Formulation and evaluation of saponin based alcohol - free polyherbal hand sanitizer https://doi.org/10.12982/VIS.2023.069
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Sanitization is essential in limiting the spread of infectious diseases. Alcohol based sanitizer formulations consists of toxic compounds which are harmful to human health and not environmental friendly. The purpose of the present research is to formulate a bio-derived alcohol free hand sanitizer. Saponins are secondary metabolites that are stored in the roots of many plant species, where they may act as antimicrobial phytoprotectants. Saponins were extracted by Soxhlet extractor using methanol as solvent. Saponins were tested for their individual and synergetic antimicrobial (Agar plate diffusion method) and anti-oxidant (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay) activity. Polyherbal sanitizer was formulated using saponin as the main ingredient. It was evaluated for its physical parameters and antimicrobial properties. The synergistic effect of saponins was higher when compared to the individual saponins’ antimicrobial activity. The formulated polyherbal sanitizer evinced acceptable organoleptic properties with slightly acidic pH and demonstrated antimicrobial properties against selected microorganisms with maximum activity against Staphylococcus aureus (concentration =100µl, zone of inhibition diameter =24±1 mm). The antimicrobial efficacy of the formulated sanitizer was comparable to that of a commercially available hand sanitizer.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Publishing an article with open access in Veterinary Integrative Sciences leaves the copyright with the author. The article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0), which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited.
References
Alghamdi, H.A., 2021. A need to combat COVID-19; herbal disinfection techniques,formulations and preparations of human health friendly hand sanitizers. Saudi. J.Biol. Sci. 28(7), 3943-3947.
Bhusal, S., Sharma, K., 2020. Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra root extracts. Asian. J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 13(10), 166–170.
Booq, R.Y., Alshehri, A.A., Almughem, F.A., Zaidan, N.M., Aburayan, W.S., Bakr, A.A.,Kabli, S.H., Alshaya, H.A., Alsuabeyl, M.S., Alyamani, E.J., Tawfik, E.A., 2021.
Formulation and evaluation of alcohol-free hand sanitizer gels to prevent the spread of infections during pandemics. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 18(12), 6252.
Chen, Y., Miao, Y., Huang, L., Li, J., Sun, H., Zhao, Y., Yang, J., Zhou, W., 2014. Antioxidant activities of saponins extracted from Radix Trichosanthis: an in vivo and in vitro evaluation. BMC Complement. Altern. Med.14, 86.
Cheok, C.Y., Salman, H.A.K., Sulaiman, R., 2014. Extraction and quantification of saponins:a review. Food. Res. Int. 59, 16-40.
Devmurari, V.P., 2010. Phytochemical screening study and antibacterial evaluation of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res. 2(1), 354-359.
El Aziz, M.M.A., Ashour, A.S., Melad, A.G., 2019. A review on saponins from medicinal plants: chemistry, isolation, and determination. J. Nanomed. Res. 8(1), 282-288.
FDA, 2021. FDA warns that vapors from alcohol-based hand sanitizers can have side effects. Available online: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-warnsvapors-alcohol-based-hand-sanitizers-can-have-side-effects.
Gayathri, M., Kannabiran, K., 2009. Antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus, Ficus bengalensis and Pterocarpus marsupium roxb. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 71(5), 578-581.
Huan, C., Xu, Y., Zhang, W., Guo, T., Pan, H., Gao, S., 2021. Research Progress on the Antiviral Activity of Glycyrrhizin and its Derivatives in Liquorice. Front. Pharmacol.12, 680674.
Jurzysta, M., 1973. Isolation and chemical characterization of saponins from lucerne seeds (Medicago media Pers.). Acta. Soc. Bot. Pol. 42(2), 201-207.
Kanchibhotla, D., Subramanian, S., Ravi Kumar, R.M., Venkatesh Hari, K.R., Pathania, M.,2022. An in-vitro evaluation of a polyherbal formulation, against SARS-Cov-2. J Ayurveda Integr. Med. 13(3), 100581.
Khan, M.H., Yadav, H., 2020. Sanitization during and after COVID-19 Pandemic: a short review. Trans. Indian. Natl. Acad. Eng. 5(4), 617–627.
Kregiel, D., Berlowska, J., Witonska, I., Antolak, H., Proestos, C., Babic, M., Babic, L.,Zhang, B., 2017. Saponin-based, biological-active surfactants from plants. Application and characterization of surfactants. 6(1), 184-205.
Kuraeiad, S., Prueksatrakun, P., Chuajeen, Y., Kooltheat, N., Sookbampen, O., Mitsuwan, W., Kwankaew, P., 2022. Evaluation of moisturizing property and antimicrobial activity of alcohol-based hand sanitizer formulations using coconut oil as a moisturizing agent against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Vet. Integr Sci. 20(2), 419-430.
Mahmood, A., Eqan, M., Pervez, S., Alghamdi, H.A., Tabinda, A.B., Yasar, A., Brindhadevi,K., Pugazhendhi, A., 2020. COVID-19 and frequent use of hand sanitizers; human health and environmental hazards by exposure pathways. Sci. Total. Environ. 742,
Mokrani, A., Krisa, S., Cluzet, S., Da, Costa, G., Temsamani, H., Renouf, E., Mérillon, J.M.,Madani, K., Mesnil, M., Monvoisin, A., Richard, T., 2016. Phenolic contents and bioactive potential of peach fruit extracts. Food. Chem. 202, 212-20.
Nagat, M., Barka, E., Lawrence, R., Saani, M., 2016. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of active compounds from Hemidesmus indicus. Int. J.Curr. Pharm. Res. 8(2), 24-27.
Obasi, T.C., Moldovan, R., Toiu, A., Braicu, C., Bodoki, E., Berindan-Neagoe, I., Oniga, I.,Sandulescu, R. and Oprean, R., 2017. Molecular-trapping in emulsion’s monolayer:a new strategy for production and purification of bioactive saponins. Sci. Rep. 7(1),14511.
Pastorino, G., Cornara, L., Soares, S., Rodrigues, F., Oliveira, M.B.P., 2018. Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra): a phytochemical and pharmacological review. Phytother. Res.32(12), 2323-2339.
Patel, C.N., Jani, P., Jaiswal, D.G., Kumar, S.P., Mangukia, N., Parmar, R.M., Rawal, R.M.,Pandya, H.A., 2021. Identification of antiviral phytochemicals as a potential SARSCoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitor using docking and molecular dynamics
simulations. Sci. Rep. 11, 20295.
Pathak, M.N., Srivastav, A.K., 2020. Phytochemical Screening and Characterization of Withania Somnifera for Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activity. Eur. J. Mol.Clin. Med. 7(09), 3287-3298.
Paul, R.K., Kabir, H., Chowdhury, U.K., 2016. In vitro Antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera root. Int. J. Adv. Res. Chem. Sci. 3(3), 45-56.
Sen, A., Batra, A., 2012. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of medicinal plant: Melia azedarach L. Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res. 4(2), 67-73.
Shaikh, F., Bhosale, P., More, S., 2020. Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hand Sanitizer Using Psidium guajava Leaves Extract. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 62(2), 37-39.
Shevale, U.L., Mundrawale, A.S., Yadav, S.R., Chavan, J.J., Jamdade, C.B., Patil, D.B.,2015. Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies on Asparagus racemosus. World. J.Pharm. Res. 4(9), 1805-1810.
Tripathi, Y.C., Tiwari, S., Anjum, N., Tewari, D., 2015. Phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial screening of roots of Asparagus racemosus Willd. World. J. Pharm.Res. 4(4), 709-722.