Ethical Sensitivity among Thai Pharmacy Students
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Published:
Apr 2, 2019
Keywords:
Ethical sensitivity; Ethics; Pharmacy students
Main Article Content
Abstract
Ethical sensitivity is the ability to detect or realized the ethical problem in any situations; fail in ethical sensitivity can cause unethical practices. Accordingly, studying in ethical sensitivity is essential in pharmacy professional but there is a small amount of research in Thailand. This study aims to determine the ethical sensitivity level in pharmacy students and to find out the factors influencing ethical sensitivity. Survey research, a cross-sectional analytic study was conducted during September-November 2016. The data were collected using a case study-assisted self-administered questionnaire. Samples of 253 participants were selected using a convenience sampling method. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) was used for a part of ethical sensitivity score. Multiple linear regression was performed to find the factor affecting ethical sensitivity. The students' ethical sensitivity mean score was 4.52 + 1.54 which was at a moderate level. The factors affecting ethical sensitivity were cumulative grade point average, attitude to general ethics and living status by r2 = 0.09. This finding suggests that the institute should improve students' ethical sensitivity to avoid the ethical issue. Most teaching ethics in the curriculum should more focus on ethical sensitivity toward ethical issues especially in issues that the majority of students cannot identify them. In addition, the institute should cultivate students' attitude to general ethics because this was the most influencing factor toward students' ethical sensitivity.
Article Details
Section
Humanities, Social Sciences, and Arts
References
Thai Publications:
Indhraratana, A. (2014). “khwām wai thāng čhariyatham : nǣokhit læ kān prayuk sū kānčhatkān rīan kānsō̜n thāngkān phayābān” [Sensitivity: Concept and Application for Teaching in Nursing]. Journal of the Royal Thai Army Nurses. 15(22), 141-47.
อภิญญา อินทรรัตน์. (2557). ความไวทางจริยธรรม : แนวคิดและการประยุกต์สู่การจัดการเรียนการสอนทางการพยาบาล. วารสารพยาบาลทหารบก. 15,2, (พฤษภาคม – สิงหาคม): 141-47.
Lerkiatbundit, S. (2010a). kānphatthanā bǣp wat khwām wai tō̜ praden čhariyatham samrap naksưksā phēsatchasāt tō̜n thī nưng : kānphatthanā kō̜ranī sưksā læ withīkān wat [Development of the Ethical Sensitivity Scale for Pharmacy Students I: Development of Scenarios and Measurement Method]. The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(2), 90-105.
สงวน ลือเกียรติบัณฑิต. (2553). การพัฒนาแบบวัดความไวต่อประเด็นจริยธรรมสำหรับนักศึกษาเภสัชศาสตร์ ตอนที่ 1: การพัฒนากรณีศึกษาและวิธีการวัด. วารสารเภสัชกรรมไทย, 2,3 (กรกฎาคม.-ธันวาคม): 106-17.
Lerkiatbundit, S. (2010b). kānphatthanā bǣp wat khwām wai tō̜ praden čhariyatham samrap naksưksā phēsatchasāt tō̜n thī sō̜ng : khwām thīang læ kānsưksā nai tūayāng klum yai [Development of the Ethical Sensitivity Scale for Pharmacy Students II: Reliability and Study in a Larger Sample]. The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(3), 106-17.
สงวน ลือเกียรติบัณฑิต. (2553). การพัฒนาแบบวัดความไวต่อประเด็นจริยธรรมสำหรับนักศึกษาเภสัชศาสตร์ ตอนที่ 2: ความเที่ยงและการศึกษาในตัวอย่างกลุ่มใหญ่. วารสารเภสัชกรรมไทย, 2,2 (กรกฎาคม.-ธันวาคม): 106-17.
Phanthumetamat, N., & Wongruttanachai, A. (2013). kānsưksā khadī čhanyāban khō̜ng phū prakō̜p wichāchīp phēsatchakam prathēt Thai [Ethics case studies of pharmacy profession, Thailand]. Naresuan Phayao Journal, 6(19), 135-45.
