Clinical Guidance for Acute Postoperative Pain Management 2019 The Royal College of Anesthesiologists of Thailand (RCAT) and The Thai Association for the Study of Pain (TASP) : Second Edition

Main Article Content

Somboon Thienthong

Abstract

There have been significant new developments in the
field of acute postoperative pain management in the past
decade. Improvement of acute postoperative pain
management is an ongoing process. Recently, the Royal
College of Anesthesiologists of Thailand (RCAT), in
collaboration with the Thai Association for the Study of
Pain (TASP), released a second edition of Clinical
Guidance for acute postoperative pain management
(2019), focusing on individualized patient assessment and
treatment during perioperative period with the concepts
of multimodal analgesia, preventive analgesia and
surgery-specific pain management. The primary goals of
acute postoperative pain management are efficient pain
control to hasten the patient’s recovery, shorten hospital
stay, minimize adverse effects, improve the patient’s
functional outcome and satisfaction as well as prevent
chronic pain after surgery. Clinicians’ ability to select
individualized appropriate postoperative pain control will
be enhanced by updated information on pharmacological
and non-pharmacological pain management.

Article Details

Section
Special Articles

References

1. Guyatt G, Gutterman D, Baumann MH, et al. Grading strength
of recommendations and quality of evidence in clinical
guidelines: report from an American College of Chest
Physicians Task Force. Chest. 2006;129(1):174-81.
2. Dahmani S, Dupont H, Mantz J, et al. Predictive factors of
early morphine requirements in the post-anaesthesia care
unit (PACU). Br J Anaesth. 2001;87(3):385-9.
3. Newman CJ, Lolekha R, Limkittikul K, et al. A comparison of
pain scales in Thai children. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(3):269-70.
4. Dahl JB, Kehlet H. Postoperative pain and its management.
In: McMahon SB, Koltzenburg M, editors. Wall and Melzack’s
Textbook of pain. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill
Livingstone; 2006. p.635-51.
5. Gray A, Kehlet H, Bonnet F, et al. Predicting postoperative
analgesia outcomes: NNT league tables or procedurespecific
evidence? Br J Anaesth. 2005;94(6):710-4.
6. Pogatzki-Zahn EM, Segelcke D, Schug SA. Postoperative
pain-from mechanisms to treatment. Pain Rep. 2017;2(2):
e588.
7. Gray P. Acute neuropathic pain: diagnosis and treatment.
Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008;21(5):590-5.
8. Jain P, Padole D, Bakshi S. Prevalence of acute neuropathic
pain after cancer surgery: A prospective study. Indian J
Anaesth. 2014;58(1):36-42.
9. Alston RP, Pechon P. Dysaesthesia associated with
sternotomy for heart surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2005;95(2):153-8.
10. Siddall PJ, McClelland JM, Rutkowski SB, et al. A longitudinal
study of the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the first
5 years following spinal cord injury. Pain. 2003;103(3):249-57.
11. Beloeil H, Sion B, Rousseau C, et al. Early postoperative
neuropathic pain assessed by the DN4 score predicts an
increased risk of persistent postsurgical neuropathic pain.
Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2017;34(10):652-7.
12. Hayes C, Browne S, Lantry G, et al. Neuropathic pain in the
acute pain service: a prospective survey. Acute Pain.
2002;4(2):45-8.
13. Searle RD, Howell SJ, Bennett MI. Diagnosing postoperative
neuropathic pain: a Delphi survey. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(2):
240-4.
14. Sadler A, Wilson J, Colvin L. Acute and chronic neuropathic
pain in the hospital setting: use of screening tools. Clin J
Pain. 2013;29(6):507-11.
15. Jensen MP, Martin SA, Cheung R. The meaning of pain relief
in a clinical trial. J Pain. 2005;6(6):400-6.
16. Kehlet H, Dahl JB. The value of “multimodal” or “balanced
analgesia” in postoperative pain treatment. Anesth Analg.
1993;77(5):1048-56.
17. Gemmill EH, Humes DJ, Catton JA. Systematic review of
enhanced recovery after gastro-oesophageal cancer
surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2015;97(3):173-9.
18. Carmichael JC, Keller DS, Baldini G, et al. Clinical practice
guidelines for enhanced recovery after colon and rectal
surgery from the American Society of Colon and Rectal
Surgeons and Society of American Gastrointestinal and
Endoscopic Surgeons. Dis Colon Rectum. 2017;60(8):761-84.
19. McEvoy MD, Scott MJ, Gordon DB, et al. American Society
for Enhanced Recovery (ASER) and Perioperative Quality
Initiative (POQI) joint consensus statement on optimal analgesia
within an enhanced recovery pathway for colorectal
surgery: part 1-from the preoperative period to PACU.
Perioper Med (Lond). 2017;6:8.
20. Martinez V, Beloeil H, Marret E, et al. Non-opioid analgesics
in adults after major surgery: systematic review with network
meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth. 2017;
118(1):22-31.
