Factors Related to Respiratory Failure Requiring Invasive Mechanical Ventilator in Chronic obstructive Pulmonary Disease with acute severe exacerbation

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2017. Available from: http://goldcopd.org/gold-2017-globalstrategy-diagnosis-management-prevention-copd.

World Health Organization. Burden of COPD [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. Available from: http://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/

Vestbo J, Hurd S, Agusti G, Jones W, Vogelmeier C, Anzueto A. et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 187:347-65.

Madkour M, Adly N. Predictors of in-hospital mortality and need for invasive mechanical ventilation in elderly COPD patients presenting with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc 2013; 62:393-400.

Seemungal A, Sykes A. Recent advances in exacerbations of COPD. Thorax. 2008; 63:850-52.

Landis SH, Muellerova H, Mannino DM, Menezes AM, Han MK, van der Molen T, et al. Continuing to Confront COPD International Patient Survey: methods, COPD prevalence, and disease burden in 2012-2013. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:597-611.

Miravitlles M, Anzueto A, Legnani D, Forstmeier L, Fargel M. Patient’s perception of exacerbations of COPD--the PERCEIVE study. Respir Med 2007; 101:453-60.

McGhan R, Radcliff T, Fish R, Sutherland ER, Welsh C, Make B. Predictors of rehospitalization and death after a severe exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2007; 132:1748-55.

Sullivan SD, Strassels SA, Smith DH. Characterization of the costs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the US. Eur Respir J 2016; 9 Suppl 23:S412.

Ucgun I, Metintas M, Moral H, Alatas F, Yildirim H, Erginel S. Predictors of hospital outcome and intubation in COPD patients admitted to the respiratory ICU for acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Respir Med 2006; 100:66-74.

Lenz ER, Pugh LC, RA Milligan RA, Gift A, Suppe F. The Middle-Range Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms: An Update. Adv Nurs Sci 1997; 19:14–27.

Archibald R, Chalmers J, Fardon T. Prediction of In-Hospital Mortality in Acute Exacerbations of COPD. Scott Med J 2012; 1:129-139.

Reechaipichitkul W. Precipitating causes and outcomes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation at a tertiary care center in northeast Thailand. ASIAN BIOMED 2014; 8:229-36.

Lieberman D, Lieberman D, Gelfer Y, Varshavsky R, Dvoskin B, Leinonen, M. et al. Pneumonic vs nonpneumonic acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2002; 122:1264-70.

Restrepo L, Mortensen M, Pugh J, & Anzueto A. COPD is associated with increased mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2006; 28:346-51.

Boonreugn J, Suwanno J, Phonphet C, Petsirasan R, Thiamwong L. Predictors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe acute exacerbation. Thai Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Nursing 2017; 28:111-28.

Afessa B, Morales J, Scanlon D, & Peters G. Prognostic factors, clinical course, and hospital outcome of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admitted to an intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:1610-15.

Khilnani G, Banga A, Sharma K. Predictors of mortality of patients with acute respiratory failure secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admitted to an intensive care unit: A one year study. BMC Pulm Med 2004;4:12. [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2004 Nov 27]. Available from:http:// www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2466/4/12

Bakkos P, Kostikas K, Loukides S. COPD and comorbidities. Pneuman. 2010; 23, 1:24-27.

Donaldson G, Seemungal T, Bhowmik A. Wedzicha J. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002; 57:847-52.

Vincenti F, Basile A, Contro E, Galbiati F, Oppizzi A, Restelli E, et al. Outcome at three months of COPD patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure treated with NPPV in an Acute Medicine Ward. Emerg Care J 2011; 7:5-9.

Chu M, Chan L, Lin N, Wong Y, Lai W. Readmission rates and life threatening events in COPD survivors threated with non-invasive ventilation for acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Thorax 2004; 59:1020–25.

Groenewegen H, Schols M, Wouters F. Mortality and mortality-related factors after hospitalization for acute exacerbation of COPD. Chest 2004; 124:459-67.