นวลจันทร์ พันธุเมธามาตย์, และ อภิรักษ์ วงศ์รัตนชัย. (2556) การศึกษาคดีจรรยาบรรณของผู้ประกอบวิชาชีพเภสัชกรรมประเทศไทย. วารสารนเรศวรพะเยา, 6,2, (พฤษภาคม – สิงหาคม): 135-45.
Sitthiboot. U., Anuratpanich, L., & Sooksriwong, C. (2017). “nǣonōm kānlư̄ak sāi ʻāchīp khō̜ng nisit naksưksā khana phēsatchasāt chan pī thī hok kap khunnalaksana khō̜ng phēsatchakō̜n thī dī tām nǣokhit khō̜ng ʻOngkān ʻAnāmai Lōk” [Sixth year pharmacy students’ career choice and the level of WHO’s Seven-star pharmacist concept]. Veridian E-Journal, Silpakorn University, 1(10), (มกราคม – เมษายน): 144-60.
อุกฤษฏ์ สิทธิบุศย์, ลือรัตน์ อนุรัตน์พานิช, และ ชะอรสิน สุขศรีวงศ์. (2560). แนวโน้มการเลือกสายอาชีพของนิสิต นักศึกษาคณะเภสัชศาสตร์ชั้นปีที่หกกับคุณลักษณะของเภสัชกรที่ดีตามแนวคิดขององค์การอนามัยโลก. Veridian E-Journal, Silpakorn Universityฉบับภาษาไทย สาขามนุษยศาสตร์ สังคมศาสตร์ และศิลปะ10, 1 (มกราคม - เมษายน):144-160.
English Publication:
Baykara, Z. G., Demir, S. G., & Yaman, S. (2014). The effect of ethics training on students recognizing ethical violations and developing moral sensitivity. Nursing Ethics, 22(6), 661-75.
Bebeau, M. J. (2014). An evidence-based guide for ethics instruction. Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education, 15(2), 124-29.
Benson, A., Cribb, A., & Barber, N.( 2009). Understanding pharmacists' values: A qualitative study of ideals and dilemmas in UK pharmacy practice. Social Science & Medicine. 68(12), 2223-30.
Chaar, B., Brien, J. A., & Krass, I. (2005). Professional ethics in pharmacy: The Australian experience. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 13(3), 195-204.
Comrie, R. W. (2012). An analysis of undergraduate and graduate student nurses' moral sensitivity. Nursing Ethics. 19(1), 116-27.
Cook, J. D. M. (2006). The relationship between reading comprehension skill assessment methods and academic success for first semester students in a selected bachelor of science in nursing program in Texas. (Ph. D. thesis), Texas A&M University, Texas.
Cowell, J. M, & Decety, J. (2015). Precursors to morality in development as a complex interplay between neural, socioenvironmental, and behavioral facets. In Moll, J. (Ed.), (pp. 12657-62). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Coyne, M. P., Massey, D. W., & Thibodeau, J. C. (2005). Raising students’ ethical sensitivity with a value relevance approach. In B. N. Schwartz & J. E. Ketz (editors), Advances in Accounting Education: Teaching and Curriculum Innovations. (Vol. 7, pp. 171-205): Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Crnjanski, T., Krajnovic, D., Stojkov-Rudinski, S., & Tadic, I. (2012). Ethical dilemmas and moral distress in pharmacy: A qualitative study. HealthMED, 6(7), 2485-93.
Deans, Z. (2010). Ethics in pharmacy practice. (Ph.D. thesis). University of Bristol; UK.
Ertug, N., Aktaş, D., Faydali, A., & Yalçin, O. (2014). Ethical sensitivity and related factors of nurses working in the hospital settings. Acta Bioethica, 20(2), 265-70.
Hébert, P. C., Meslin, E. M., & Dunn, E. V. (1992). Measuring the ethical sensitivity of medical students: a study at the University of Toronto. Journal of Medical Ethics, 18(3), 142-7.
Huang, F. F., Yang, Q., Zhang, J., Khoshnood, K., & Zhang, J. P. (2016). Chinese nurses' perceived barriers and facilitators of ethical sensitivity. Nursing Ethics, 23(5), 507-22
Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: an issue-contingent model. The Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 366-95.
