Fundamental Management of Epistaxis and Recent Update During COVID-19 Pandemic
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บทความฟื้นวิชา (Subject Review)
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1. Chaaban MR, Zhang D, Resto V, Goodwin JS. Demographic, seasonal, and geographic differences in emergency department visits for epistaxis. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2017;156(1):81-6.
2. Cooper SE, Ramakrishnan VR. Direct cauterization of the nasal septal artery for epistaxis. The Laryngoscope. 2012;122(4):738-40.
3. Baugh TP, Chang CWD. Epidemiology and Management of Pediatric Epistaxis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;159(4):712-6.
4. Pallin DJ, Chng Y-M, McKay MP, Emond JA, Pelletier AJ, Camargo Jr CA. Epidemiology of epistaxis in US emergency departments, 1992 to 2001. Annals of emergency medicine. 2005;46(1):77-81.
5. Shay S, Shapiro NL, Bhattacharyya N. Epidemiological characteristics of pediatric epistaxis presenting to the emergency department. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 2017;103:121-4.
6. Cohen O, Shoffel-Havakuk H, Warman M, Tzelnick S, Haimovich Y, Kohlberg GD, et al. Early and late recurrent epistaxis admissions: patterns of incidence and risk factors. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2017;157(3):424-31.
7. Chaiyasate S, Roongrotwattanasiri K, Fooanan S, Sumitsawan Y. Epistaxis in Chiang Mai University Hospital. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88(9):1282-6.
8. Pollice PA, Yoder MG. Epistaxis: a retrospective review of hospitalized patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;117(1):49-53.
9. Uhler L, Knipping S. [Clinical management of epistaxis]. HNO. 2018.
10. Wong AS, Anat DS. Epistaxis: A guide to assessment and management. J Fam Pract. 2018;67(12):E13-E20.
11. Svider P, Arianpour K, Mutchnick S. Management of Epistaxis in Children and Adolescents: Avoiding a Chaotic Approach. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2018;65(3):607-21.
12. Turri-Zanoni M, Arosio AD, Stamm AC, Battaglia P, Salzano G, Romano A, et al. Septal branches of the anterior ethmoidal artery: anatomical considerations and clinical implications in the management of refractory epistaxis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;275(6):1449-56.
13. อภิชาติ โพธิอะ. Epistaxis in children. ใน: ชาญชัย ไตรวารี, บรรณาธิการ. Textbook of benign hematology disorders in children and adolescents. กรุงเทพ: นำอักษรการพิมพ์; 2562. หน้า. 179-90.
14. Tunkel DE, Anne S, Payne SC, Ishman SL, Rosenfeld RM, Abramson PJ, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Nosebleed (Epistaxis) Executive Summary. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;162(1):8-25.
15. Boscardini L, Zanetta S, Ballardini G, Angellotti P, Gramatica P, Scotti A, et al. Epistaxis in children under the age of two: possible marker of abuse/neglect? A retrospective study in North-Eastern Piedmont hospitals. Minerva Pediatr. 2013;65(1):71-5.
16. Kamble P, Saxena S, Kumar S. Nasal bacterial colonization in cases of idiopathic epistaxis in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;79(11):1901-4.
17. Bjelakovic B, Bojanovic M, Lukic S, Saranac L, Vukomanovic V, Prijic S, et al. The therapeutic efficacy of propranolol in children with recurrent primary epistaxis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2013;7:127-9.
18. McGarry GW. Recurrent epistaxis in children. BMJ Clin Evid. 2013;2013:0311.
19. El Boussaadni Y, Babakhouya A, Amrani R, Rkain M, Benajiba N. [Leeches: An unusual cause of epistaxis in children]. Presse Med. 2017;46(5):545-7.
20. Send T, Bertlich M, Eichhorn KW, Ganschow R, Schafigh D, Horlbeck F, et al. Etiology, Management, and Outcome of Pediatric Epistaxis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019.
21. Figueiredo RR, Azevedo AA, Kos AO, Tomita S. Nasal foreign bodies: description of types and complications in 420 cases. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;72(1):18-23.
