Breastfeeding Practice and Self-efficacy Among First-time Nepalese Adolescent Mothers
Keywords:
Breastfeeding practice, Breastfeeding Self-efficacy, Adolescent motherAbstract
Young mothers are less likely to initiate and continue breastfeeding compared to adult mothers. There are several factors that influence breastfeeding, especially breastfeeding self-efficacy. This descriptive comparative study aimed to describe breastfeeding practice within the first six months of the postpartum period and to compare breastfeeding self-efficacy among Nepalese adolescent first-time mothers who practised different types of breastfeeding. One hundred and fourteen first-time Nepalese adolescent mothers were interviewed on breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding practice at six weeks postpartum at the Well Baby Clinic in Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. However, 111 and 100 mothers were followed-up by telephone interviews on breastfeeding practice at three months and six months postpartum perspectively. The research instruments included the breastfeeding self-efficacy short-form scale (BSES-SF) developed by Dennis (2002) and the breastfeeding practice developed by Yimyam (2013). Validity of the instruments was tested by the original authors. The reliability coefficients of the BSES-SF was found to be 0.86 and the breastfeeding practice scale was 1.00 on reproducibility test. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and One Way analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
The results revealed that the rate of exclusive breastfeeding practice at six weeks (93.9%) and three months (93.7%) were very high, whereas the rate of exclusive breastfeeding practice at six months decreased sharply to 69.0%. At six weeks and three months, exclusive and partial breastfeeding mothers had higher scores of breastfeeding self-efficacy compared to no breastfeeding mothers at the significant level of .001 and .05 respectively. At six months, exclusive breastfeeding mothers had higher breastfeeding self-efficacy score than those with partial breastfeeding and no breastfeeding at the significant level of .001. However, there was no difference in breastfeeding self-efficacy between partial breastfeeding and no breastfeeding mothers. The result of this study could be useful for health care providers in developing strategies to enhance breastfeeding self-efficacy for exclusive breastfeeding practice among Nepalese adolescent mothers, especially at six months when the exclusive breastfeeding rate is dramatically low.
References
Aryal, T. (2007). Breastfeeding in Nepal: Patterns and determinants. JNMAJ Nepal Medical Association, 46(165), 13-19. .
Atuyambe, L., Mirembe, F., Tumwesigye, N. M., Annika, J., Kirumira, E. K., & Faxelid, E. (2008). Adolescent and adult first time mothers' health seeking practices during pregnancy and early motherhood in Wakiso district, central Uganda. Reproductive Health, 5(13), 2-9.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change, Psychological Review. American Psychological Association, 84(2), 191-215.
Boccolini, R. S., Carvalho, M. L., Oliveira, M. I., & Escamilla, R. P. (2013). Breastfeeding during the first hour of life and neonatal mortality. Journal de Pediatria, 89(2), 131-136.
Blyth, R., Creedy, D. K., Dennis, C. L., Moyle, W., Pratt, J., & Vries, S. M. (2002). Effect of maternal confidence on breastfeeding duration: An application of breastfeeding self-efficacy theory. Birth, 29(4), 278-284.
Chan, M. Y., & Heung, S. M., (2011). The effectiveness of breastfeeding education on maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding duration: A systematic review. National Institute for Health Research, 9(64), 1-5.
Chandrashekhar, T., Joshi, H., Binu, H., Shankar, P., & Rana, M. (2007). Breast-feeding initiation and determinants of exclusive breast-feeding - A questionnaire survey in an urban population of western Nepal. Public health Nutrition, 10(2), 192-193.
Dennis, C. L. (1999). Theoretical underpinning of breastfeeding confidence: A self-efficacy framework. Journal of Human Lactation, 15(3), 195-201.
Dennis, C. L. (2003). The breastfeeding self-efficacy scale: Psychometric assessment of the short form. Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Neonatal Nursing, 32(6), 734-744.
Dennis, C. L. (2006). Identifying predictors of breastfeeding self-efficacy in the immediate postpartum period. Research in Nursing & Health, 29, 256-268.
Dennis, C. L., & Faux, S. (1999). Development and psychometric testing of the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale. Research in Nursing and Health, 22(5), 399-409.
