Factors Predicting Depressive Symptoms among Older People in Community in Bali, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the rate of depressive symptoms and factors predicting depressive symptoms among older people in community.
Design: Correlational predictive study.
Methods: The study is descriptive and cross-sectional. Simple random sampling was used to select 177 older people living in Bali, Indonesia. A cognitive assessment was carried out prior to selection. The instruments were self-reported Non-Communicable Diseases, behavioral risk questionnaires including smoking behavior, Body Mass Index, alcohol consumption, physical activity, adverse life events scale, and depression scale. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were employed for statistical analysis.
Main Findings: The findings revealed that approximately 42% of respondents had depressive symptoms. Adverse life events, having more than three Non-Communicable Diseases, and low physical activity were found as significant predictors of depressive symptoms (Odds Ratio = 1.30, 4.41, 4.60, p < .05, respectively). Gender, Body Mass Index, smoking, and alcohol consumption were not found to be significant predictors of depressive symptoms.
Conclusion and recommendations: The findings support that the older people living in community are at risk of depression. Depressive symptoms could be predicted by adverse life events, non-communicable diseases and low physical activities. This research contributes to the community nurses on the promotion of physical activity to those older people with Non-Communicable Diseases and proposes interventions that permit improvements in their psychological health. Community nurses should develop an intervention aiming to prevent depression, through promotion of physical activity in accordance with physical ability, and enhancing coping skills.
Article Details
Copyright Notice: Nursing Science Journal of Thailand has exclusive rights to publish and distribute the manuscript and all contents therein. Without the journal’s permission, the dissemination of the manuscript in another journal or online, and the reproduction of the manuscript for non-educational purpose are prohibited.
Disclaimer: The opinion expressed and figures provided in this journal, NSJT, are the sole responsibility of the authors. The editorial board bears no responsibility in this regard.
References
United Nations. World population ageing 2019 highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/430). New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division; 2019. 40 p.
Statistics of Bali Province (BPS). Bali province in figures 2020. Bali: BPS - Statistics of Bali Province; 2020. 523 p.
World Health Organization (WHO). Preventing depression in older adults [Internet]. New Delhi: WHO India; 2017 [cited 2020 Apr 30]. Available from: origin.searo.who.int/india/topics/depression/depressionfactsheet2.pdf.
Greenstein SP, McGonigle D, Kellner CH. Late-life depression. In: Simon AB, New AS, Goodman WK, editors. Mount Sinai expert guides: psychiatry. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons; 2017. p.312-21.
Lin JH, Huang MW, Wang DW, Chen YM, Lin CS, Tang YJ, et al. Late-life depression and quality of life in a geriatric evaluation and management unit: an exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2014;14:77. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-14-77.
Gustryanti K, Thongpat S, Maneerat S. Factors relating to depression among older people living in Cimahi, west Java province, Indonesia. Belitung Nurs J. 2017;3(1):14-22. doi: 10.33546/bnj.50.
Chaiut W, Ruanjai T, Trongsakul S, Tamornpark R, Apidechkul T. Prevalence and factors associated with depression among the hill tribe elderly population, Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai. 2018; 101(7):977-85.
Giang LT, Nguyen TT, Tran NTT. Factors associated with depression among older people in Vietnam. Journal of Population and Social Studies. 2019;27(2):181-94. doi: 10.25133/JPSSv27n2.0012.
Sharma K, Gupta A, Sharma RC, Mahajan N, Mahajan A, Sharma D, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for depression in elderly North Indians. Journal of Geriatric Mental Health. 2016;3(2):158-63. doi: 10.4103/2348-9995.195673.
Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer; 1984. 456 p.
Kim H, Kwon S, Hong S, Lee S. Health behaviors influencing depressive symptoms in older Koreans living alone: secondary data analysis of the 2014 Korean longitudinal study of aging. BMC Geriatr. 2018;18(1):186. doi: 10.1186/s12877-018-0882-4.
Nollett C, Ryan B, Bray N, Bunce C, Casten R, Edwards RT, et al. Depressive symptoms in people with vision impairment: a cross-sectional study to identify who is most at risk. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e026163. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026163.
Hajjar R, Nardelli GG, Gaudenci EM, Santos Á da Silva. Depressive symptoms and associated factors in elderly people in the primary health care. Revista da Rede de Enfermagem do Nordeste. 2018;18(6):727-33. doi: 10.15253/2175-6783.2017000600004.
Lee J, Park H, Chey J. Education as a protective factor moderating the effect of depression on memory impairment in elderly women. Psychiatry Investig. 2018;15(1):70-7. doi: 10.4306/pi.2018.15.1.70.
Aryawangsa AAN, Putu Ariastuti NLP. [Prevalence and risk factors distribution of depression in elderly at Tampaksiring I primary health care gianyar regency Bali 2015]. Intisari Sains Medis. 2016;7(1):12-23. doi: 10.15562/ism.v7i1.7. (in Indonesian).
Mahwati Y. The relationship between spirituality and depression among the elderly in Indonesia. Makara Journal of Health Research. 2017;21(1):13-9. doi: 10.7454/msk.v21i1.6206.
Minami U, Nishi M, Fukaya T, Hasebe M, Nonaka K, Koike T, et al. Effects of the change in working status on the health of older people in Japan. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0144069. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144069.
Seo JY, Chao YY. Effects of exercise interventions on depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults in the united states: a systematic review. J Gerontol Nurs. 2018;44(3):31-8. doi: 10.3928/00989134-20171024-01.
Xiang X, An R. Obesity and onset of depression among U.S. middle-aged and older adults. J Psychosom Res. 2015;78(3):242-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.12.008.
Brooke P, Bullock R. Validation of the 6 item cognitive impairment test with a view to primary care usage. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14(11):936-40.
Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41(4):1149-60. doi: 10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.
World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, International Association for the Study of Obesity, International Obesity Task Force. The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment [Internet]. Manila: WHO, Western Pacific Region; 2000 [cited 2019 Aug 26]. Available from: http://www.wpro.who.int/nutrition/documents/docs/Redefiningobesity.pdf.
Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA, for the Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(16):1789-95. doi: 10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789.
International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the IPAQ [Internet]. Chieti, Italy: University of Chieti-Pescara; 2005 [cited 2019 Aug 27]. Available from: https://sites.google.com/site/theipaq/
Devanand DP, Kim MK, Paykina N, Sackeim HA. Adverse life events in elderly patients with major depression or dysthymic disorder and in healthy-control subjects. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;10(3):265-74. doi: 10.1097/00019442-200205000-00005.
Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist: The Journal of Aging and Mental Health. 1986;5(1-2):165-73. doi: 10.1300/J018v05n01_09.
Kim Y, Oh HC, Park JW, Kim IS, Kim JY, Kim KC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory joint disease. Hip Pelvis. 2017;29(4):211-22. doi: 10.5371/hp.2017.29.4.211.
Meurs M, Groenewold NA, Roest AM, van der Wee NJ, Veltman DJ, van Tol MJ, et al. The associations of depression and hypertension with brain volumes: Independent or interactive? Neuroimage Clin. 2015;8:79-86. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.03.020.
Eton DT, Ridgeway JL, Egginton JS, Tiedje K, Linzer M, Boehm DH, et al. Finalizing a measurement framework for the burden of treatment in complex patients with chronic conditions. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2015;6:117-26. doi: 10.2147/PROM.S78955.