22. Sandoval C, Dong S, Visintainer P, Ozkaynak MF, Jayabose S. Clinical and laboratory features of 178 children with recurrent epistaxis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002;24(1):47-9.
23. Davies K, Batra K, Mehanna R, Keogh I. Pediatric epistaxis: epidemiology, management & impact on quality of life. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 2014;78(8):1294-7.
24. Loaëc M, Morinière S, Hitier M, Ferrant O, Plauchu H, Babin E. Psychosocial quality of life in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia patients. Rhinology. 2011;49(2):164-7.
25. Merlo CA, Yin LX, Hoag JB, Mitchell SE, Reh DD, editors. The effects of epistaxis on health‐related quality of life in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. International forum of allergy & rhinology; 2014: Wiley Online Library.
26. Sylvester MJ, Chung SY, Guinand LA, Govindan A, Baredes S, Eloy JA. Arterial ligation versus embolization in epistaxis management: Counterintuitive national trends. The Laryngoscope. 2017;127(5):1017-20.
27. Toner JG, Walby AP. Comparison of electro and chemical cautery in the treatment of anterior epistaxis. J Laryngol Otol. 1990;104(8):617-8.
28. Garcia-Cabo P, Fernandez-Vanes L, Pedregal D, Menendez Del Castro M, Murias E, Vega P, et al. Management of severe and/or refractory epistaxis. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2018.
29. Ni JS, Kohn J, Levi JR. Inpatient Pediatric Epistaxis: Management and Resource Utilization. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2018;127(11):829-35.
30. Stokhuijzen E, Segbefia CI, Biss TT, Clark DS, James PD, Riddel J, et al. Severity and Features of Epistaxis in Children with a Mucocutaneous Bleeding Disorder. J Pediatr. 2018;193:183-9 e2.
31. Zhou AH, Chung SY, Sylvester MJ, Zaki M, Svider PS, Hsueh WD, et al. To Pack or Not to Pack: Inpatient Management of Epistaxis in the Elderly. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2018;32(6):539-45.
32. Vosler PS, Kass JI, Wang EW, Snyderman CH. Successful implementation of a clinical care pathway for management of epistaxis at a tertiary care center. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2016;155(5):879-85.
33. Katsanis E, Luke KH, Hsu E, Li M, Lillicrap D. Prevalence and significance of mild bleeding disorders in children with recurrent epistaxis. J Pediatr. 1988;113(1 Pt 1):73-6.
34. Womack JP, Kropa J, Jimenez Stabile M. Epistaxis: Outpatient Management. Am Fam Physician. 2018;98(4):240-5.
35. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.
36. D’Aguanno V, Ralli M, Greco A, de Vincentiis M. Clinical Recommendations for Epistaxis Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2020:0194599820926497.
37. Offeddu V, Yung CF, Low MSF, Tam CC. Effectiveness of masks and respirators against respiratory infections in healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017;65(11):1934-42.
38. Cheung JC-H, Ho LT, Cheng JV, Cham EYK, Lam KN. Staff safety during emergency airway management for COVID-19 in Hong Kong. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(4):e19.
39. Bénézit F, Le Turnier P, Declerck C, Paillé C, Revest M, Dubée V, et al. Utility of hyposmia and hypogeusia for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020.
40. Wolfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Zange S, Muller MA, et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020;581(7809):465-9.
41. Pichi B, Mazzola F, Bonsembiante A, Petruzzi G, Zocchi J, Moretto S, et al. Reply to ‘CORONA-steps for tracheotomy in COVID-19 patients: a staff-safe method for airway management’by Ferreli F. et al. Oral Oncology. 2020.
42. To KK-W, Tsang OT-Y, Leung W-S, Tam AR, Wu T-C, Lung DC, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020.
43. Van Gerven L, Cox T, Fokkens W. Personal protection and delivery of rhinologic and endoscopic skull base procedures during the COVID-19 outbreak. Rhinology. 2020;54.
44. Cevik M, Bamford CGG, Ho A. COVID-19 pandemic-a focused review for clinicians. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(7):842-7.
45. Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, Davidson KW, et al. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA. 2020.
46. Record S. Practice Guideline: Epistaxis in Children. J Pediatr Health Care. 2015;29(5):484-8.
2. Cooper SE, Ramakrishnan VR. Direct cauterization of the nasal septal artery for epistaxis. The Laryngoscope. 2012;122(4):738-40.
3. Baugh TP, Chang CWD. Epidemiology and Management of Pediatric Epistaxis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;159(4):712-6.
4. Pallin DJ, Chng Y-M, McKay MP, Emond JA, Pelletier AJ, Camargo Jr CA. Epidemiology of epistaxis in US emergency departments, 1992 to 2001. Annals of emergency medicine. 2005;46(1):77-81.
5. Shay S, Shapiro NL, Bhattacharyya N. Epidemiological characteristics of pediatric epistaxis presenting to the emergency department. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 2017;103:121-4.
6. Cohen O, Shoffel-Havakuk H, Warman M, Tzelnick S, Haimovich Y, Kohlberg GD, et al. Early and late recurrent epistaxis admissions: patterns of incidence and risk factors. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2017;157(3):424-31.
7. Chaiyasate S, Roongrotwattanasiri K, Fooanan S, Sumitsawan Y. Epistaxis in Chiang Mai University Hospital. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88(9):1282-6.
8. Pollice PA, Yoder MG. Epistaxis: a retrospective review of hospitalized patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;117(1):49-53.
9. Uhler L, Knipping S. [Clinical management of epistaxis]. HNO. 2018.
10. Wong AS, Anat DS. Epistaxis: A guide to assessment and management. J Fam Pract. 2018;67(12):E13-E20.
11. Svider P, Arianpour K, Mutchnick S. Management of Epistaxis in Children and Adolescents: Avoiding a Chaotic Approach. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2018;65(3):607-21.
12. Turri-Zanoni M, Arosio AD, Stamm AC, Battaglia P, Salzano G, Romano A, et al. Septal branches of the anterior ethmoidal artery: anatomical considerations and clinical implications in the management of refractory epistaxis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;275(6):1449-56.
13. อภิชาติ โพธิอะ. Epistaxis in children. ใน: ชาญชัย ไตรวารี, บรรณาธิการ. Textbook of benign hematology disorders in children and adolescents. กรุงเทพ: นำอักษรการพิมพ์; 2562. หน้า. 179-90.
14. Tunkel DE, Anne S, Payne SC, Ishman SL, Rosenfeld RM, Abramson PJ, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Nosebleed (Epistaxis) Executive Summary. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;162(1):8-25.
15. Boscardini L, Zanetta S, Ballardini G, Angellotti P, Gramatica P, Scotti A, et al. Epistaxis in children under the age of two: possible marker of abuse/neglect? A retrospective study in North-Eastern Piedmont hospitals. Minerva Pediatr. 2013;65(1):71-5.
16. Kamble P, Saxena S, Kumar S. Nasal bacterial colonization in cases of idiopathic epistaxis in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;79(11):1901-4.
17. Bjelakovic B, Bojanovic M, Lukic S, Saranac L, Vukomanovic V, Prijic S, et al. The therapeutic efficacy of propranolol in children with recurrent primary epistaxis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2013;7:127-9.
18. McGarry GW. Recurrent epistaxis in children. BMJ Clin Evid. 2013;2013:0311.
19. El Boussaadni Y, Babakhouya A, Amrani R, Rkain M, Benajiba N. [Leeches: An unusual cause of epistaxis in children]. Presse Med. 2017;46(5):545-7.
20. Send T, Bertlich M, Eichhorn KW, Ganschow R, Schafigh D, Horlbeck F, et al. Etiology, Management, and Outcome of Pediatric Epistaxis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019.
21. Figueiredo RR, Azevedo AA, Kos AO, Tomita S. Nasal foreign bodies: description of types and complications in 420 cases. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;72(1):18-23.
22. Sandoval C, Dong S, Visintainer P, Ozkaynak MF, Jayabose S. Clinical and laboratory features of 178 children with recurrent epistaxis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002;24(1):47-9.