21. Hakkarainen TW, Steele SR, Bastaworous A, et al. Nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk for anastomotic failure:
a report from Washington State’s Surgical Care and
Outcomes Assessment Program (SCOAP). JAMA Surg.
2015;150(3):223-8.
22. Ventham NT, Hughes M, O’Neill S, et al. Systematic review
and meta-analysis of continuous local anaesthetic wound
infiltration versus epidural analgesia for postoperative pain
following abdominal surgery. Br J Surg. 2013;100(10):1280-9.
23. Sanderson BJ, Doane MA. Transversus abdominis plane
catheters for analgesia following abdominal surgery in adults.
Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(1):5-13.
24. Guay J, Nishimori M, Kopp SL. Epidural local anesthetics
versus opioid-based analgesic regimens for postoperative
gastrointestinal paralysis, vomiting, and pain after abdominal
surgery: a Cochrane review. Anesth Analg. 2016;123(6):1591-
602.
25. Smith LM, Cozowicz C, Uda Y, et al. Neuraxial and Combined
Neuraxial/General Anesthesia Compared to General
Anesthesia for Major Truncal and Lower Limb Surgery:
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Anesth Analg.
2017;125(6):1931-45.
26. Mohamad MF, Mohammad MA, Hetta DF, et al. Thoracic
epidural analgesia reduces myocardial injury in ischemic
patients undergoing major abdominal cancer surgery. J Pain
Res. 2017;10:887-95.
27. Nelson G, Altman AD, Nick A, et al. Guidelines for
postoperative care in gynecologic/oncology surgery:
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS(R)) Society
recommendations-Part II. Gynecol Oncol. 2016;140(2):323-32.
28. Ong CK, Seymour RA, Lirk P, et al. Combining paracetamol
(acetaminophen) with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs:
a qualitative systematic review of analgesic efficacy for acute
postoperative pain. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(4):1170-9.
29. Li XD, Han C, Yu WL. Is gabapentin effective and safe in
open hysterectomy? A PRISMA compliant meta-analysis of
randomized controlled trials. J Clin Anesth. 2017;41:76-83.
30. Wang YM, Xia M, Shan N, et al. Pregabalin can decrease
acute pain and postoperative nausea and vomiting in
hysterectomy: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore).
2017;96(31):e7714.
31. De Oliveira GS, Jr., Ahmad S, Fitzgerald PC, et al. Dose
ranging study on the effect of preoperative dexamethasone
on postoperative quality of recovery and opioid consumption
after ambulatory gynaecological surgery. Br J Anaesth.
2011;107(3):362-71.
32. Dunn LK, Durieux ME. Perioperative use of intravenous
lidocaine. Anesthesiology. 2017;126(4):729-37.
33. Dahl V, Ernoe PE, Steen T, et al. Does ketamine have
preemptive effects in women undergoing abdominal
hysterectomy procedures? Anesth Analg. 2000;90(6):1419-22.
34. Grady MV, Mascha E, Sessler DI, et al. The effect of
perioperative intravenous lidocaine and ketamine on
recovery after abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth Analg.
2012;115(5):1078-84.
35. Sen H, Sizlan A, Yanarates O, et al. A comparison of
gabapentin and ketamine in acute and chronic pain after
hysterectomy. Anesth Analg. 2009;109(5):1645-50.
36. Yalcin N, Uzun ST, Reisli R, et al. A comparison of ketamine
and paracetamol for preventing remifentanil induced
hyperalgesia in patients undergoing total abdominal
hysterectomy. Int J Med Sci. 2012;9(5):327-33.
37. Arikan M, Aslan B, Arikan O, et al. Comparison of the effects
of magnesium and ketamine on postoperative pain and
morphine consumption. A double-blind randomized
controlled clinical study. Acta Cir Bras. 2016;31(1):67-73.
38. Faiz HR, Rahimzadeh P, Visnjevac O, et al. Intravenous
acetaminophen is superior to ketamine for postoperative pain
after abdominal hysterectomy: results of a prospective,
randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. J Pain
Res. 2014;7:65-70.
39. Abdallah NM, Salama AK, Ellithy AM. Effects of preincisional
analgesia with surgical site infiltration of ketamine or
levobupivacaine in patients undergoing abdominal
hysterectomy under general anesthesia; A randomized
double blind study. Saudi J Anaesth. 2017;11(3):267-72.
40. Mohamed SA, Sayed DM, El Sherif FA, et al. Effect of local
wound infiltration with ketamine versus dexmedetomidine on
postoperative pain and stress after abdominal hysterectomy,
a randomized trial. Eur J Pain. 2018;22(5):951-60.
41. Singh S, Prasad C. Post-operative analgesic effect of
dexmedetomidine administration in wound infiltration for
abdominal hysterectomy: A randomised control study. Indian
J Anaesth. 2017;61(6):494-8.