Kalvemark, S., Hoglund, A.T., Hansson, M.G, Westerholm, P., & Arnetz, B. (2004). Living with conflicts-ethical dilemmas and moral distress in the health care system. Social Science & Medicine, 58(6), 1075-84.
Kälvemark Sporrong, S. B. (2007). Ethical competence and moral distress in the health care sector: a prospective evaluation of ethics rounds. (Ph.D. thesis). Uppsala University, Sweden.
Lincoln, S. H., & Holmes, E. K. (2011). Ethical decision making: A process influenced by moral intensity. Journal of Healthcare, Science and the Humanities. 1(1), 55-69.
Lutzen, K., Dahlqvist, V., Eriksson, S., & Norberg, A. (2006). Developing the concept of moral sensitivity in health care practice. Nursing Ethics, 13(2), 187-96.
Nejadsarvari, N., Abbasi, M., Borhani, F., Ebrahimi, A., Rasooli, H., Kalantar Motamedi, M. H., . . . Bazmi, S. (2015). Relationship of Moral Sensitivity and Distress Among Physicians. Trauma monthly, 20 (2), e26075. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4538732/pdf/traumamon-20-26075.pdf.
Noordin, M. I. (2012). Ethics in pharmaceutical issues In Clark, P. A. (editor), Contemporary issues in Bioethics (p. 83-102). Malaysia: InTech
Park, M., Kjervik, D., Crandell, J., & Oermann, M. H. (2012). The relationship of ethics education to moral sensitivity and moral reasoning skills of nursing students. Nursing Ethics, 19(4), 568-80.
Sharif, P. S., Javadi, M., & Asghari, F. (2011). Pharmacy ethics: evaluation pharmacists' ethical attitude. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3714006/pdf/jmehm-4-5.pdf
Sirin, S. R., Brabeck, M. M., Satiani, A., & Rogers-Serin, L. (2003). Validation of a measure of ethical sensitivity and examination of the effects of previous multicultural and ethics courses on ethical sensitivity. Ethics & Behavior. 2003, 13(3), 221-35.
Sriviriyanupap, W., & Sutapuk, U. (2018). Ethical cases on professional pharmacy practice in Thailand during A.D. 1995–2015. Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 42(2), 97-101.
Suksodkiew, V. (2018). The administration system of caring student for morality and ethics. Veridian E-Journal, Silpakorn University, 3(3), 35-54.
Weaver, K. (2007). Ethical sensitivity: state of knowledge and needs for further research. Nursing Ethics, 14(2), 141-55.
Weaver, K., Morse, J., & Mitcham, C. (2008). Ethical sensitivity in professional practice: concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(5), 607-18.
Yamane, T. (1973). Statistics: An introductory analysis. 3rd edition, New York: Harper & Row.
Yeom, H. A., Ahn, S. H., & Kim, S. J. (2017). Effects of ethics education on moral sensitivity of nursing students. Nursing Ethics, 24(6), 644-652.
Indhraratana, A. (2014). “khwām wai thāng čhariyatham : nǣokhit læ kān prayuk sū kānčhatkān rīan kānsō̜n thāngkān phayābān” [Sensitivity: Concept and Application for Teaching in Nursing]. Journal of the Royal Thai Army Nurses. 15(22), 141-47.
อภิญญา อินทรรัตน์. (2557). ความไวทางจริยธรรม : แนวคิดและการประยุกต์สู่การจัดการเรียนการสอนทางการพยาบาล. วารสารพยาบาลทหารบก. 15,2, (พฤษภาคม – สิงหาคม): 141-47.
Lerkiatbundit, S. (2010a). kānphatthanā bǣp wat khwām wai tō̜ praden čhariyatham samrap naksưksā phēsatchasāt tō̜n thī nưng : kānphatthanā kō̜ranī sưksā læ withīkān wat [Development of the Ethical Sensitivity Scale for Pharmacy Students I: Development of Scenarios and Measurement Method]. The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(2), 90-105.
สงวน ลือเกียรติบัณฑิต. (2553). การพัฒนาแบบวัดความไวต่อประเด็นจริยธรรมสำหรับนักศึกษาเภสัชศาสตร์ ตอนที่ 1: การพัฒนากรณีศึกษาและวิธีการวัด. วารสารเภสัชกรรมไทย, 2,3 (กรกฎาคม.-ธันวาคม): 106-17.
