Detection of circulation tumor cells from peripheral blood in patients with urothelial carcinoma
Keywords:
Circulatory tumor cells, urothelial cancerAbstract
Objective: The study was designed to detect CTC in bladder and urothelial cancer patients and find the association of CTC with the staging and grading of urothelial cancer.
Material and Method: Peripheral blood of bladder cancer patients who underwent operations from 2014 to 2015 was collected before the operations. Detection of circulating tumor cells used the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method, using cytokeratin 20 (CK20) (GenBank accession number X73501).
Result: Twenty-seven patients were enrolled in the study; the CK20 gene was detected in every patient’s peripheral blood. CTC was higher in >T2 stage compared to the lower stages, but not significantly (0.0056 vs 0.0107, p-value 0.057). Tumor patients who had a high-grade tumor had a higher CTC in their blood significantly compared to patients with low-grade tumors (0.0087 vs 0.0025, p-value 0.006). There was no significant difference in CTC when comparing gender and urine cytology.
Conclusion: CTC is correlated with bladder cancer. CTC of patients with high-grade tumors was found to be significantly higher than in the lower-grade group.
References
1. Antoni S, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Znaor A, Jemal A, Bray F, Bladder Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Global Overview and Recent Trends. Eur Urol 2017;71:96-108.
Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D: Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011;61:69-90.
Mazeman E: Tumors of the upper excretory urinary tract, calices, renal pelvis and ureter. J Urol Nephrol (Paris) 1972;78(Suppl 9):1-219.
Catto JW, Yates DR, Rehman I, Azzouzi AR, Patterson J, Sibony M, Cussenot O, Hamdy FC: Behavior of urothelial carcinoma with respect to anatomical location. J Urol 2007;177:1715-1720.
Hall MC, Womack S, Sagalowsky AI, Carmody T, Erickstad MD, Roehrborn CG: Prognostic factors, recurrence, and survival in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: a 30-year experience in 252 patients. Urology 1998,52:594-601.
Sylvester RJ, van de Meijden AP, Oasterlinck W, et al. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta, T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol 2005;48:231-238.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Bladder Cancer (Version 4.2018). https://www.
nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/bladder.pdf. Accessed May 23, 2018.
Zheng C, YalanLv, Zhong Q, Wang R, Jaing Q. Narrow band imaging diagnosis of bladder cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int 2012;110:E680-687.
YafiFA, Brimo F, Steinberg J, Aprikian AG, Tanguay S, Kassouf W. Prospective analysis of sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytology and other urinary biomarkers for bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2015;33:66e25-66e31.
Soave A, Riethdorf S, Pantel K, Fisch M, Rink M. Do circulating tumor cells have a role in deciding on adjuvant chemotherapy after radical cystectomy? CurrUrol Rep 2015;16:46. doi:10.1007/511934-015-0520-2
Shaffer DR, Leversha MA, Danila DC et al. Circulating tumor cell analysis in patients with progressive castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:2023-2029.
Cristofanilli M, Budd GT, Ellis MJ et al. Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2004;351:781-791.
Sastre J, Maestro ML, Puente J, et al. Circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancer: correlation with
clinical and pathological variables. Ann Oncol 2008;19:935-938.
14. Gallagher DJ, Milowsky MI, Ishill N, et al. Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with urothelial cancer. Ann Oncol 2009;20:305-308.
Okegawa T, Kinjo M, Horie S, Nutahara K, Higashihara E. Detection of mucin 7 gene expression in exfoliated cells in urine from patients with bladder tumor. Urology 2003;62: 182-186.
Nezos A, Pissimisis N, Lembessis P, Sourla A, Dimopoulos P, Dimopoulos T, Tzelepis K, Koutsilieris M: Detection of circulating tumor cells in bladder cancer patients. Cancer Treat Rev 2009;35:272-279.
Ribal MJ, Mengual L, Marin M, Algaba F, Ars E, Fernandez PL, Oliva R, Villavicencio H, Alcaraz A. Molecular staging of bladder cancer with RT-PCR assay for CK20 in peripheral blood, bone marrow and lymph nodes: comparison with standard histological staging. Anticancer Res 2006;26:411-419.
Okegawa T, Kinjo M, Horie S, Nutahara K, Higashihara E. Detection of mucin 7 gene expression in exfoliated cells in urine from patients with bladder tumor. Urology 2003; 62:182-186.
Herr HW. Tumor progression and survival of patients with high grade, noninvasive papillary (TaG3) bladder tumors: 15-year outcome. J Urol 2000;163:60-61.
Shariat SF, Karam JA, Lerner SP. Molecular markers in bladder cancer. Curropin Urol 2008; 18:1-8.
Yafi FA, Brimo F, Steinberg J, Aprikian AG, Tanguay S, Kassouf W. Prospective analysis of sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytology and other urinary biomarkers for bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2015;66:25-31.
Ashworth T. A case of cancer in which cells imilar to those in the tumours were seen in the blood after death. Aust Med J 1869;14:146-147.
Nezos A, Lembessis P, Sourla A, Pissimissis N, Koutsilieris M. Molecular markers detecting circulating melanoma cells by reverse trans-cription poymerase chain reaction: methodo-logical pitfalls and clinical relevance. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;14:1487-1496.
Panteleakou Z, Lembessi P, Sourla A, et al. Detection of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer patients: methodological pitfalls and clinical relevance. J Urol 2008;14:1487-1496.
Tsouma K, Aggeli C, Pissimissis N, Lembessis P, Zografos G, Koutsilieris M. Circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancer: detection methods and clinical significance. Anticancer Res 2008; 28:3945-3960.
Budd GT, Cristofanilli M, Ellis MJ, et al. Circulating tumor cells versus imaging-predicting overall survival in metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:6403-6409.
Zheng Y, Zhang C, Wu J, et al. Prognostic value of circulating tumor cells in castration resistant prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Urol J 2016; 11:2881-2888.
Khetrapal P, Lee MWL, Tan WS, et al. The role of circulating tumour cells and nucleic acids in blood for the detection of bladder cancer: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 66:56-63.
Budd GT, Cristofanilli M, Ellis MJ et al. Circulating tumor cells versus imaging predicting overall survival in metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:6403-6409.
Gallagher DJ, Milowsky MI, Ishill N, Trout A, Boyle MG, Riches J, Fleisher M, Bajorin DF. Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with urothelial cancer. Ann Oncol 2009;20: 305-308.
Naoe M, Ogawa Y, Morita J, et al. Detection of circulating urothelial cancer cells in the blood using CellSearch system. Cancer 2007;109: 1439-1445.
Gazzaniga P, Gradilone A, de Berardins E, et al. Prognostic value of circulating tumor cells in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a CellS earch analysis. Ann Oncol 2012;23: 2352-2356.
Busetto GM, Ferro M, Giudice FD, et al. The prognostic role of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Clin Genitourin Cander 2017;15:661-666.
Miller MC, Doyle GV, Terstappen LW. Significant of circulating tumor cells detected by the CellSearch system in patients with metastatic breast colorectal and prostate cancer. J Oncol 2010;617421:1-8.
Sylvester RJ, van de Meijden APM, Oosterlinck W, et al. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage ta ta bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol 2006;49:466-477.
Gazzaniga P, de Berardinis E, Raimondi C, et al. Circulating tumor cells detection has independent prognostic impact in high-risk non- muscle invasive bladder cancer. Int J Cancer
;135:1978-1982.
Msaouel P, Koutsilieris M. Diagnostic value of circulating tumor cell detection in bladder and urothelial cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2011;11:336. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-336.