42. Champaneria R, Shah L, Geoghegan J, et al. Analgesic
effectiveness of transversus abdominis plane blocks after
hysterectomy: a meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod
Biol. 2013;166(1):1-9.
43. Abd-Elsalam KA, Fares KM, Mohamed MA, et al. Efficacy of
magnesium sulfate added to local anesthetic in a transversus
abdominis plane block for analgesia following total
abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized trial. Pain Physician.
2017;20(7):641-7.
44. Deshpande JP, Ghodki PS, Sardesai SP. The analgesic
efficacy of dexamethasone added to ropivacaine in
transversus abdominis plane block for transabdominal
hysterectomy under subarachnoid block. Anesth Essays
Res. 2017;11(2):499-502.
45. Chen LM, Weinberg VK, Chen C, et al. Perioperative
outcomes comparing patient controlled epidural versus
intravenous analgesia in gynecologic oncology surgery.
Gynecol Oncol. 2009;115(3):357-61.
46. Hein A, Rosblad P, Gillis-Haegerstrand C, et al. Low dose
intrathecal morphine effects on post-hysterectomy pain: a
randomized placebo-controlled study. Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand. 2012;56(1):102-9.
47. Wodlin NB, Nilsson L, Arestedt K, et al. Mode of anesthesia
and postoperative symptoms following abdominal
hysterectomy in a fast-track setting. Acta Obstet Gynecol
Scand. 2011;90(4):369-79.
48. Kehlet H, Gray AW, Bonnet F, et al. A procedure-specific
systematic review and consensus recommendations for
postoperative analgesia following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Surg Endosc. 2005;19(10):1396-415.
49. Maund E, McDaid C, Rice S, et al. Paracetamol and selective
and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for
the reduction in morphine-related side-effects after major
surgery: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106(3):292-7.
50. Tiippana E, Bachmann M, Kalso E, et al. Effect of paracetamol
and coxib with or without dexamethasone after laparoscopic
cholecystectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52(5):
673-80.
51. Gurusamy KS, Vaughan J, Toon CD, et al. Pharmacological
interventions for prevention or treatment of postoperative
pain in people undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014(3):CD008261.
52. Huang JM, Lv ZT, Zhang YN, et al. Efficacy and safety of
postoperative pain relief by parecoxib injection after
laparoscopic surgeries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
of randomized controlled trials. Pain Pract. 2018;18(5):
597-610.
53. Choo V, Lewis S. Ketorolac doses reduced. Lancet.
1993;342(8863):109.
54. Vuilleumier H, Halkic N. Ruptured subcapsular hematoma
after laparoscopic cholecystectomy attributed to ketorolacinduced
coagulopathy. Surg Endosc. 2003;17(4):659.
55. Zhu J, Xie H, Zhang L, et al. Efficiency and safety of ketamine
for pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A metaanalysis
from randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg.
2018;49:1-9.
56. Wang L, Dong Y, Zhang J, et al. The efficacy of gabapentin
in reducing pain intensity and postoperative nausea and
vomiting following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A metaanalysis.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(37):e8007.
57. Li S, Guo J, Li F, et al. Pregabalin can decrease acute pain
and morphine consumption in laparoscopic cholecystectomy
patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(21):e6982.
58. Chang SH, Lee HW, Kim HK, et al. An evaluation of perioperative
pregabalin for prevention and attenuation of postoperative
shoulder pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth
Analg. 2009;109(4):1284-6.
59. Sjovall S, Kokki M, Kokki H. Laparoscopic surgery: a narrative
review of pharmacotherapy in pain management. Drugs.
2015;75(16):1867-89.
60. Li J, Wang G, Xu W, et al. Efficacy of intravenous lidocaine
on pain relief in patients undergoing laparoscopic
cholecystectomy: A meta-analysis from randomized
controlled trials. Int J Surg. 2018;50:137-45.
61. Zhao T, Shen Z, Sheng S. The efficacy and safety of nefopam
for pain relief during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A metaanalysis.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(10):e0089.
62. Gupta A. Local anaesthesia for pain relief after laparoscopic
cholecystectomy-a systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin
Anaesthesiol. 2005;19(2):275-92.
63. Peng K, Ji FH, Liu HY, et al. Ultrasound-Guided transversus
abdominis plane block for analgesia in laparoscopic
cholecystectomy: a systematic review and meta-Analysis.
Med Princ Pract. 2016;25(3):237-46.
64. Fujii Y, Toyooka H, Tanaka H. Efficacy of thoracic epidural
analgesia following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Eur J
Anaesthesiol. 1998;15(3):342-4.
65. Motamed C, Bouaziz H, Franco D, et al. Analgesic effect of
low-dose intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine in laparoscopic
cholecystectomy. Anaesthesia. 2000;55(2):118-24.
66. Borzellino G, Francis NK, Chapuis O, et al. Role of epidural
analgesia within an ERAS program after laparoscopic
colorectal surgery: a review and meta-analysis of randomised
controlled studies. Surg Res Pract. 2016;2016:7543684.
