Effect of saliva exposure time on the abrasion resistance of enamel eroded by acidic chlorinated water
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate saliva exposure time on the abrasion resistance of enamel eroded by acidic chlorinated water
Materials and Methods: This experimental study used forty human premolars. The specimens were exposed to acidic chlorinated water and randomly assigned into 4 groups (n=10): Group-1; 0-minute saliva immersion and brushed (0MinImmBr); Group-2; 15-minutes saliva immersion and brushed (15MinImmBr); Group-3; 30-minutes saliva immersion and brushed (30MinImmBr); and Group-4; 60-minutes saliva immersion and brushed (60MinImmBr). Each group was evaluated using a Knoop hardness tester at baseline, post-erosion, post-saliva immersion, and post-toothbrushing. The length of each indentation obtained from the Knoop hardness testing was used to calculate the depth of the indentation and to determine surface enamel loss. One-way repeated ANOVA, One-way ANOVA, and LSD multiple comparison tests were used and the significance level was set at 0.05.
Results: The 60MinImmBr group demonstrated the significantly highest Knoop microhardness values among the post-saliva immersion and post-tooth brushing procedures. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in surface microhardness after these two procedures (p<0.05) in the 60MinImmBr group. In contrast, in the other 3 groups, the surface microhardness before and after toothbrushing was significantly different. The mean surface enamel loss was significantly lowest in the 60MinImmBr group compared with the other groups. The mean surface enamel loss between the 0MinImmBr and 15MinImmBr groups was not significantly different (p<0.05), however, it was significantly higher compared with the 30MinImmBr and 60MinImmBr groups.
Conclusions: The abrasion resistance of eroded enamel caused by acidic chlorinated water increased over time and at least 60 min should elapse before tooth brushing.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Imfeld T. Dental erosion. Definition, classification and links. Eur J Oral Sci. 1996 Apr;104(2 ( Pt 2)):151-155. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00063.x.
Rirattanapong P, Vongsavan K, Suratit R, Tanaiutchawoot N, Charoenchokdilok V, Jeansuwannagorn S, et al. Effect of various forms of calcium in dental products on human enamel microhardness in vitro. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2012 Jul;43(4):1053-1058.
Kitsahawong K, Pitiphat W, Thongpaiboon P, Thongpaiboon S, Saengsuwannarot S. Evaluating the protective effects of mouthguards with neutralizing agents against chlorinated water-induced enamel erosion. Frontiers in Oral Health. 2024 Sep;5:1469228. doi:10.3389/froh.2024.1469228.
Kakouris V, Piagkou M, Paximada C. Dental erosion associated with intensive and recreational swimming in chlorinated swimming pools: a systematic review. Int J Orl Health. 2023;3(3):1-5. doi:10.51626/ijoh.2023.03.00034.
Lussi A, Jaeggi T. Erosion--diagnosis and risk factors. Clin Oral Investig. 2008 Mar;12 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S5-13. doi: 10.1007/s00784-007-0179-z.
Zero DT. Etiology of dental erosion--extrinsic factors. Eur J Oral Sci. 1996 Apr;104(2 ( Pt 2)):162-177. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00065.x.
Chuenarrom C, Daosodsai P, Benjakul P. Erosive potential of low pH swimming pool water on dental enamel. J Health Res. 2010;24(2):91-94.
Rao KA, Thomas S, Kumar JK, Narayan V. Prevalence of dentinal hypersensitivity and dental erosion among competitive swimmers, Kerala, India. Indian J Community Med. 2019 Oct-Dec;44(4):390-393. doi: 10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_213_19.
Zebrauskas A, Birskute R, Maciulskiene V. Prevalence of dental erosion among the young regular swimmers in Kaunas, Lithuania. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2014 Ju;;5(2):e6. doi: 10.5037/jomr.2014.5206.
Buczkowska-Radlińska J, Łagocka R, Kaczmarek W, Górski M, Nowicka A. Prevalence of dental erosion in adolescent competitive swimmers exposed to gas-chlorinated swimming pool water. Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Mar;17(2):579-583. doi: 10.1007/s00784-012-0720-6.
Visavakul C, Pitiphat W, Rattanacharoenthum A, Kitsahawong K. Prevalence and characteristics of dental erosion in swimmers in Muang Districts, of Khon Kaen and Mahasarakham. Khon Kaen Dent J. 2019 Dec;22(2):144-154.
Centerwall BS, Armstrong CW, Funkhouser LS, Elzay RP. Erosion of dental enamel among competitive swimmers at a gas-chlorinated swimming pool. Am J Epidemiol. 1986 Apr;123(4):641-647. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114283.
Meurman JH, ten Cate JM. Pathogenesis and modifying factors of dental erosion. Eur J Oral Sci. 1996 Apr;104(2 ( Pt 2)):199-206. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00068.x
Chanduaykit S, Ungchusuk C, Promma S, Sukanwaranil S. Risk factors assessment to identify dental erosion among swimmers. Thailand J Health Promot Environ Health. 2005;28:50-58.
Ongthiemsak C, Daosodsai P, Chuenarrom C, Benjakul P. Guideline of swimming pool water quality control to reduce the risk of tooth erosion of swimmers. Songklanakarin Dent J. 2016 Jul-Dec;4(2):1-13.
Jaeggi T, Lussi A. Toothbrush abrasion of erosively altered enamel after intraoral exposure to saliva: an in situ study. Caries Res. 1999 Nov-Dec;33(6):455-461. doi: 10.1159/000016551.
