Somking and periodontal disease.

Abstract

Smoking has noxious effects on body health, oral mucosa and periodontium. The objective of this article is to review the experiments and researches that investigated the effects of smoking on periodontal disease. These include the pharmacology of tobacco and its products, the effects of smoking on plaque and calculus formation, gingivitis, periodontitis, microflora of the oral cavity, defense mechanism and response to periodontal therapy.