Hardiness, Social Support, and Stress Among Gestational Diabetic Women
Keywords:
Social Support, Hardiness, Stress, Gestational Diabetes WomenAbstract
Women suffering from gestational diabetes during pregnancy experience stress. The purposes of this descriptive research study were to investigate hardiness, social support, stress, and their relationships among women with gestational diabetes using the biobehavioral model of stress by Miller, Smith, and Rothstein (1993) as a framework. The participants consisted of 102 pregnant women who had been diagnosed with gestational diabetes type A1 for at least one month and received care from the antenatal clinics of Health Promotion Region 10 Hospital and Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital between October 2014 and March 2015. The research instruments included 1) the Hardiness Scale for Women with Gestational Diabetes, modified from the Hardiness Scale for Women developed by Sujitra Tiansawad, Benjamaporn Nakamadee, Pantawee Chuekao and Susanha Yimyam (2007) and based on the Craft framework (1999), 2) the Social Support of High Risk Pregnant Women Questionnaire from Pannee Chunpradup (1995), which was developed from the House framework (1981), and 3) part 3 of the Suanprung Stress Test-60 (SPST-60) of Suwat Mahatnirunkul, Wanida Pumpaisalchai and Pimmas Tapanya (1997). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation coefficient.
The results of the study are as follows:
The results of the study were as follows:
- The mean score for hardiness was at a high level (x̄ = 116.76, S.D. = 8.47);
- The mean score for social support was at a high level (x̄ = 96.75, S.D. = 14.28);
- Overall stress was at a high level (S.D.=14.55);
- Hardiness had a low negative correlation with stress (r = -.205, p<.05); and Social support had a moderate negative correlation with stress (r = -.350, p<.01).
The results of this study can be used as baseline data for the evaluation of stress with respect to hardiness and social support among women with gestational diabetes.
References
Nakhonpathom Province. Bangkok. silpakorn university (In Thai)
Burn, N., & Grove, S. K. (2005). The practice of nursing research: Conduct, Critique, &
Utilization (5th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders.
Chantarothai, B., Tiansawad, S., & Chuekao, P. (2002). Hardiness and Stress in Breast Cancer
women. Nursing Journal. 29(2), 13-25. (In Thai)
Cashion, K. (2012). Endocrine and metabolic disorders in pregnancy. In D. L. Lowdermilk, S. E.
Perry, M. Cashion, & K. Alden (Eds.), Maternity and Women’s Health Care (10thed.)
(pp. 688-707). St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby.
Craft, C.A. (1999). A conceptual model of feminine hardiness. Holistic Nursing Practice,
13, 25-34.
Crowther, C. A., Hiller, J. E., Moss, J. R., McPhee, A. J., Jeffries, W. S., & Robinson, J. S. (2005).
Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 352(24), 2477-2486. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa042973
Cunningham, F.G., Leveno, K.J., Bloom, S.L., Hauth, J.C., Gilstrap, L.C., & Wenstrom, K. D.
(2010). Williams Obstetrics (23rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Chunpradub, P. (1995). The relationship between self-esteem, social support and coping
behavior in high-risk pregnant women. Bangkok. Mahidol University (In Thai)
Chetthakul,T. (2013). Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy. Retrieved from http://haamor.com/th.
(In Thai)
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University. 2015).
Annual statistics for 2014. Retrieved from http://www.med.cmu.ac.th/dept/obgyn/webmfm/Statistics/Statistics.htm (In Thai)
Daniells, S., Grenyer, B. F. S., Davis, W. S., Coleman , K. J., Burgess, J. A. P., & Moses, R. G.
(2003). Is a diagnosis associated with an increase in maternal anxiety and stress in the short and intermediate term. Diabetes care, 26(2), 385-389.
doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.07.015
Davidson, M. R., London, M. L. & Ladewig, P. A. (2012). Maternal-Newborn Nursing & Women’s
Health (9th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson education Inc.
Giraldi, G., & Fapperdue, L. (1998). Hardiness test in obstetrics. Behavior of the pregnant
woman facing the stress of labor and delivery. Article in Italian, 50(12):527-532.
Hirst, J. E., Raynes-Greenow, C. H., & Jeffery, H. E. (2012). A systematic review of trends of
gestational diabetes mellitus in Asia. Journal of Diabetetology, 3(4) 1-12.
House, J, S. (1981). Work stress and social support. New Jersey : Prentice Hall.
Jittrapirom, A., Chareonsanti, J., & Sriarporn, P. (2014). Pregnancy Risk Perception, Uncertainty,
and Stress among Gestational Diabetic Women. Nursing Journal, 41(1), 50-61.(In Thai)
Mahatnirunkul, S., Pumpaisalchai, W., & Tapanya, P. (1997). The construction of Saunprung
stress measure. Chiang Mai. Saunprung hospital. (In Thai)
Miller, L.H., Smith, A.D., & Rothstein, L. (1993). The stress solution: An action plan to manage
the stress in your life. New York : Pocket Books.
Murray, S. S., & Mckinney, E. S. (2010). Faundations of maternal-newborn and women’ s health
nursing (5th ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
Pollock, S. E. (1989). The hardiness characteristics: A motivating factor in adaptation.
Advance Nursing Science, 11(2), 53-62.
Phoomonsakul, S., Pongrua, P., & Wattanataisit, K. (2011). Factors predicting family well-being
of women with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Ramathibodi nursing Journal. 17(3). 382-395. (In Thai)
Sonnoi, S. (2000). Palliative nursing effect on stress levels in Gestational Diabetic Women who
are hospitalized. Bangkok. Mahidol University. (In Thai)
Singh, S. K., & Rastogi, A. (2008). Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes & Metabolic
Syndrome, 2(3), 227-234. doi: org/10.1016/j.dsx.2008.04.007
Tiansawad, S., Chuekao, P., Yimyam, S., Chantarothai, B. (2006). Life Events, Hardiness, Stress,
and Stress Managing Behaviors Among Women with Reproductive System Cancers.
Nursing Journal. 33(2). 103-118. (In Thai)
Tiansawad, S., Nakamadee, B., Chuekao, P., & Yimyam, S. (2007). Development of the
Feminine Hardiness Scale for Thai women with reproductive system cancer. Oral presentation at the 18th International Nursing Research Congress Focusing on Evidence-Based Practice, July 11-14, 2007, Vienna, Austria. (In Thai)
Yogev, Y., Ben-Haroush, A., & Hod, M. (2008). Pathogenesiis of gestational diabetes mellitus. In
M. Hod, L. Jovanovic, G. C. Direnzo, A. D. Deleiva, & O. Langer (Eds.). Textbook of diabetes and pregnancy (2nd ed.)(pp. 57-67). United Kingdom: Informa.
Woods, S. M., Melville, J. L., Guo, Y., Fan, M. Y., & Gavin, A. (2010). Psychosocial stress during
pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 202(1), 61.e1-61.e7.
doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.07.041
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
บทความที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์เป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสารพยาบาลสาร
ข้อความที่ปรากฏในบทความแต่ละเรื่องในวารสารวิชาการเล่มนี้เป็นความคิดเห็นส่วนตัวของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับมหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่ และคณาจารย์ท่านอื่นๆในมหาวิทยาลัยฯ แต่อย่างใด ความรับผิดชอบองค์ประกอบทั้งหมดของบทความแต่ละเรื่องเป็นของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่าน หากมีความผิดพลาดใด ๆ ผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านจะรับผิดชอบบทความของตนเองแต่ผู้เดียว
