolo, M.C., Lencioni, P., Cabral, C., Wattiaux, M.A., 2016. Effect of Alenazy, R., 2022. Antibiotic resistance in salmonella: Targeting multidrug resistance by understanding efflux pumps, regulators and the inhibitors. J. King. Saud. Univ. Sci. 34(7), 102275.
Angulo, F.J., Nunnery, J.A. Bair, H.D., 2004. Antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic enteric pathogens. Rev. Sci. Tech. 23(2), 485-496.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019. Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks, United States, 2017, Annual Report. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019. Glossary of terms related to Antibiotic Resistance. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/narms/resources/glossary.html (Accessed on May 7, 2023).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020. Salmonellosis (Nontyphoidal). Available online: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectiousdiseases/salmonellosis-nontyphoidal (Accessed on May 6, 2023).
Chotinun, S., Rojanasthien, S., Unger, F., Tadee, P., Patchanee, P., 2014. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from carcasses, processing facilities and the environment surrounding small scale poultry slaughterhouses in thailand.SouthEast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 45(6), 1392-1400.
Coburn, B., Grassl, G.A., Finlay, B.B., 2007. Salmonella, the host and disease: a brief review.Immunol. Cell. Biol. 85(2), 112-118.
Commission Regulation (EU) No 1086/2011 of 27 October 2011 amending AnnexII to Regulation (EC) No 2160/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Annex I to Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 as regards salmonella
in fresh poultry meat. Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri= CELEX :32011 R1086&fro=EN.
Djeffal, S., Mamache, B., Elgroud, R., Hireche, S., Bouaziz, O., 2018. Prevalence and risk factors for salmonella spp. ontamination in broiler chicken farms and slaughterhouses in the northeast of algeria. Vet. World. 11(8), 1102-1108.
Department of Livestock Development, 2016. The antimicrobial resistance prevention and control program. Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok.
Department of Livestock Development, 2018. Statistical data on GAP certified broiler farm in the upper northern part of Thailand. Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok.Eng, S.K., Pusparajah, P., Ab Mutalib, N.S., Ser, H.L., Chan, K.G., Lee, L.H., 2015.
Salmonella: a review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance. Front.Life Sci. 8(3), 284-293.
Grimont, P.A., Weill, F.X., 2007. Antigenic formulae of the Salmonella serovars. Available online: https://www.pasteur.fr/sites/default/files/veng_0.pdf.
Kemal, J., 2014. A review on the public health importance of bovine salmonellosis. Vet. Sci.Tech. 5(2), 1000175.
Lampang, K.N., Chailangkarn, S., Padungtod, P., 2014. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars in chicken farm, Chiang Mai and Lamphun province, Northern of Thailand. Vet. Integr. Sci. 12(2), 85-93.
Lauteri, C., Festino, A.R., Conter, M., Vergara, A., 2022. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile in Salmonella spp. Isolates from swine food chain. Ital. J. Food.Saf. 11(2), 9980.
McEwen, S.A., Fedorka-Cray, P.J., 2002. Antimicrobial use and resistance in animals. Clin.Infect. Dis. 34(Supplement 3), S93-S106.
Nidaullah, H., Abirami, N., Shamila-Syuhada, A.K., Chuah, L.O., Nurul, H., Tan, T.P., Abidin,F.W.Z., Rusul, G., 2017. Prevalence of Salmonella in poultry processing environments in wet markets in Penang and Perlis, Malaysia. Vet. World. 10(3),286-292.
Na Lampang, K., Chongsuvivatwong, V., Kitikoon, V., 2007. Pattern and determinant of antibiotics used on broiler farms in Songkhla province, southern Thailand. Trop.Anim. Health. Prod. 39, 355-361.
Onyeanu, C.T., Ezenduka, E.V., Anaga, A.O., 2020. Determination of gentamicin use in poultry farms in Enugu state, Nigeria, and detection of its residue in slaughter commercial broilers. Int. J. One. Health. 6, 6-11.
Padungtod, P., Kaneene, J.B., 2006. Salmonella in food animals and humans in northern Thailand. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 108, 346-54.
Phongaran, D., Khang-Air, S., Angkititrakul, S., 2019. Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from broilers and pigs in Thailand.Vet. World. 12(8), 1311.
Rozman, V., Matijašić, B.B., Možina, S.S., 2018. Antimicrobial resistance of common zoonotic bacteria in the food chain: an emerging threat. Available online: https://www.intechopen .com/chapters/63371.
Rugpudsa, P., Kasemsuwan, S., Saengthongpinit, C., 2013. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in broiler industrial production chain. In Proceedings of the 51st Kasetsart University Annual Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-7 February 2013.
Ryan, M.P., O'Dwyer, J., Adley, C.C., 2017. Evaluation of the complex nomenclature of the clinically and veterinary significant pathogen salmonella. Biomed. Res. Int. 2017,3782182.
Salehi, S., Howe, K., Brooks, J., Lawrence, M.L., Bailey, R.H., Karsi, A., 2016. Identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky genes involved in attachment to chicken skin. BMC. Microbiol. 16, 1-7.
Suddee, W., Raksakul, D., 2014. Prevalence and risk factors of Salmonella spp. in GAP certified broiler farms. Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok. (In Thai)
Tan, S.J., Nordin, S., Esah, E.M., Mahror, N., 2022. Salmonella spp. in chicken: prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and detection methods. Microbiol. Res. 13(4), 691-705.
Tanwar, J., Das, S., Fatima, Z., Hameed, S., 2014. Multidrug resistance: an emerging crisis. Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis. 2014, 541340.
VT Nair, D., Venkitanarayanan, K., Kollanoor Johny, A., 2018. Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in the food supply and the potential role of antibiotic alternatives for control. Foods. 7(10), 167.
Wessels, K., Rip, D., Gouws, P., 2021. Salmonella in chicken meat: Consumption, outbreaks, characteristics, current control methods and the potential of bacteriophage use.Foods. 10(8), 1742.
World organization of animal health, 2018. Salmonellosis. Available online: https://www.
woah. org/fileadmin/Home/fr/Health_standards/tahm/3.09.08_SALMONELLOSIS.pdf (Accessed on May 6, 2023).
World organization of animal health, 2022. Prevention, detection and control of Salmonella in poultry. Available online: https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/ Health_standards/ tahc/current/chapitre_prevent_salmonella.pdf (Accessed on May 6,2023).
World organization of animal health, 2022. Risk analysis for antimicrobial resistance arising from the use of antimicrobial agents in animals Salmonellosis. Available online: https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_antibio_risk_ass.pdf (Accessed on May 6, 2023).
WHO, 2018. Salmonella (non-typhoidal). Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salmonella-(non-typhoidal) (Accessed on May 6, 2023).
Zdragas, A., Mazaraki, K., Vafeas, G., Giantzi, V., Papadopoulos, T., Ekateriniadou, L., 2012.Prevalence, seasonal occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in poultry retail products in Greece. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 55(4), 308-313.