Prevalence of coccidiosis in small ruminants in Indonesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis https://doi.org/10.12982/VIS.2026.070
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Abstract
Coccidiosis is a frequently occurring disease in small ruminants. However, comprehensive estimates of its burden in Indonesia remain limited. This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines to estimate the pooled prevalence of Eimeria infection in Indonesian small ruminants. A systematic literature search was conducted across three databases. Eligible studies reporting the prevalence of Eimeria infection in small ruminants were included. A random-effects model was applied to estimate the pooled prevalence. In addition, subgroup, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to investigate sources of heterogeneity. A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of coccidiosis in Indonesian small ruminants was 48.99% (95% CI: 26.23–72.17). High heterogeneity was detected (I² = 97%), suggesting substantial variability among studies. Subgroup analysis revealed significantly higher prevalence in goats (68.68%) compared to sheep (15.84%) (p < 0.01), while no significant differences were observed across provinces (p = 0.35). The meta-analysis of risk factors showed no significant association for sex (OR = 0.99; p = 0.95) or age (OR = 2.77; p = 0.06). Meta-regression indicated no temporal trend in prevalence (p = 0.99). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the findings, although publication bias was detected. In conclusion, coccidiosis remains highly prevalent in small ruminants in Indonesia, particularly in goats. These findings highlight the need for strengthened surveillance and effective control strategies.
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