67. McDonnell NJ, Paech MJ, Browning RM, et al. A randomised
comparison of regular oral oxycodone and intrathecal
morphine for post-caesarean analgesia. Int J Obstet Anesth.
2010;19(1):16-23.
68. Girgin NK, Gurbet A, Turker G, et al. Intrathecal morphine in
anesthesia for cesarean delivery: dose-response relationship
for combinations of low-dose intrathecal morphine and spinal
bupivacaine. J Clin Anesth. 2008;20(3):180-5.
69. Carvalho FA, Tenorio SB. Comparative study between
doses of intrathecal morphine for analgesia after caesarean.
Braz J Anesthesiol. 2013;63(6):492-9.
70. Mikuni I, Hirai H, Toyama Y, et al. Efficacy of intrathecal
morphine with epidural ropivacaine infusion for postcesarean
analgesia. J Clin Anesth. 2010;22(4):268-73.
71. Palmer CM, Emerson S, Volgoropolous D, et al. Dose-response
relationship of intrathecal morphine for postcesarean
analgesia. Anesthesiology. 1999;90(2):437-44.
72. Matsota P, Batistaki C, Apostolaki S, et al. Patient-controlled
epidural analgesia after caesarean section: levobupivacaine
0.15% versus ropivacaine 0.15% alone or combined with
fentanyl 2 microg/ml: a comparative study. Arch Med Sci.
2011;7(4):685-93.
73. Cohen S, Chhokra R, Stein MH, et al. Ropivacaine 0.025%
mixed with fentanyl 3.0 ug/ml and epinephrine 0.5 ug/ml is
effective for epidural patient-controlled analgesia after
cesarean section. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2015;31(4):
471-7.
74. Chen SY, Liu FL, Cherng YG, et al. Patient-controlled epidural
levobupivacaine with or without fentanyl for post-cesarean
section pain relief. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:965152.
75. Salinas FV. Pharmacology of drugs used for spinal and
epidural anesthesia and analgesia. In: Wong CW, editor.
Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia. New York: McGraw-Hill;
2007. p.76-109.
76. Benyahia NM, Verster A, Saldien V, et al. Regional
anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia techniques for
spine surgery - a review. Rom J Anaesth Intensive Care.
2015;22(1):25-33.
77. Devin CJ, McGirt MJ. Best evidence in multimodal pain
management in spine surgery and means of assessing
postoperative pain and functional outcomes. J Clin Neurosci.
2015;22(6):930-8.
78. Dunn LK, Durieux ME, Nemergut EC. Non-opioid analgesics:
Novel approaches to perioperative analgesia for major spine
surgery. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2016;30(1):79-89.
79. Kerai S, Saxena KN, Taneja B, et al. Role of transcutaneous
electrical nerve stimulation in post-operative analgesia.
Indian J Anaesth. 2014;58(4):388-93.
80. Kurd MF, Kreitz T, Schroeder G, et al. The role of multimodal
analgesia in spine surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg.
2017;25(4):260-8.
81. Malenbaum S, Keefe FJ, Williams AC, et al. Pain in its
environmental context: implications for designing environments
to enhance pain control. Pain. 2008;134(3):241-4.
82. Tang C, Xia Z. Dexmedetomidine in perioperative acute pain
management: a non-opioid adjuvant analgesic. J Pain Res.
2017;10:1899-904.
83. Ueshima H, Ozawa T, Toyone T, et al. Efficacy of the
thoracolumbar interfascial plane block for lumbar laminoplasty:
a retrospective study. Asian Spine J. 2017;11(5):722-5.
84. Yu L, Ran B, Li M, et al. Gabapentin and pregabalin in the
management of postoperative pain after lumbar spinal
surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine
(Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(22):1947-52.
85. Golladay GJ, Balch KR, Dalury DF, et al. Oral multimodal
analgesia for total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty.
2017;32(9s):s69-s73.
86. Guay J, Johnson RL, Kopp S. Nerve blocks or no nerve
blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement
(arthroplasty) surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev. 2017;10:CD011608.
87. Wang X, Sun Y, Wang L, et al. Femoral nerve block versus
fascia iliaca block for pain control in total knee and hip
arthroplasty: A meta-analysis from randomized controlled
trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(27):e7382.
88. Andersen LO, Kehlet H. Analgesic efficacy of local infiltration
analgesia in hip and knee arthroplasty: a systematic review.
Br J Anaesth. 2014;113(3):360-74.
89. Kostamovaara PA, Hendolin H, Kokki H, et al. Ketorolac,
diclofenac and ketoprofen are equally efficacious for pain
relief after total hip replacement surgery. Br J Anaesth.
1998;81(3):369-72.
90. Chan VW, Clark AJ, Davis JC, et al. The post-operative
analgesic efficacy and tolerability of lumiracoxib compared
with placebo and naproxen after total knee or hip arthroplasty.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005;49(10):1491-500.
