Bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance in stranded dugongs (Dugong dugon) from the Andaman Sea, Thailand https://doi.org/10.12982/VIS.2026.052
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Abstract
Bacterial infections are recognized as important contributors to mortality in dugongs (Dugong dugon), endangered marine mammals inhabiting Thai coastal waters, yet information on their pathogenic bacteria, pathological findings, and antibiotic resistance remains limited. This study investigated the occurrence of bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance profiles in samples collected during necropsy examinations of freshly stranded dugong carcasses recovered from the Andaman Sea, Thailand, between 2024 and 2025. Necropsy, histopathology, bacterial culture, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and PCR detection of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were performed. Ten bacterial isolates representing eight species were identified, predominantly Vibrio spp. and Photobacterium damselae, associated with lesions consistent with septicemia. Members of the family Vibrionaceae were predominant (60%), while other isolates included Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Shewanella putrefaciens, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, and Enterococcus faecalis. Lesions were characterized by inflammation, congestion, and hemorrhage, consistent with systemic bacterial infection. Antibiotic susceptibility testing in Gram-negative bacteria revealed variable resistance to amikacin (AK), cefazolin (KZ), ceftazidime (CAZ), oxytetracycline (OT), and enrofloxacin (ENR), whereas all isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (AMC), imipenem (IPM), and sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim (SXT). In contrast, E. faecalis exhibited resistance to OT and ENR. PCR screening demonstrated that 90% of isolates carried one or more ARGs, most frequently blaCTX-M (60%), blaOXA-1 (40%), and tetM (40%), with aac(3)-IIa, ant(2′′)-Ia, sul1, sul2, gyrA, blaTEM, and blaSHV also detected. Notably, some resistance genes were identified in phenotypically susceptible isolates, suggesting a latent resistance reservoir. These findings establish baseline data on bacterial pathogens and antibiotic resistance in Thai dugongs, emphasizing the need for antibiotic resistance monitoring in marine ecosystems and supporting improved therapeutic management of stranded marine mammals.
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