Dodt, R.C., Ximenes, L.B., Almeida, P.C., Oriá, B., & Dennis, C.L. (2012). Psychometric and maternal sociodemographic assessment of the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale - short form in a Brazilian sample. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 2(3), 66-71.
Edmond, K. M., Zandoh, C.&, Quigley, M. A., Amenga-Etego, S., Owusu-Agyei, S., & Kirkwood, B. R. (2006). Delayed breastfeeding initiation increases risk of neonatal mortality. Paediatrics, 117(3), 380-386.
Frota, D. A., & Marcopita, L. F. (2004). Breastfeeding among teenage and adult mothers in Brazil. Revista de Saúde Pública, 38(1), 85-92.
Giashuddin, M. S., & Kabir, M. (2003). Duration of breast-feeding in Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 28, 34-38.
Hawkins, S., Griffiths, L.J., & Dezateux, C. (2007). Maternal employment and breast-feeding initiation: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 21(3), 242-247.
Hunter, L. (2013). Teenager's experience of postnatal care and breastfeeding. British Journal of Midwifery, 16(12), 785-790.
Infant Feeding Surveillance System [IFSS]. (2012). Focused report on infant feeding among adolescent mother. Retrieved from http://www.durham.ca/departments/health/ health_statistics/
IFSSadolescentMothers.pdf
Inoue, M. (2012). Breastfeeding and perceptions of breast shape changes in Australian and Japanese women (Doctoral dissertation). Curtin University, School of Public Health. Retrieved from http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au/R?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=187097 65.
Karkee, R., Lee, A. H., Khanal, V., & Binns, C.W. (2014). A community-based prospective cohort study of exclusive breastfeeding in central Nepal. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 927.
Khanal, V., Adhikari, M., Sauer, K., & Zhao, Y. (2013). Factors associated with the introduction of prelacteal feeds in Nepal: findings from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011. International Breastfeeding Journal, 8(1), 1-9.
Kramer, M. S., Aboud, F., Mirinova, E., Vanilovich, I., Platt, R. W., Matush, L., Igumnov, S., et.al. (2008). Breastfeeding and child cognitive development. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(5), 578–584.
Kumar, S., Jha, N., Nagesh., Premarajan., K. C., Yadav, B. K., & Niraula, S. R. (2006) Breastfeeding practices among mothers in a rura community of eastern Nepal. Health and Population Perspectives and Issues, 29(3), 154-160.
Laura, M. L., Christa, L., Fischer, W., Adi, N., Cesar, V., & Black, R. E. (2011). Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality. BMC Public Health, 11(3), 2-12.
Ministry of health and population [MHP]. (2011). Nepal-Population. Retrieved September 12, 2015 from: http://countryeconomy.com/demography/population/nepal
Ministry of Women and Child [MCW], (2012). Women Development Programme. Kathmandu, Nepal: Department of Women and Children. Retrieved September 12, 2015 from http://www.dwd.gov.np
Mossman, M., Heaman, M., & Dennis, C. L. (2008). The influence of adolescent mothers' breastfeeding confidence and attitude on breastfeeding initiation and duration. Journal of Human Lactation, 24(3), 268-277.
Nadler, E. (2007). Region of Waterloo Public Health Infant feeding Survey 2006/07. Region of Inlatorloo Public Health. Retrieved from www. Sciendges.com.
Nepal Demographic and Health Survey [NDHS]. (2011). Demographic and Health Survey. Population Division Ministry of Health and Population Government of Nepal. Kathmandu. Nutrition of Children and Women. pp 171-171. Retrieved from http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR257/FR257%5B13
April2012%5D.pdf
Nepal Nutrition and Food Security Bulletin. (2010). Breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices are less than adequate among mothers of children 12-23 months in the Baitadi districts of Nepal. Helen Keller International, 3, 1-7. Retrieved from http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/
resources/ 06C5DA296B6926CC852577D60071E31B-Full_Report.pdf
Nelson, A.M. (2009). Adolescent attitude, beliefs, and concerns regarding breastfeeding. Journal of Maternal Child Nurse, 34(4), 249-255.