91. Rasmussen GL, Malmstrom K, Bourne MH, et al. Etoricoxib
provides analgesic efficacy to patients after knee or hip
replacement surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled
study. Anesth Analg. 2005;101(4):1104-11.
92. Chen J, Zhu W, Zhang Z, et al. Efficacy of celecoxib for acute
pain management following total hip arthroplasty in elderly
patients: a prospective, randomized, placebo-control trial.
Exp Ther Med. 2015;10(2):737-42.
93. Carmichael NM, Katz J, Clarke H, et al. An intensive
perioperative regimen of pregabalin and celecoxib reduces
pain and improves physical function scores six weeks after
total hip arthroplasty: a prospective randomized controlled
trial. Pain Res Manag. 2013;18(3):127-32.
94. Camu F, Borgeat A, Heylen RJ, et al. Parecoxib, propacetamol,
and their combination for analgesia after total hip
arthroplasty: a randomized non-inferiority trial. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(1):99-110.
95. Zhou TJ, Tang J, White PF. Propacetamol versus ketorolac
for treatment of acute postoperative pain after total hip or
knee replacement. Anesth Analg. 2001;92(6):1569-75.
96. Apfel C, Jahr JR, Kelly CL, et al. Effect of i.v. acetaminophen
on total hip or knee replacement surgery: a case-matched
evaluation of a national patient database. Am J Health Syst
Pharm. 2015;72(22):1961-8.
97. Han C, Li XD, Jiang HQ, et al. The use of gabapentin in the
management of postoperative pain after total hip arthroplasty:
a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Orthop
Surg Res. 2016;11(1):79.
98. Li F, Ma J, Kuang M, et al. The efficacy of pregabalin for the
management of postoperative pain in primary total knee and
hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res.
2017;12(1):49.
99. Mao Y, Wu L, Ding W. The efficacy of preoperative
administration of gabapentin/pregabalin in improving pain
after total hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet
Disord. 2016;17(1):373.
100. Remerand F, Le Tendre C, Baud A, et al. The early and
delayed analgesic effects of ketamine after total hip
arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, controlled, doubleblind
study. Anesth Analg. 2009;109(6):1963-71.
101. Remerand F, Le Tendre C, Rosset P, et al. Nefopam after
total hip arthroplasty: role in multimodal analgesia. Orthop
Traumatol Surg Res. 2013;99(2):169-74.
102. Cheah JW, Sing DC, Hansen EN, et al. Does intrathecal
morphine in spinal anesthesia have a role in modern
multimodal analgesia for primary total joint arthroplasty?
J Arthroplasty. 2018;33(6):1693-8.
103. Grevstad U, Mathiesen O, Valentiner LS, et al. Effect of
adductor canal block versus femoral nerve block on
quadriceps strength, mobilization, and pain after total knee
arthroplasty: a randomized, blinded study. Reg Anesth Pain
Med. 2015;40(1):3-10.
104. Jaeger P, Zaric D, Fomsgaard JS, et al. Adductor canal block
versus femoral nerve block for analgesia after total knee
arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind study. Reg Anesth
Pain Med. 2013;38(6):526-32.
105. Hanson NA, Allen CJ, Hostetter LS, et al. Continuous
ultrasound-guided adductor canal block for total knee
arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind trial. Anesth Analg.
2014;118(6):1370-7.
106. Jenstrup MT, Jaeger P, Lund J, et al. Effects of adductorcanal-
blockade on pain and ambulation after total knee
arthroplasty: a randomized study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.
2012;56(3):357-64.
107. Wegener JT, van Ooij B, van Dijk CN, et al. Value of singleinjection
or continuous sciatic nerve block in addition to a
continuous femoral nerve block in patients undergoing total
knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, controlled
trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011;36(5):481-8.
108. Ilfeld BM, Duke KB, Donohue MC. The association between
lower extremity continuous peripheral nerve blocks and
patient falls after knee and hip arthroplasty. Anesth Analg.
2010;111(6):1552-4.
109. Kopp SL, Borglum J, Buvanendran A, et al. Anesthesia and
analgesia practice pathway options for total knee
arthroplasty: an evidence-based review by the American and
European Societies of Regional Anesthesia and Pain
Medicine. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2017;42(6):683-97.
110. Rawal N. Current issues in postoperative pain management.
Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2016;33(3):160-71.
111. Buvanendran A, Kroin JS, Tuman KJ, et al. Effects of
perioperative administration of a selective cyclooxygenase
2 inhibitor on pain management and recovery of function
after knee replacement: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA.
2003;290(18):2411-8.
112. Yang L, Du S, Sun Y. Intravenous acetaminophen as an
adjunct to multimodal analgesia after total knee and hip
arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J
Surg. 2017;47:135-46.
