Obesity in Pregnant Women: Health Impacts and Nursing Care
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Published:
Mar 31, 2018
Keywords:
health impacts nursing care obesity pregnant women
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Abstract
Obesity has become an escalating public health problem due to social changes affecting the health and well-being of pregnant women. Obesity affects the health of mothers and infants both short and long term. During pregnancy, obesity mother is at risk of hypertensive disorder, diabetes mellitus, premature miscarriage, and obstructive sleep apnea. At parturition the obese pregnant woman has an increased risk of induction of labor and cesarean section. During the postpartum period, the obese mother has an increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage, wound infection, deep vein thrombosis, depression, and early breastfeeding cessation. The fetal adverse outcome includes congenital anomalies, preterm birth, macrosomia, and obesity in adulthood. Nurse plays a crucial role in caring for pregnant women with obesity by means of carefully screening, caring, monitoring, and referring for appropriate treatments to prevent potential complications for mothers and babies. In addition, the nurse should encourage obese women to lose weight before conception and promote obese pregnant women to modify health behaviors during antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum period.
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How to Cite
Rattasumpun, S. (2018). Obesity in Pregnant Women: Health Impacts and Nursing Care. Journal of Research in Nursing-Midwifery and Health Sciences, 38(1), 120–128. Retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/nur-psu/article/view/117401
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References
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25. Frederick IO, Qui C, Sorensen TK, et al. The prevalence and correlates of habitual snoring during pregnancy. Sleep Breath. 2013; 17(2): 541-7. doi: 10.1007/s11325-012-0717-z
26. Rice JR, Larrabure-Torrealva GT, LuqueFernandez MA, et al. High risk for obstructive sleep apnea and other sleep disorders among overweight and obese pregnant women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015; 15: 2-8. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0633-x
27. Sui Z, Turnbull D, Dodd J. Effect of bodyimage on gestational weight gain in overweight and obese women. Women Birth. 2013; 26(4):267-72. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2013.07.001
28. Molyneaux E, Poston L, Ashurst-Williams S, et al. Obesity and mental disorders during pregnancy and postpartum: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2014; 123(4): 857-67. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000170
29. Graham LE, Huber LRB, Thompson ME, et al. Does amount of weight gain during pregnancy modify the association between obesity and cesarean section delivery? Birth. 2014: 4(1): 93-9. doi: 10.1111/birt.12095
30. Gunatilake RP, Perlow JH. Obesity and pregnancy: Clinical management of the obese gravida. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011; 204(2):106-19. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.10.002
31. Wojcicki JM. Maternal prepregnancy body mass index and initiation and duration of breastfeeding: A review of the literature. J Womens’ Health. 2011; 20(3): 341-7. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2010.2248
32. Zwink N, Jenetzky E, Brenner H. Parental risk factors and anorectal malformations: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2011; 6: 25.doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-6-25
33. Raio L, Bolla D, Baumann M. Hypertension in pregnancy. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2015; 30(4): 411-5. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000190
34. Maggard MA, Yerilov I, Li Z, et al. Pregnancy and fertility following bariatric surgery: A systematic review. JAMA. 2008; 300(19): 2286-96. doi: 10.1001/jama.2008.641
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36. Okeh NO, Hawkins KC, Butler W, et al. Knowledge and perception of risks andcomplications of maternal obesity during pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet. 2015; 5(9): 1-5. doi:10.4172/2161-0932.1000323
37. Institute of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Royal College of Physicians of Ireland. [Internet] Obesity and pregnancy: Clinical practice guideline. 2013 [cited 2017 Oct 9]. Available from:https:// www.hse.ie/eng/services/publications/Clinical- Strategy-and-Programmes/Obesity-and- Pregnancy-Clinical-Practice-Guideline.pdf
38. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Experience of perinatal depression. Data from the 2010 Australian national infant feeding survey. Canberra: AIHW; 2012.