O’ Brien, M., Buikstra E., Fallon, A.B., & Hegney, D. (2008). Exploring the Influence of Psychological Factors on Breastfeeding Duration, Phase 1: Perceptions of Mothers and Clinicians. Journal of human lactation, 25(1), 55-63.
Otsuka, T., Taguri, M., Dennis, C. L., Wakutani, K., Awano, M., Yamaguchi, T., & Jimba, M. (2014). Effectiveness of a breastfeeding self-efficacy intervention: Do hospital practices make a difference? Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18(1), 296-306.
Paudel, D. P., & Giri, S. (2014). Breast feeding practices and associated factors in Bhaktapur District of Nepal: A community based cross-sectional study among lactating mothers. Journal of the Scientific Society, 41(2), 108-111.
Santo, L. C., de Oliveira, L. D., & Giugliani, E. R. (2007). Factors associated with low incidence of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months. Birth, 34(3), 212–219.
Shetty, S. B., & Shetty, S., (2013). KAP study of factors promotion breastfeeding in nursing mothers and pregnant women. National University of Juridical Sciences, 3(3): 34-37.
Shommo, S. A., & Al-Shubrumi, H. A. (2014). Breastfeeding knowledge, attitude and practice among mothers in Hail district, northwestern Saudi Arabia. Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 3(1), 49-56.
Shrivastava, M., Singh, R., & Shah, G. (2013). Breastfeeding Pattern in Teaching Districts of a health Sciences University in Eastern Nepal. Nepal Journals, 11(3), 191-197.
Smith, P. H., Coley, S. L., Labbok, M. H., Cupito, S., & Nwokah, E. (2012). Early breastfeeding experiences of adolescent mothers: A qualitative prospective study. International Breastfeeding Journal, 7(13), 1-13.
Ulak, M., Chandyo, R. K., Mellander, L., & Shrestha, P. S. (2012). Infant feeding practices in Bhaktapur, Nepal: a cross-sectional, health facility based survey. International Breastfeeding Journal, 7(1), 1-7.
United Nations Children's Fund [UNICEF]. (2012). Improving Child Nutrition: The achievable imperative for global progress. New York, USA Retrieved Nov 24, 2014 from http://www.unicef.org/
publications/index_68661.html
United Nations Children's Fund [UNICEF]. (2013). UNICEF Nepal. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/nepal_nepal_statistics.html.
Wells, K., Thompson, N. J., & Kloeblen-Tarver, A. S. (2006). Development and psychometric testing of the prenatal breast-feeding self-efficacy scale. American Journal of Health Behavior, 30, 177-187.
Wilhelm, S. L., Stepans, M. B., Hertzog, M., Rodehorst, T. K., & Gardner, P. (2006). Motivational interviewing to promote sustained breastfeeding. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 35(3), 340-348.
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2002). Infant and young Child Nutrition. The secretariat. Fifty-Fifth Wolrd Health Assembly, Provisional Agenda item 13.10, Global Strategy on Infant and young Child feeding. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2009). Mortality Estimates by Cause, Age, and Sex for the Year 2008. Global Patterns of Mortality in Young People: A systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet, 374(9693), 881-892.
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2014). Global Nutrition Targets 2025. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Yimyam, S. (2011). Breastfeeding beliefs and practices Aamong Eemployed women: A Thai cultural perspective in P. Liampongtong (Ed.). Infant feeding Beliefs and Practices: A cross-cultural perspective (pp. 125-140). New York: Springer.
Yimyam, S. (2013). Breastfeeding experiences among employed mothers. In M. Cassidy (Ed.). Breastfeeding: Global Practices, Challenges, Maternal and Infant Health Outcomes (pp. 159-180). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
บทความที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์เป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสารพยาบาลสาร
ข้อความที่ปรากฏในบทความแต่ละเรื่องในวารสารวิชาการเล่มนี้เป็นความคิดเห็นส่วนตัวของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับมหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่ และคณาจารย์ท่านอื่นๆในมหาวิทยาลัยฯ แต่อย่างใด ความรับผิดชอบองค์ประกอบทั้งหมดของบทความแต่ละเรื่องเป็นของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่าน หากมีความผิดพลาดใด ๆ ผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านจะรับผิดชอบบทความของตนเองแต่ผู้เดียว