113. Zhai L, Song Z, Liu K. The effect of gabapentin on acute
postoperative pain in patients undergoing total knee
arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;
95(20):e3673.
114. Cengiz P, Gokcinar D, Karabeyoglu I, et al. Intraoperative
low-dose ketamine infusion reduces acute postoperative
pain following total knee replacement surgery: a prospective,
randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Coll
Physicians Surg Pak. 2014;24(5):299-303.
115. Aveline C, Gautier JF, Vautier P, et al. Postoperative
analgesia and early rehabilitation after total knee
replacement: a comparison of continuous low-dose
intravenous ketamine versus nefopam. Eur J Pain.
2009;13(6):613-9.
116. Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Single dose oral ibuprofen plus
paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute postoperative pain.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013(6):CD010210.
117. Sharma S, Chang DW, Koutz C, et al. Incidence of hematoma
associated with ketorolac after TRAM flap breast
reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107(2):352-5.
118. Jarupongprapa S, Ussavasodhi P, Katchamart W.
Comparison of gastrointestinal adverse effects between
cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and non-selective, non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs plus proton pump inhibitors:
a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol.
2013;48(7):830-8.
119. Rai AS, Khan JS, Dhaliwal J, et al. Preoperative pregabalin
or gabapentin for acute and chronic postoperative pain
among patients undergoing breast cancer surgery:
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized
controlled trials. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2017;
70(10):1317-28.
120. Arumugam S, Lau CS, Chamberlain RS. Use of preoperative
gabapentin significantly reduces postoperative opioid
consumption: a meta-analysis. J Pain Res. 2016;9:631-40.
121. Fabritius ML, Strom C, Koyuncu S, et al. Benefit and harm of
pregabalin in acute pain treatment: a systematic review with
meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses. Br J Anaesth.
2017;119(4):775-91.
122. Batdorf NJ, Lemaine V, Lovely JK, et al. Enhanced recovery
after surgery in microvascular breast reconstruction. J Plast
Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2015;68(3):395-402.
123. Gnaneswaran N, Perera M, Perera N, et al. Enhanced
recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathways in autologous breast
reconstruction: a systematic review. Eur J Plast Surg.
2016;39(3):165-72.
124. Morrison JE, Jr., Jacobs VR. Reduction or elimination of
postoperative pain medication after mastectomy through use
of a temporarily placed local anesthetic pump vs. control
group. Zentralbl Gynakol. 2003;125(1):17-22.
125. Byager N, Hansen MS, Mathiesen O, et al. The analgesic
effect of wound infiltration with local anaesthetics after breast
surgery: a qualitative systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand. 2014;58(4):402-10.
126. Boehmler JHt, Venturi ML, Nahabedian MY. Decreased
narcotic use with an implantable local anesthetic catheter
after deep inferior epigastric perforator flap breast
reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 2009;62(6):618-20.
127. Tam KW, Chen SY, Huang TW, et al. Effect of wound
infiltration with ropivacaine or bupivacaine analgesia in breast
cancer surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled
trials. Int J Surg. 2015;22:79-85.
128. Thavaneswaran P, Rudkin GE, Cooter RD, et al. Brief reports:
paravertebral block for anesthesia: a systematic review.
Anesth Analg. 2010;110(6):1740-4.
129. Naja ZM, El-Rajab M, Al-Tannir MA, et al. Thoracic
paravertebral block: influence of the number of injections.
Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31(3):196-201.
130. Zhong T, Ojha M, Bagher S, et al. Transversus abdominis
plane block reduces morphine consumption in the early
postoperative period following microsurgical abdominal
tissue breast reconstruction: a double-blind, placebocontrolled,
randomized trial. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;
134(5):870-8.
131. Cheng GS, Ilfeld BM. An evidence-based review of the
efficacy of perioperative analgesic techniques for breast
cancer-related surgery. Pain Med. 2017;18(7):1344-65.
132. Jain PN, Sandha, Chattopadhyay G, et al. Combination of
epidural buprenorphrine and intramuscular ketorolac for post
thoracotomy pain. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 1998;
14(2):129-34.
133. Senard M, Deflandre EP, Ledoux D, et al. Effect of celecoxib
combined with thoracic epidural analgesia on pain after
thoracotomy. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105(2):196-200.
134. Lehmann KA, Grond S, Freier J, et al. Postoperative pain
management and respiratory depression after thoracotomy:
a comparison of intramuscular piritramide and intravenous
patient-controlled analgesia using fentanyl or buprenorphine.
J Clin Anesth. 1991;3(3):194-201.
135. Yoshimura N, Iida H, Takenaka M, et al. Effect of postoperative
administration of pregabalin for post-thoracotomy pain: a randomized
study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2015;
29(6):1567-72.
136. Matsutani N, Dejima H, Nakayama T, et al. Impact of
pregabalin on early phase post-thoracotomy pain compared
with epidural analgesia. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(10):3766-73.