23. Davies K, Batra K, Mehanna R, Keogh I. Pediatric epistaxis: epidemiology, management & impact on quality of life. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 2014;78(8):1294-7.
24. Loaëc M, Morinière S, Hitier M, Ferrant O, Plauchu H, Babin E. Psychosocial quality of life in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia patients. Rhinology. 2011;49(2):164-7.
25. Merlo CA, Yin LX, Hoag JB, Mitchell SE, Reh DD, editors. The effects of epistaxis on health‐related quality of life in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. International forum of allergy & rhinology; 2014: Wiley Online Library.
26. Sylvester MJ, Chung SY, Guinand LA, Govindan A, Baredes S, Eloy JA. Arterial ligation versus embolization in epistaxis management: Counterintuitive national trends. The Laryngoscope. 2017;127(5):1017-20.
27. Toner JG, Walby AP. Comparison of electro and chemical cautery in the treatment of anterior epistaxis. J Laryngol Otol. 1990;104(8):617-8.
28. Garcia-Cabo P, Fernandez-Vanes L, Pedregal D, Menendez Del Castro M, Murias E, Vega P, et al. Management of severe and/or refractory epistaxis. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2018.
29. Ni JS, Kohn J, Levi JR. Inpatient Pediatric Epistaxis: Management and Resource Utilization. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2018;127(11):829-35.
30. Stokhuijzen E, Segbefia CI, Biss TT, Clark DS, James PD, Riddel J, et al. Severity and Features of Epistaxis in Children with a Mucocutaneous Bleeding Disorder. J Pediatr. 2018;193:183-9 e2.
31. Zhou AH, Chung SY, Sylvester MJ, Zaki M, Svider PS, Hsueh WD, et al. To Pack or Not to Pack: Inpatient Management of Epistaxis in the Elderly. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2018;32(6):539-45.
32. Vosler PS, Kass JI, Wang EW, Snyderman CH. Successful implementation of a clinical care pathway for management of epistaxis at a tertiary care center. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2016;155(5):879-85.
33. Katsanis E, Luke KH, Hsu E, Li M, Lillicrap D. Prevalence and significance of mild bleeding disorders in children with recurrent epistaxis. J Pediatr. 1988;113(1 Pt 1):73-6.
34. Womack JP, Kropa J, Jimenez Stabile M. Epistaxis: Outpatient Management. Am Fam Physician. 2018;98(4):240-5.
35. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.
36. D’Aguanno V, Ralli M, Greco A, de Vincentiis M. Clinical Recommendations for Epistaxis Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2020:0194599820926497.
37. Offeddu V, Yung CF, Low MSF, Tam CC. Effectiveness of masks and respirators against respiratory infections in healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017;65(11):1934-42.
38. Cheung JC-H, Ho LT, Cheng JV, Cham EYK, Lam KN. Staff safety during emergency airway management for COVID-19 in Hong Kong. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(4):e19.
39. Bénézit F, Le Turnier P, Declerck C, Paillé C, Revest M, Dubée V, et al. Utility of hyposmia and hypogeusia for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020.
40. Wolfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Zange S, Muller MA, et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020;581(7809):465-9.
41. Pichi B, Mazzola F, Bonsembiante A, Petruzzi G, Zocchi J, Moretto S, et al. Reply to ‘CORONA-steps for tracheotomy in COVID-19 patients: a staff-safe method for airway management’by Ferreli F. et al. Oral Oncology. 2020.
42. To KK-W, Tsang OT-Y, Leung W-S, Tam AR, Wu T-C, Lung DC, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020.
43. Van Gerven L, Cox T, Fokkens W. Personal protection and delivery of rhinologic and endoscopic skull base procedures during the COVID-19 outbreak. Rhinology. 2020;54.
44. Cevik M, Bamford CGG, Ho A. COVID-19 pandemic-a focused review for clinicians. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(7):842-7.
45. Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, Davidson KW, et al. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA. 2020.
46. Record S. Practice Guideline: Epistaxis in Children. J Pediatr Health Care. 2015;29(5):484-8.