Exercise and Cognitive Functions in People with Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease, a progressive brain disorder that slowly declines cognitive functions. Furthermore, a higher incidence rate and prevalence have been reported in older adults. Several studies have been reported that exercise might be an intervention to delay cognitive decline in older people.
Objective: To determine a type of exercise that appropriate on cognition in people with mild to moderate severity of Alzheimer’s disease
Methods: The literature searches focused on PubMed, Cochrane Library, PEDro, and ScienceDirect from 1978 to December 2017. The inclusion criteria were randomized control trials studies, non-randomized control trials studies that examined the effect of exercise on cognitive function in people with mild to moderate severity of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and all journal articles were published in English languages. In addition, the reviewers independently screened the trials for eligibility criteria. Data extraction from each of the studies was completed in detail by one reviewer and accuracy was checked by another reviewer.
Results: Of the 6344 studies, only six studies were included in the review. The level of quality was poor to good level with an average PEDro scale was 5.4. It has been found that different types of exercise such as balance exercise, endurance or aerobic exercise, resistance or strengthening exercise, affected on cognition in people with AD. However, a number of clinical studies reported that combined exercise had high effectiveness in delaying cognitive impairment in people with AD. However, two studies reported that there was no significant difference between groups and between before and after training whereas four studies showed significant difference in cognition between before and after training.
Conclusions: Combined exercise may be appropriate to delay the cognitive function in people with Alzheimer’s disease.
Article Details
References
2. Vreugdenhil A Cannell J, Davies A, Razay G. A community-based exercise programme to improve functional ability in people with Alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Caring Sci. 2012;26(1):12-9
3. Nephrology Society of Thailand. (Clinical Practice Recommendation for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults 2015). Bangkok: Nephrology Society of Thailand; 2015.
4. Frank EM. Effect of Alzheimer's disease on communication function. J S C Med Assoc. 1994; 90(9):417-23.
5. Vellas B, Carrie I, Gillette-Guyonnet S, Touchon J, Dantoine T, Dartigues JF, et al. MAPT STUDY: A multidomain approach for preventing Alzheimer's disease: design and baseline data. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2014 Jun;1(1):13-22.
6. Laver K, Dyer S, Whitehead C, Clemson L, Crotty M. Interventions to delay functional decline in people with dementia: a systematic review of systematic reviews. BMJ Open. 2016 Apr 27; 6(4):e010767.
7. Massoud F, Gauthier S. Update on the Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Current Neuropharmacology. 2010;8(1):69-80.
8. Gauthier S. Pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 8(4):2.
9. Deslandes A, Moraes H, Ferreira C, Veiga H, Silveira H, Mouta R, et al. Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move. Neuropsychobiology. 2009;59(4):191-8.
10. Liu-Ambrose T, Donaldson MG. Exercise and cognition in older adults: is there a role for resistance training programmes? Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(1):25-7.
11. Kashihara K, Maruyama T, Murota M, Nakahara Y. Positive effects of acute and moderate physical exercise on cognitive function. J Physiol Anthropol. 2009;28(4):155-64.
12. Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Raz N, Webb AG, Cohen NJ, McAuley E, et al. Aerobic Fitness Reduces Brain Tissue Loss in Aging Humans. J Gerontol. 2003;58(2):M176-80.
13. Venturelli M, Scarsini R, Schena F. Six-month walking program changes cognitive and ADL performance in patients with Alzheimer. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2011;26(5):381-8.
14. Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, Basak C, Szabo A, Chaddock L, et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(7):3017-22.
15. Kemoun G, Thibaud M, Roumagne N, Carette P, Albinet C, Toussaint L, et al. Effects of a physical training programme on cognitive function and walking efficiency in elderly persons with dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2010;29(2):109-14.
16. Williams CL, Tappen RM. Exercise training for depressed older adults with Alzheimer’s disease. Aging Mental Health. 2008;12(1):72-80.
17. Lautenschlager NT, Cox KL, Flicker L, Foster JK, van Bockxmeer FM, Xiao J, Greenop KR, et al. Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at risk for Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300(9):1027-37.
18. Matlin MW, Farmer TA. Cognition, 9th Edition: Wiley; 2016.
19. de Morton NA. The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study. Aust J Physiother. 2009;55(2):129-33.
20. Teasell R, Bayona N, Marshall S, Cullen N, Bayley M, Chundamala J, et al. A systematic review of the rehabilitation of moderate to severe acquired brain injuries. Brain Inj. 2007 Feb;21(2):107-12.
21. Hoffmann K, Sobol N, Frederiksen K, Beyer N, Vogel A, Vestergaard K, et al. Moderate-to-High Intensity Physical Exercise in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;50(2):443-53
22. Nascimento CM, Teixeira CV, Gobbi LT, Gobbi S, Stella F. A controlled clinical trial on the effects of exercise on neuropsychiatric disorders and instrumental activities in women with Alzheimer's disease. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2012;16(3):197-204.
23. Nascimento C, Teixeira C, Gobbi L, Gobbi S, Stella F. A controlled clinical trial on the effects of exercise on neuropsychiatric disorders and instrumental activities in women with Alzheimer's disease. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2012;16(3):197-204.
24. Yang SY, Shan CL, Qing H, Wang W, Zhu Y, Yin MM, et al. The effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive function of Alzheimer's disease patients. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2015;14(10):1292-7.
25. Coelho F, Andrade L, Pedroso R, Santos-Galduroz R, Gobbi S, Costa J, et al. Multimodal exercise intervention improves frontal cognitive functions and gait in Alzheimer's disease: a controlled trial. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013;13(1):198-203.
26. Andrade L, Gobbi L, Coelho F, Christofoletti G, Costa J, Stella F. Benefits of multimodal exercise intervention for postural control and frontal cognitive functions in individuals with Alzheimer's disease: a controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(11):1919-26
27. Lista I, Sorrentino G. Biological mechanisms of physical activity in preventing cognitive decline. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2010;30(4):493-503.
28. Eggermont L, Swaab D, Luiten P, Scherder E. Exercise, cognition and Alzheimer's disease: more is not necessarily better. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(4):562-75.
29. Mackay CP, Kuys SS, Brauer SG. The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in People with Neurological Disorders:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neural Plast. 2017;2017:4716197.
30. Kramer AF, Erickson KI. Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function. Trends Cogn Sci. 2007 Aug;11(8):342-8.
31. Ferguson B. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription 9th Ed. 2014. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2014;58(3):328-34.