Lerkiatbundit, S. (2010b). kānphatthanā bǣp wat khwām wai tō̜ praden čhariyatham samrap naksưksā phēsatchasāt tō̜n thī sō̜ng : khwām thīang læ kānsưksā nai tūayāng klum yai [Development of the Ethical Sensitivity Scale for Pharmacy Students II: Reliability and Study in a Larger Sample]. The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(3), 106-17.
สงวน ลือเกียรติบัณฑิต. (2553). การพัฒนาแบบวัดความไวต่อประเด็นจริยธรรมสำหรับนักศึกษาเภสัชศาสตร์ ตอนที่ 2: ความเที่ยงและการศึกษาในตัวอย่างกลุ่มใหญ่. วารสารเภสัชกรรมไทย, 2,2 (กรกฎาคม.-ธันวาคม): 106-17.
Phanthumetamat, N., & Wongruttanachai, A. (2013). kānsưksā khadī čhanyāban khō̜ng phū prakō̜p wichāchīp phēsatchakam prathēt Thai [Ethics case studies of pharmacy profession, Thailand]. Naresuan Phayao Journal, 6(19), 135-45.
นวลจันทร์ พันธุเมธามาตย์, และ อภิรักษ์ วงศ์รัตนชัย. (2556) การศึกษาคดีจรรยาบรรณของผู้ประกอบวิชาชีพเภสัชกรรมประเทศไทย. วารสารนเรศวรพะเยา, 6,2, (พฤษภาคม – สิงหาคม): 135-45.
Sitthiboot. U., Anuratpanich, L., & Sooksriwong, C. (2017). “nǣonōm kānlư̄ak sāi ʻāchīp khō̜ng nisit naksưksā khana phēsatchasāt chan pī thī hok kap khunnalaksana khō̜ng phēsatchakō̜n thī dī tām nǣokhit khō̜ng ʻOngkān ʻAnāmai Lōk” [Sixth year pharmacy students’ career choice and the level of WHO’s Seven-star pharmacist concept]. Veridian E-Journal, Silpakorn University, 1(10), (มกราคม – เมษายน): 144-60.
อุกฤษฏ์ สิทธิบุศย์, ลือรัตน์ อนุรัตน์พานิช, และ ชะอรสิน สุขศรีวงศ์. (2560). แนวโน้มการเลือกสายอาชีพของนิสิต นักศึกษาคณะเภสัชศาสตร์ชั้นปีที่หกกับคุณลักษณะของเภสัชกรที่ดีตามแนวคิดขององค์การอนามัยโลก. Veridian E-Journal, Silpakorn Universityฉบับภาษาไทย สาขามนุษยศาสตร์ สังคมศาสตร์ และศิลปะ10, 1 (มกราคม - เมษายน):144-160.
English Publication:
Baykara, Z. G., Demir, S. G., & Yaman, S. (2014). The effect of ethics training on students recognizing ethical violations and developing moral sensitivity. Nursing Ethics, 22(6), 661-75.
Bebeau, M. J. (2014). An evidence-based guide for ethics instruction. Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education, 15(2), 124-29.
Benson, A., Cribb, A., & Barber, N.( 2009). Understanding pharmacists' values: A qualitative study of ideals and dilemmas in UK pharmacy practice. Social Science & Medicine. 68(12), 2223-30.
Chaar, B., Brien, J. A., & Krass, I. (2005). Professional ethics in pharmacy: The Australian experience. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 13(3), 195-204.
Comrie, R. W. (2012). An analysis of undergraduate and graduate student nurses' moral sensitivity. Nursing Ethics. 19(1), 116-27.
Cook, J. D. M. (2006). The relationship between reading comprehension skill assessment methods and academic success for first semester students in a selected bachelor of science in nursing program in Texas. (Ph. D. thesis), Texas A&M University, Texas.