Attin T, Buchalla W, Gollner M, Hellwig E. Use of variable remineralization periods to improve the abrasion resistance of previously eroded enamel. Caries Res. 2000 Jan-Feb;34(1):48-52. doi: 10.1159/000016569.
Amaechi BT, Higham SM, Edgar WM. Factors influencing the development of dental erosion in vitro: enamel type, temperature and exposure time. J Oral Rehabil. 1999 Aug;26(8):624-630. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2842.1999.00433.x.
Wiegand A, Attin T. Design of erosion/abrasion studies--insights and rational concepts. Caries Res. 2011;45 Suppl 1:53-59. doi: 10.1159/000325946.
Lussi A, Lussi J, Carvalho TS, Cvikl B. Toothbrushing after an erosive attack: will waiting avoid tooth wear? Eur J Oral Sci. 2014 Oct;122(5):353-359. doi: 10.1111/eos.12144.
Gyurkovics M, Baumann T, Carvalho TS, Assunção CM, Lussi A. In vitro evaluation of modified surface microhardness measurement, focus variation 3D microscopy and contact stylus profilometry to assess enamel surface loss after erosive-abrasive challenges. PLoS One. 2017 Apr;12(4):e0175027. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175027.
Attin T, Zirkel C, Hellwig E. Brushing abrasion of eroded dentin after application of sodium fluoride solutions. Caries Res. 1998;32(5):344-350. doi: 10.1159/000016470.
Rirattanapong P, Vongsavan K, Tepvichaisillapakul M. Effect of five different dental products on surface hardness of enamel exposed to chlorinated water in vitro. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2011 Sep;42(5):1293-1298.
Poff AM, Pearce EL, Larsen MJ, Cutress TW. Human supragingival in vivo calculus formation in relation to saturation of saliva with respect to calcium phosphates. Arch Oral Biol. 1997 Feb;42(2):93-99. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9969(96)00120-3.
Chuenarrom C, Daosodsai P, Charoenphol P. Effect of excessive trichloroisocyanuric acid in swimming pool water on tooth erosion. Songklanakarin J Sci Tech. 2014 Jul-Aug;36(4):445-450.
Attin T, Deifuss H, Hellwig E. Influence of acidified fluoride gel on abrasion resistance of eroded enamel. Caries Res. 1999;33(2):135-139. doi: 10.1159/000016507.
Hara AT, González-Cabezas C, Creeth J, Parmar M, Eckert GJ, Zero DT. Interplay between fluoride and abrasivity of dentifrices on dental erosion-abrasion. J Dent. 2009 Oct;37(10):781-785. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2009.06.006.
Lagerweij MD, Buchalla W, Kohnke S, Becker K, Lennon AM, Attin T. Prevention of erosion and abrasion by a high fluoride concentration gel applied at high frequencies. Caries Res. 2006;40(2):148-153. doi: 10.1159/000091062.
Schlüter N, Hara A, Shellis R, Ganss C. Methods for the measurement and characterization of erosion in enamel and dentine. Caries Res. 2011;45(Suppl. 1):13-23. doi: 10.1159/000326819.
Attin T, Wegehaupt FJ. Methods for assessment of dental erosion. Monogr Oral Sci. 2014;25:123-142. doi: 10.1159/000360355.
Né YGS, Souza-Monteiro D, Frazão DR, Alvarenga MOP, Aragão WAB, Fagundes NF, et al. Treatment for dental erosion: a systematic review of in vitrostudies. Peer J. 2022 Nov;10:e13864. doi: 10.7717/peerj.13864.
Schlueter N, Hara A, Shellis RP, Ganss C. Methods for the measurement and characterization of erosion in enamel and dentine. Caries Res. 2011;45 Suppl 1:13-23. doi: 10.1159/000326819.
Attin T, Koidl U, Buchalla W, Schaller HG, Kielbassa AM, Hellwig E. Correlation of microhardness and wear in differently eroded bovine dental enamel. Arch Oral Biol. 1997 Mar;42(3):243-250. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(06)00073-2.
Hemingway CA, Parker DM, Addy M, Barbour ME. Erosion of enamel by non-carbonated soft drinks with and without toothbrushing abrasion. Br Dent J. 2006 Oct;201(7):447-450; discussion 439; quiz 466. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4814073.
Voronets J, Lussi A. Thickness of softened human enamel removed by toothbrush abrasion: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig. 2010 Jun;14(3):251-256. doi: 10.1007/s00784-009-0288-y.
Wiegand A, Köwing L, Attin T. Impact of brushing force on abrasion of acid-softened and sound enamel. Arch Oral Biol. 2007 Nov;52(11):1043-1047. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.06.004.
Steiger-Ronay V, Tektas S, Attin T, Lussi A, Becker K, Wiedemeier DB, et al. Comparison of Profilometric and Microindentation Analyses for Determining the Impact of Saliva on the Abrasion of Initially Eroded Enamel. Caries Res. 2019;53(1):33-40. doi: 10.1159/000489133.
Mazzoleni S, Gargani A, Parcianello RG, Pezzato L, Bertolini R, Zuccon A, et al. Protection against dental erosion and the remineralization capacity of non-fluoride toothpaste, fluoride toothpaste and fluoride varnish. Appl Sci. 2023;13(3):1849. doi: 10.3390/app13031849.
Inchingolo F, Dipalma G, Azzollini D, Trilli I, Carpentiere V, Hazballa D, et al. Advances in preventive and therapeutic approaches for dental erosion: a systematic review. Dent J (Basel). 2023 Nov;11(12):274. doi: 10.3390/dj11120274.