39. Babendure JB, Reifsnider E, Mendias E, et al. Reduced breastfeeding rates among obese mother: A review of contributing factors, clinical considerations and future direction. Int Breastfeed J. 2015; 10(21): 2-11. doi: 10.1186/s13006-015-0046-5
2. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, et al. Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2011-2014. [Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. NCHS Data Brief. No.219. November 2015. [cited 2017 Oct 9] Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/ db219.pdf
3. Arrowsmith S, Wray S, Quenby S. Maternal obesity and labor complications following induction of labor in prolonged pregnancy. BJOG. 2011; 118(5): 578-88. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02889.x
4. Barisic T, Mandic V, Barac I. Associations of body mass index and gestational weight gain with term pregnancy outcomes. Master Sociomed. 2017; 29(1): 52-7. doi: 10.5455/msm.2017.29.52-57
5. Limruangrong P, Boriboonhirunsarn D, Puang- sricharern A, et al. Factors influencing the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women with abnormal glucose challenge test. J Nurs Sci. 2016; 34(2): 58-69.Thai.
6. Faucher MA, Barger MK. Gestational weight gain in obese women by class of obesity and select maternal/newborn outcomes: A systematic review. Women Birth. 2015; 28(3): e70-9. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.03.006
7. Marchi J, Berg M, Dencker A. et al. Risk associated with obesity in pregnancy, for the mother and baby: A systematic review of reviews. Obesity Reviews. 2015; 16(8): 621-38.doi: 10. 1111/obr.12288
8. Denison FC, Norwood P, Bhattacharya S, et al. Association between maternal body mass index during pregnancy, short-term morbidity, and increased health service costs: A population- based study. BJOG. 2014; 121(1): 72-82. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.12443
9. Economics Access. The growing cost of obesity in 2008: Three years on [Internet]. Canberra, Australia: Access Economics. 2008. [cited 2017 Oct 9]. Available from: https://static.diabetesaustralia.com.au/s/fileassets/diabetes-australia/ 7b855650-e129-4499-a371-c7932f8cc38d.pdf
10. Pitayatienanan P, Butchon R, Yothasamut J, et al. Impact of overweight and obesity on health-care costs in Thailand. Journal of Health System Research. 2011; 5(3): 287-98. Thai.
11. Institute of Medicine (IOM). Weight gain during pregnancy: Reexamining the guidelines. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2009.
12. Institute of Medical Research and Technology Assessment, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Public Health. Clinical practice guideline: Prevent and treatment of obesity. Bangkok: The Agricultural Co-operative Federation of Thailand, LTD; 2010. Thai.
13. Thadakant S, Pruksacheva T, Jaovisidha A. Health perception of obese pregnant women with gestation diabetes and/or hypertension toward themselves and their fetuses. Rama Nurs J. 2010; 16(2): 185-99. Thai.
14. Muktabhant B, Lawrie TA, Lumbiganon P, et al. Diet or exercise, or both, for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; 15(6): 1-4. doi: 10.1002/146 51858.CD007145.pub3
15. Gaillard R, Durmus B, Hofman A, et al. Risk factors and outcomes of maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy. Obesity. 2013; 21(5): 1046-55. doi: 10.1002/oby.20088
16. Gay CL, Richoux SE, Beebe KR, et al. Sleep disruption and duration in late pregnancy is associated with excessive gestational weight gain among overweight and obese women. Birth. 2017; 44(2): 173-80. doi: 10.1111/birt.12277
17. Davies GAL, Maxwell C, McLeod L. Obesity in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaeclo Can. 2010; 32(2):165-73. doi: 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34432-2
18. Erjavee K, Poljilanin T, Matijevi R. Impact of the implementation of new WHO diagnostic criteria for gestational mellitus on prevalence and perinatal outcomes: A population-based study. J Pregnancy. 2016; 1-7.doi:10.1155/2016/2670912
19. Foo XY, Greer RM, Kumar S. Impact of maternal body mass index on intrapartum and neonatal outcomes in Brisbane, Australia, 2007 to 2013. Birth. 2016; 43(4): 358-65. doi: 10.1111/birt.12246
20. Salzer L, Tenenbaum-Gavish K, Hod M. Metabolic disorder of pregnancy: understanding pathophy- siology of diabetes and preeclampsia. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2015; 29(3): 328-38. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.09.008