137. Matsutani N, Dejima H, Takahashi Y, et al. Pregabalin
reduces post-surgical pain after thoracotomy: a prospective,
randomized, controlled trial. Surg Today. 2015;45(11):1411-6.
138. Mathews TJ, Churchhouse AM, Housden T, et al. Does
adding ketamine to morphine patient-controlled analgesia
safely improve post-thoracotomy pain? Interact Cardiovasc
Thorac Surg. 2012;14(2):194-9.
139. Dich-Nielsen JO, Svendsen LB, Berthelsen P. Intramuscular
low-dose ketamine versus pethidine for postoperative pain
treatment after thoracic surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.
1992;36(6):583-7.
140. Neustein SM, Kreitzer JM, Krellenstein D, et al. Preemptive
epidural analgesia for thoracic surgery. Mt Sinai J Med.
2002;69(1-2):101-4.
141. Azad SC, Groh J, Beyer A, et al. Continuous epidural
analgesia versus patient controlled intravenous analgesia
for postthoracotomy pain. Acute Pain. 2000;3(2):14-23.
142. Rodriguez-Aldrete D, Candiotti KA, Janakiraman R, et al.
Trends and new evidence in the management of acute and
chronic post-thoracotomy pain-an overview of the literature
from 2005 to 2015. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2016;
30(3):762-72.
143. Richardson J, Sabanathan S, Mearns AJ, et al. Efficacy of
pre-emptive analgesia and continuous extrapleural intercostal
nerve block on post-thoracotomy pain and pulmonary
mechanics. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1994;35(3):219-28.
144. Barron DJ, Tolan MJ, Lea RE. A randomized controlled trial
of continuous extra-pleural analgesia post-thoracotomy:
efficacy and choice of local anaesthetic. Eur J Anaesthesiol.
1999;16(4):236-45.
145. Dhole S, Mehta Y, Saxena H, et al. Comparison of continuous
thoracic epidural and paravertebral blocks for postoperative
analgesia after minimally invasive direct coronary artery
bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2001;15(3):
288-92.
146. Bachmann-Mennenga B, Biscoping J, Kuhn DF, et al.
Intercostal nerve block, interpleural analgesia, thoracic
epidural block or systemic opioid application for pain relief
after thoracotomy? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1993;7(1):12-8.
147. Dryden CM, McMenemin I, Duthie DJ. Efficacy of continuous
intercostal bupivacaine for pain relief after thoracotomy. Br
J Anaesth. 1993;70(5):508-10.
148. Debreceni G, Molnar Z, Szelig L, et al. Continuous epidural
or intercostal analgesia following thoracotomy: a prospective
randomized double-blind clinical trial. Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand. 2003;47(9):1091-5.
149. Neustein SM, Cohen E. Intrathecal morphine during
thoracotomy, part II: effect on postoperative meperidine
requirements and pulmonary function tests. J Cardiothorac
Vasc Anesth. 1993;7(2):157-9.
150. Liu N, Kuhlman G, Dalibon N, et al. A randomized, doubleblinded
comparison of intrathecal morphine, sufentanil and
their combination versus IV morphine patient-controlled
analgesia for postthoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg.
2001;92(1):31-6.
151. Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Bass CS, et al. A prospective, doubleblinded,
randomized trial evaluating the use of preemptive
analgesia of the skin before thoracotomy. Ann Thorac Surg.
2003;76(4):1055-8.
152. Joshi GP, Bonnet F, Shah R, et al. A systematic review of
randomized trials evaluating regional techniques for
postthoracotomy analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2008;107(3):
1026-40.
153. Muller LC, Salzer GM, Ransmayr G, et al. Intraoperative
cryoanalgesia for postthoracotomy pain relief. Ann Thorac
Surg. 1989;48(1):15-8.
154. Warfield CA, Stein JM, Frank HA. The effect of transcutaneous
electrical nerve stimulation on pain after thoracotomy. Ann
Thorac Surg. 1985;39(5):462-5.
155. Sbruzzi G, Silveira SA, Silva DV, et al. Transcutaneous
electrical nerve stimulation after thoracic surgery: systematic
review and meta-analysis of 11 randomized trials. Rev Bras
Cir Cardiovasc. 2012;27(1):75-87.
156. Umari M, Carpanese V, Moro V, et al. Postoperative analgesia
after pulmonary resection with a focus on video-assisted
thoracoscopic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018;
53(5):932-8.
157. Jahangiri Fard A, Farzanegan B, Khalili A, et al. Paracetamol
instead of ketorolac in post-video-assisted thoracic surgery
pain management: a randomized trial. Anesth Pain Med.
2016;6(6):e39175.
158. Komatsu T, Kino A, Inoue M, et al. Paravertebral block for
video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: analgesic effectiveness
and role in fast-track surgery. Int J Surg. 2014;12(9):936-9.
159. Kaplowitz J, Papadakos PJ. Acute pain management for
video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: an update.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2012;26(2):312-21.