Cowell, J. M, & Decety, J. (2015). Precursors to morality in development as a complex interplay between neural, socioenvironmental, and behavioral facets. In Moll, J. (Ed.), (pp. 12657-62). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Coyne, M. P., Massey, D. W., & Thibodeau, J. C. (2005). Raising students’ ethical sensitivity with a value relevance approach. In B. N. Schwartz & J. E. Ketz (editors), Advances in Accounting Education: Teaching and Curriculum Innovations. (Vol. 7, pp. 171-205): Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Crnjanski, T., Krajnovic, D., Stojkov-Rudinski, S., & Tadic, I. (2012). Ethical dilemmas and moral distress in pharmacy: A qualitative study. HealthMED, 6(7), 2485-93.
Deans, Z. (2010). Ethics in pharmacy practice. (Ph.D. thesis). University of Bristol; UK.
Ertug, N., Aktaş, D., Faydali, A., & Yalçin, O. (2014). Ethical sensitivity and related factors of nurses working in the hospital settings. Acta Bioethica, 20(2), 265-70.
Hébert, P. C., Meslin, E. M., & Dunn, E. V. (1992). Measuring the ethical sensitivity of medical students: a study at the University of Toronto. Journal of Medical Ethics, 18(3), 142-7.
Huang, F. F., Yang, Q., Zhang, J., Khoshnood, K., & Zhang, J. P. (2016). Chinese nurses' perceived barriers and facilitators of ethical sensitivity. Nursing Ethics, 23(5), 507-22
Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: an issue-contingent model. The Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 366-95.
Kalvemark, S., Hoglund, A.T., Hansson, M.G, Westerholm, P., & Arnetz, B. (2004). Living with conflicts-ethical dilemmas and moral distress in the health care system. Social Science & Medicine, 58(6), 1075-84.
Kälvemark Sporrong, S. B. (2007). Ethical competence and moral distress in the health care sector: a prospective evaluation of ethics rounds. (Ph.D. thesis). Uppsala University, Sweden.
Lincoln, S. H., & Holmes, E. K. (2011). Ethical decision making: A process influenced by moral intensity. Journal of Healthcare, Science and the Humanities. 1(1), 55-69.
Lutzen, K., Dahlqvist, V., Eriksson, S., & Norberg, A. (2006). Developing the concept of moral sensitivity in health care practice. Nursing Ethics, 13(2), 187-96.
Nejadsarvari, N., Abbasi, M., Borhani, F., Ebrahimi, A., Rasooli, H., Kalantar Motamedi, M. H., . . . Bazmi, S. (2015). Relationship of Moral Sensitivity and Distress Among Physicians. Trauma monthly, 20 (2), e26075. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4538732/pdf/traumamon-20-26075.pdf.
Noordin, M. I. (2012). Ethics in pharmaceutical issues In Clark, P. A. (editor), Contemporary issues in Bioethics (p. 83-102). Malaysia: InTech
Park, M., Kjervik, D., Crandell, J., & Oermann, M. H. (2012). The relationship of ethics education to moral sensitivity and moral reasoning skills of nursing students. Nursing Ethics, 19(4), 568-80.
Sharif, P. S., Javadi, M., & Asghari, F. (2011). Pharmacy ethics: evaluation pharmacists' ethical attitude. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3714006/pdf/jmehm-4-5.pdf
Sirin, S. R., Brabeck, M. M., Satiani, A., & Rogers-Serin, L. (2003). Validation of a measure of ethical sensitivity and examination of the effects of previous multicultural and ethics courses on ethical sensitivity. Ethics & Behavior. 2003, 13(3), 221-35.
Sriviriyanupap, W., & Sutapuk, U. (2018). Ethical cases on professional pharmacy practice in Thailand during A.D. 1995–2015. Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 42(2), 97-101.
Suksodkiew, V. (2018). The administration system of caring student for morality and ethics. Veridian E-Journal, Silpakorn University, 3(3), 35-54.
Weaver, K. (2007). Ethical sensitivity: state of knowledge and needs for further research. Nursing Ethics, 14(2), 141-55.
Weaver, K., Morse, J., & Mitcham, C. (2008). Ethical sensitivity in professional practice: concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(5), 607-18.
Yamane, T. (1973). Statistics: An introductory analysis. 3rd edition, New York: Harper & Row.
Yeom, H. A., Ahn, S. H., & Kim, S. J. (2017). Effects of ethics education on moral sensitivity of nursing students. Nursing Ethics, 24(6), 644-652.