21. Lim WY, Kwek K, Chong YS, et al. Maternal adiposity and blood pressure in pregnancy: Vary relations by ethnicity and gestational diabetes mellitus. J Hypertens. 2014; 32(4): 857-64. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000096
22. Avci ME, Sanlikan F, Celik M, et al. Effects of maternal obesity on antenatal perinatal and neonatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015; 28(17): 1-4. doi: 10.3109/14767058. 2014.978279
23. Kim SY, Sharma AJ, Sappenfield W, et al. Association of maternal body mass index, excessive weight gain and gestational diabetes mellitus with large for gestational age births. Obstet Gynecol. 2014; 123(4): 737-44. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000177
24. Kriebs JM. Obesity in pregnancy: Addressing risks to improve outcomes. J Perinat Neonat Nurs. 2014; 28(1): 32-40. doi: 10.1097/JPN. 0000000000000008
25. Frederick IO, Qui C, Sorensen TK, et al. The prevalence and correlates of habitual snoring during pregnancy. Sleep Breath. 2013; 17(2): 541-7. doi: 10.1007/s11325-012-0717-z
26. Rice JR, Larrabure-Torrealva GT, LuqueFernandez MA, et al. High risk for obstructive sleep apnea and other sleep disorders among overweight and obese pregnant women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015; 15: 2-8. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0633-x
27. Sui Z, Turnbull D, Dodd J. Effect of bodyimage on gestational weight gain in overweight and obese women. Women Birth. 2013; 26(4):267-72. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2013.07.001
28. Molyneaux E, Poston L, Ashurst-Williams S, et al. Obesity and mental disorders during pregnancy and postpartum: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2014; 123(4): 857-67. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000170
29. Graham LE, Huber LRB, Thompson ME, et al. Does amount of weight gain during pregnancy modify the association between obesity and cesarean section delivery? Birth. 2014: 4(1): 93-9. doi: 10.1111/birt.12095
30. Gunatilake RP, Perlow JH. Obesity and pregnancy: Clinical management of the obese gravida. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011; 204(2):106-19. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.10.002
31. Wojcicki JM. Maternal prepregnancy body mass index and initiation and duration of breastfeeding: A review of the literature. J Womens’ Health. 2011; 20(3): 341-7. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2010.2248
32. Zwink N, Jenetzky E, Brenner H. Parental risk factors and anorectal malformations: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2011; 6: 25.doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-6-25
33. Raio L, Bolla D, Baumann M. Hypertension in pregnancy. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2015; 30(4): 411-5. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000190
34. Maggard MA, Yerilov I, Li Z, et al. Pregnancy and fertility following bariatric surgery: A systematic review. JAMA. 2008; 300(19): 2286-96. doi: 10.1001/jama.2008.641
35. Sunsaneevithayakul P, Titapant V, Ruangvutilert P, et al. Relation between gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes. J Obstet Gynecol Res. 2014; 40(4): 995-1001. doi: 10.1111/jog.12293
36. Okeh NO, Hawkins KC, Butler W, et al. Knowledge and perception of risks andcomplications of maternal obesity during pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet. 2015; 5(9): 1-5. doi:10.4172/2161-0932.1000323
37. Institute of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Royal College of Physicians of Ireland. [Internet] Obesity and pregnancy: Clinical practice guideline. 2013 [cited 2017 Oct 9]. Available from:https:// www.hse.ie/eng/services/publications/Clinical- Strategy-and-Programmes/Obesity-and- Pregnancy-Clinical-Practice-Guideline.pdf
38. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Experience of perinatal depression. Data from the 2010 Australian national infant feeding survey. Canberra: AIHW; 2012.
39. Babendure JB, Reifsnider E, Mendias E, et al. Reduced breastfeeding rates among obese mother: A review of contributing factors, clinical considerations and future direction. Int Breastfeed J. 2015; 10(21): 2-11. doi: 10.1186/s13006-015-0046-5