160. Wildgaard K, Petersen RH, Hansen HJ, et al. Multimodal
analgesic treatment in video-assisted thoracic surgery
lobectomy using an intraoperative intercostal catheter. Eur
J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012;41(5):1072-7.
161. Joshi GP, Bonnet F, Kehlet H. Evidence-based postoperative
pain management after laparoscopic colorectal surgery.
Colorectal Dis. 2013;15(2):146-55.
162. Burton TP, Mittal A, Soop M. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs and anastomotic dehiscence in bowel surgery:
systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized,
controlled trials. Dis Colon Rectum. 2013;56(1):126-34.
163. Klein M. Postoperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
and colorectal anastomotic leakage. NSAIDs and
anastomotic leakage. Dan Med J. 2012;59(3):B4420.
164. Gorissen KJ, Benning D, Berghmans T, et al. Risk of
anastomotic leakage with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2012;99(5):721-7.
165. McCarthy GC, Megalla SA, Habib AS. Impact of intravenous
lidocaine infusion on postoperative analgesia and recovery
from surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled
trials. Drugs. 2010;70(9):1149-63.
166. Feldheiser A, Aziz O, Baldini G, et al. Enhanced recovery
after surgery (ERAS) for gastrointestinal surgery, part 2:
consensus statement for anaesthesia practice. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016;60(3):289-334.
167. Vignali A, Di Palo S, Orsenigo E, et al. Effect of prednisolone
on local and systemic response in laparoscopic vs. open
colon surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled
trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52(6):1080-8.
168. Srinivasa S, Kahokehr AA, Yu TC, et al. Preoperative
glucocorticoid use in major abdominal surgery: systematic
review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Ann Surg.
2011;254(2):183-91.
169. Moiniche S, Jorgensen H, Wetterslev J, et al. Local anesthetic
infiltration for postoperative pain relief after laparoscopy: a
qualitative and quantitative systematic review of intraperitoneal,
port-site infiltration and mesosalpinx block. Anesth Analg.
2000;90(4):899-912.
170. Oh TK, Lee SJ, Do SH, et al. Transversus abdominis plane
block using a short-acting local anesthetic for postoperative
pain after laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. 2018;32(2):545-52.
171. Walter CJ, Maxwell-Armstrong C, Pinkney TD, et al. A
randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of ultrasound-guided
transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in laparoscopic
colorectal surgery. Surg Endosc. 2013;27(7):2366-72.
172. De Oliveira GS, Jr., Castro-Alves LJ, Nader A, et al.
Transversus abdominis plane block to ameliorate
postoperative pain outcomes after laparoscopic surgery: a
meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesth Analg.
2014;118(2):454-63.
173. Levy BF, Scott MJ, Fawcett W, et al. Randomized clinical
trial of epidural, spinal or patient-controlled analgesia for
patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Br J
Surg. 2011;98(8):1068-78.
174. Kong SK, Onsiong SM, Chiu WK, et al. Use of intrathecal
morphine for postoperative pain relief after elective
laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Anaesthesia. 2002;57(12):
1168-73.
175. Paul JE, Nantha-Aree M, Buckley N, et al. Randomized
controlled trial of gabapentin as an adjunct to perioperative
analgesia in total hip arthroplasty patients. Can J Anaesth.
2015;62(5):476-84.
176. Chiu TW, Leung CC, Lau EY, et al. Analgesic effects of
preoperative gabapentin after tongue reconstruction with the
anterolateral thigh flap. Hong Kong Med J. 2012;18(1):30-4.
177. Jellish WS, Leonetti JP, Sawicki K, et al. Morphine/
ondansetron PCA for postoperative pain, nausea, and
vomiting after skull base surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck
Surg. 2006;135(2):175-81.
178. Egan RJ, Hopkins JC, Beamish AJ, et al. Randomized clinical
trial of intraoperative superficial cervical plexus block versus
incisional local anaesthesia in thyroid and parathyroid
surgery. Br J Surg. 2013;100(13):1732-8.
179. Shih ML, Duh QY, Hsieh CB, et al. Bilateral superficial cervical
plexus block combined with general anesthesia administered
in thyroid operations. World J Surg. 2010;34(10):2338-43.
180. Warschkow R, Tarantino I, Jensen K, et al. Bilateral superficial
cervical plexus block in combination with general anesthesia
has a low efficacy in thyroid surgery: a meta-analysis of
randomized controlled trials. Thyroid. 2012;22(1):44-52.
181. The healthcare accreditation institute (public organization).
Patient Safety Goals: SIMPLE 2018 [accessed on 6th Oct
2018].: http://134.236.247.146:8080/edoc1/uploads/
DocNum_20180807143936.pdf.
182. Niruthisard S, Tassanapradit P. Essential knowledge in pain
management. In: Niruthisard S, editor. Bangkok: Amarin
Printing & Publishing Public Co., Ltd. 2016. (in Thai)