Factors Associated with Heat-Related illness among Cassava Farmers in Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with heat-related illnesses among cassava farmers. The sample consisted of 30 cassava farmers in Khon Sai Subdistrict, Trakan Phuet Phon District, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. Research instruments included structured interviews and environmental temperature measurements conducted in cassava plantation areas during May 2025. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. The results revealed that the majority of cassava farmers were female 66.7%, with a mean age of 44 years (SD = 10.3). Most participants had completed primary school education 46.7%, had no underlying diseases 73.3%, and had worked in cassava farming for more than 20 years 90.0%. The average heat stress level based on the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT outdoor) ranged from 30.1 to 34.7°C. The average energy expenditure of cassava farmers ranged from 314 to 357 kcal/hr, indicating a moderate to heavy workload. Most farmers had a moderate level of knowledge regarding heat hazards 56.7% and moderate self-protective behaviors against heat exposure 60.0%. Heat-related illnesses were reported in 66.7% of participants, including fatigue 80.0%, skin rash 10.0%, and heat cramps 10.0%. Factors significantly associated with heat-related illnesses included self-protective behaviors against heat exposure (AOR=0.086, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.422), educational level (AOR=0.086, 95% CI: 0.009, 0.871), and body mass index (AOR=0.017, 95% CI: 1.001, 1.765). The findings indicated that the heat levels in cassava plantation areas exceeded the standard threshold for heavy workloads, which recommends a Wet Bulb Globe Temperature of no more than 30°C. Such exposure contributed to heat-related illnesses among cassava farmers. Therefore, promoting knowledge regarding heat hazards and appropriate self-protective behaviors among cassava farmers is essential to prevent heat-related illnesses. In addition, heat health warning systems may enhance awareness and encourage health surveillance among farmers working in high-temperature environments.